Purpose

Ultrasound of the neonatal and infantile hip is a useful tool in diagnosis and treatment of the developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH), especially given the fact that numerous cases of DDH do not present any findings in the clinical examination.

In Essex-Lopresti injuries, the prevailing concept, according to which the stability of the forearm can be restored after fixation of the fracture or replacement of the radial head by a metallic implant, is disputable. The aim of this study is to evaluate the midterm results in 12 patients with an Essex-Lopresti injury who were treated operatively.

We studied 12 patients, with comminuted fracture of the radial head, either isolated (4 patients) or with injury of the ipsilateral (4 patients) or the contralateral (4 patients) arm. Initially, 10 patients were treated with excision of the radial head whereas 2 underwent internal fixation of the radial head and pinning of the DRUJ. Eventually, everyone developed a subluxation of DRUJ and had to be treated for an established Essex-Lopresti injury, 1–7 months after the initial injury. Six patients were treated with equalization of the radioulnar length (ulnar shortening osteotomy with or without a distractor-external fixator) and restoration of the TFC, while six patients underwent replacement of the radial head with a titanium implant, equalization of the radioulnar length and restoration of the TFC.

The results were evaluated after a mean follow-up of 4 years (1–12 years), based on radiological and clinical criteria. The six patients in whom the titanium radial head implant was used presented with good results, even though two of them reported forearm pain during activity. On the contrary, in the rest of the patients the radioulnar incongruity reappeared in varying degrees. However the poor radiological result was not consistent to the clinical one.

We conclude that in cases of complete rupture of the interosseous membrane, internal fixation or replacement of the radial head with a metallic implant will not probably provide us with a good long-term functional result.

Simple posterior elbow dislocations are often being treated with strict immobilization after reduction. We performed a study in order to investigate if a functional protocol of rehabilitation, allowing early motion, would be more effective.

We prospectively followed twenty five consecutive patients for simple posterior elbow dislocation in a non-randomized study. Patients were divided in two groups. Group A (twelve cases) was treated with immobilization using a cast in 90 degrees of flexion and neutral rotation for three weeks. Group B (thirteen cases) was treated according to a functional rehabilitation program that allowed early controlled mobilization starting on the 2nd post-traumatic day, consisting of immediate flexion from 90° and gradual extension after the 2nd week. Follow-up of the patients was recorded at six weeks and three months. The functional scores used were Mayo Clinic Performance Index, Liverpool Elbow score and Broberg and Morey.

None of the patients had an incident of redislocation. Patients of group B had statistically significant better (p< 0.05) functional scores at six weeks and better no statistically significant in three months: group B/group A: Mayo: 91.6/65.5, Liverpool: 8.8/6.1, Broberg and Morey: 89.1/73.3.

It seems that a functional rehabilitation program gives the same result in terms of stability offering at the same time patients a better range of motion and functional score at least at six weeks and three months.

Wrist malalignment, in cases of malunited fractures of the distal radius, is not always a consequence of adaptation of the wrist to new conditions, but an expression of non-diagnosed ligamentous injuries. The aim of our study is to examine if the wrist malalignment is correctable with radius osteotomy.

Twenty nine patients (17 female, 12 male) of mean age 51 years, with symptomatic malunited fracture of the distal radius with dorsal angulation, of duration 3 months -47 years, were examined. Twenty seven patients underwent corrective radius osteotomy (open dorsally in 26 cases and closed palmarly in 1 case). Fixation material (plate and screws) was placed on the dorsal side in 23 cases and on the volar side in 4 cases. In all patients measurements on the lateral X-ray view, concerning the reversal of the normal palmar tilt of the radius, the radiolunate and lunocapitate angles, were performed before and after surgery. Based on those measurements patients were divided in two groups:

a) In group A (23 patients) the malalignment concerned the midcarpal joint, and

The radiographic element of evaluation was the radiolunate angle. Radiolunate angle greater than 25° indicated malalignment at the radiocarpal level while radiolunate angle less than 25° indicated malalignment at the mid-carpal level. In 5 patients post-operative measurements were not performed because in addition to the radial osteotomy they were subjected to operative correction of wrist malalignment.

Results estimated immediately postoperative and at the final follow-up, 6 months later. In patients with midcarpal malalignment, correction was possible, under the condition of a sufficient radius osteotomy and a non fixed midcarpal deformity. In patients with radiocarpal malalignment the deformity persisted despite the correction of the radial osteotomy.

We conclude that correction of wrist malalignment is not always achieved with corrective osteotomy of the radius and that preoperative radiological control may be indicative of the possibility of correcting the deformity.

Fracture of the volar rim of the distal radius could be an isolated fracture or part of a complex type of fracture. Frequently it is displaced and rotated because of the attachment of the volar radio-carpal ligaments. Fixation of this fragment is mandatory to preserve integrity of radio-carpal and distal radio-ulnar joints. Given the difficulty of manipulation of this osteochondral fragment we studied the efficiency of a wire-loop as a method of fixation of this fragment.

Eleven patients were examined (8 male, 3 female) mean age 42,6 years (21–72 years) who had various type of fractures of the distal radius but had in common the presence of an osteochondral fracture of the volar radial rim in the ulnar side (7 patients), in the radial side (3 patients) or on both sides (1 patient). Distal radius fracture was type B3.1 (1 patient), B3.3 (4 patients), C3.1 (3 patients), C1.3 (1 patient) and radiocarpal fracture-dislocation in 2 cases. All patients were treated operatively. Eight of them had early (1 – 10 days post-injury) and three had delayed treatment (1 month post-injury). The rim fragment was found displaced in all patients and rotated 45°-180° in 5 patients. Different types of fixation of the distal radius fractures were used, while in all patients the rim fragment was fixed using a wire loop.

Results were estimated after a mean follow-up of 1 year (6 months- 4 years) using clinical (pain, function, range of motion, grip strength) (Cooney 1987) and radiological (articular congruence, arthritis) criteria. Results were evaluated as excellent (4 patients), good (5 patients) fair (1 patient) and poor (1 patient), while in two cases there was loss of fragment reduction.

In conclusion, although intraarticular fractures are often associated with injury of the interosseous ligaments, probably they have no effect on the integrity of the volar radiocarpal ligaments, the origins of which could influence the volar rim fracture displacement. Wire loop is a valid method for fixation of osteochondral fracture of the volar radial rim, giving stability and avoiding comminution and necrosis of the fragment.

Purpose: The intramedullary nailing is the treatment of choice for the femoral shaft fractures, giving advantages of early mobilization and weight bearing.

The purpose of this study is to present our experience with numerous reamed femoral nails and to report the results and the complications.

Material and Method: From 1993 to 2004, 415 femoral shaft fractures (413 patients) were treated in our hospital. There were 312 males 101 females with mean age was 27.8 yrs (17–84 yrs). The 87 % of fractures were caused by high-energy injuries (traffic accidents). Pathologic fractures were not included.

The 415 fractures according to AO classification were divided as follows: Type A: 105 (25.4%), Type B: 179 (43.1 %), Type C: 131 (31.5 %) There were 341closed fractures and 74 open. Those 74 were classified according Gustilo to 33 Grade I, 24 Grade II, 14 Grade III A, 2 Grade III B and 1 Grade III C.

The fractures were treated with 308 AIM titanium nails and 107 Gross-Kempf nails. Dynamic stabilization was performed in the majority of the type A fractures, and static to those classified as B and C. We encourage our patients to walk with partial weight bearing, from the second post op day, except those with type C fractures who started their weight bearing after a month.

The patients were evaluated 3,6,12,36 weeks and 1 years post surgery clinically and with standing X-Rays.

Results: After a mean follow-up time of 1.5 years, our union rate was 97.8%. Type A fractures were united in an mean time of 16 weeks, type B in 20 weeks and type C in 23 weeks.

Our complications were: 9 non unions (aseptic pseudarthrosis) (2.2%), 14 delayed unions (3.4 %), torsional malunion (more of 5°) in 4 patients (0.96 %). In 6 patients (1.44 %) we had limb shortening of 15 mm. Neurological complications were observed postoperatively in 30 patients, 25 with paresis of the pudendal nerve, due to traction (all recovered in a month), and 5 with paresis of peroneal nerve which were recovered in 3 months. There was found 28 broken screws but no broken nail. We had 3 pulmonary and 2 fat embolisms, but none of them was fatal. In 4 patients was observed clinically vein thrombosis below knee. Also we noticed one superficial and one deep infection, but we didn’t have a case of compartment syndrome.

Patients returned to their previous activities in a mean time of 10 months.

Conclusion: Our results confirmed that the antegrade intramedullary nailing technique had optimal results and high union rate regarding the treatment of the femoral shaft fractures. Some of the complications could be related with the surgeon’s skills-experience and could be avoided. We prefer the use of titanium nails because their modulus elasticity is closer to bones.