Segmental bone transport (SBT) using an external fixator is currently a standard treatment for large-diameter bone defects at the donor site with low morbidity. However, long-term application of the device is needed for bone healing. In addition, patients who received SBT treatment sometimes fail to show bone repair and union at the docking site, and require secondary surgery. The objective of this study was to investigate whether a single injection of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein 2 (rhBMP-2)-loaded artificial collagen-like peptide gel (rhBMP-2/ACG) accelerates consolidation and bone union at the docking site in a mouse SBT model.

Six-month-old C57BL/6J mice were reconstructed by SBT with external fixator that has transport unit, and a 2.0-mm bone defect was created in the right femur. Mice were divided randomly into four treatment groups with eight mice in each group, Group CONT (immobile control), Group 0.2mm/d, Group 1.0mm/d, and Group BMP-2. Mice in Group 0.2mm/d and 1.0mm/d, bone segment was moved 0.2 mm per day for 10 days and 1.0 mm per day for 2 days, respectively. Mice in Group BMP-2 received an injection of 2.0 μg of rhBMP-2 dissolved in ACG into the bone defect site immediately after the defect-creating surgery and the bone segment was moved 1.0 mm/day for 2 days.

All animals were sacrificed at eight weeks after surgery. Consolidation at bone defect site and bone union at docking site were evaluated radiologically and histologically.

At the bone defect site, seven of eight mice in Group 0.2mm/d and two of eight mice in Group 1.0mm/d showed bone union. In contrast, all mice in Group CONT showed non-union at the bone defect site. At the docking site, four of eight mice in Group 0.2 mm/d and three of eight mice in Group 1.0 mm/d showed non-union. Meanwhile, all mice in Group BMP-2 showed bone union at the bone defect and docking sites. Bone volume and bone mineral content were significantly higher in Group 0.2mm/d and Group BMP-2 than in Group CONT. HE staining of tissue from Group 0.2mm/d and Group BMP-2 showed large amounts of longitudinal trabecular bone and regenerative new bone at eight weeks after surgery at the bone defect site. Meanwhile, in Group CONT and Group 1.0mm/d, maturation of regenerative bone at the bone defect site was poor. Differences between groups were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and a subsequent Bonferroni's post-hoc comparisons test. P < 0.05 was considered significant.

rhBMP-2/ACG combined with SBT may be effective for enhancing bone healing in large bone defects without the need for secondary procedures.

Segmental bone transport (SBT) with an external fixator has become a standard method for treatment of large bone defect. However, a long time-application of devices can be very troublesome and complications such as nonunion is sometimes seen at docking site. Although there have been several studies on SBT with large animal models, they were unsuitable for conducting drug application to improve SBT. The purpose of this study was to establish a bone transport model in mice. Six-month-old C57BL/6J mice were divided randomly into bone transport group (group BT) and an immobile control group (group EF). In each group, a 2-mm bone defect was created in the right femur. Group BT was reconstructed by SBT with external fixator (MouseExFix segment transport, RISystem, Switzerland) and group EF was fixed simply with unilateral external fixator (MouseExFix simple). In group BT, a bone segment was transported by 0.2 mm per day. Radiological and histological studies were conducted at 3 and 8 weeks after the surgery. In group BT, radiological data showed regenerative new bone consolidation at 8 weeks after the surgery, whereas high rate of nonunion was observed at the docking site. Histological data showed intramembranous and endochondral ossification. Group EF showed no bone union. In this study, experimental group showed good regenerative new bone formation and was similar ossification pattern to previous large animal models. Thus, the utilization of this bone defect mice model allows to design future studies with standardized mechanical conditions for analyzing mechanisms of bone regeneration induced by SBT.

The reduction for unstable femoral intertrochanteric fracture should be extramedullary, which means that the proximal fragment protrudes for the distal fragment. However, only few articles have compared extramedullary and intramedullary reductions in a biomechanical study. Thus, we created unstable femoral intertrochanteric fracture models using imitational bone (extramedullary and intramedullary groups, each with 12 cases) and evaluated their biomechanical stabilities. The fracture type was 31-A2 according to the AO-OTA Classification of Fractures and Dislocations and greatly lacked bone on the posterior side. We performed compression examination and evaluated stiffness. The implant used for fixation was TFNA (DePuy Synthes). We applied axial compression with 20 adduction in the standing position. Statistical analysis was performed using the Mann-Whitney U test. No significant difference in initial loading force was found between the two groups. However, the axial stiffness of the extramedullary bone showed a significant increase (p < 0.05) in high loading force (800–1000 N). This means that the stability of the extramedullary reduction was superior to that of the intramedullary reduction in terms of high loading force in the standing position. We suggest that antero-medial bony buttress is important for unstable femoral intertrochanteric fractures. These data indicate that extramedullary reduction and fixation for unstable femoral intertrochanteric fractures increase stability.

Smith's fractures generally occur when falling on a flexed wrist; however, orthopedic trauma surgeons often encounter distal radius fractures with volar displacement in patients who have allegedly fallen on the palm of their hands. This study aimed to reveal both the basic and clinical pathogenesis of Smith's fracture through a step-by-step investigation. We enrolled 17 patients with Smith's fractures, of which 71% fell on the palm and only 6% on the dorsum of the hand. First, we interviewed the outpatients to determine the mechanics of the injury and the position of their arm during injury. Second, we created a three-dimensional (3D) finite element model to predict the arm's position when the Smith's fracture occurred, which finite element analysis revealed as a 30° angle between the long axis of the forearm and the ground in the sagittal plane. Third, using this predicted position, we conducted experiments on 10 fresh frozen cadavers to prove the possibility of causing a Smith's fracture by falling on the palm of the hand. The results showed Smith-type fractures in seven of 10 wrists, whereas Colles-type fractures did not occur. Finally, we analyzed stress distribution in the distal radius when a Smith's fracture occurs using the 3D finite element model. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that Smith's fractures can also occur by falling on the palm of the hand.

Introduction

Stemless shoulder implants have recently gained increasing popularity. Advantages include an anatomic reconstruction of the humerus with preservation of bone stock for upcoming revisions. Several implant designs have been introduced over the last years. However, only few studies evaluated the impact of the varying designs on the load transfer and bone remodeling. The aim of this study was to compare the differences between two stemless shoulder implant designs using the micro finite element (µFE) method.