Oxford Medial Unicompartmental Knee Replacement (OMUKR) is a well-established treatment option for isolated medial compartment arthritis, with good patient reported outcome measures (PROMs).

We present our results of the Oxford Domed Lateral Unicompartmental Knee Replacement (ODLUKR) to establish if patients benefit as much as with OMUKR.

Retrospective review of prospectively collected data of a single surgeon series of consecutive UKR from 2007 to 2014 were collated with a minimum 2 years follow-up. PROMs data were collected using pre- and post-operative Oxford Knee Scores (OKS) (best score of 48).

One hundred and twenty-eight OMUKR and 27 ODLUKR were performed in the study period. There was no significant difference in the age at time of surgery, but there were significantly more women in the ODLUKR group (74% vs 53%). There was no significant difference in pre-op OKS between the groups (OMUKR = 16/48; ODLUKR = 20/48), or the improvement in OKS post-op (OMUKR = 19 points; ODLUKR = 17 points). One ODLUKR was revised to Total Knee Replacement (TKR) for pain. There were three (11.1%) bearing dislocations, which were treated with thicker bearing exchange, with no subsequent problems. There were no bearing dislocations in the OMUKR. Four OMUKR were revised to TKR due to pain. The overall implant survivorship was 96.3% for ODLUKR and 96.9% for OMUKR.

ODLUKR is a good treatment option for isolated lateral compartment arthritis and gives results equivalent to OMUKR. There is, however, an increased risk of bearing dislocation so should be performed by a high volume UKR surgeon.

Aims

To evaluate the incidence of primary venous thromboembolism (VTE), epidural haematoma, surgical site infection (SSI), and 90-day mortality after elective spinal surgery, and the effect of two protocols for prophylaxis.

Background

Increasing number of studies investigating surgical patients have reported longer length of stay (LOS) in hospital after an operation with higher ASA grades. However, the impact of Body Mass Index (BMI) on LOS in hospital post Total Knee Replacement (TKR) remains a controversial topic with conflicting findings in reported literature. In our institution, we recently adopted a weight reduction program requiring all patients with raised BMI to participate in order to be considered for elective TKR.

Introduction

Occult hip fractures occur in 3% of cases. Delay in treatment results in significantly increased morbidity and mortality. NICE guidelines recommend cross-sectional imaging within 24 hours and surgery on the day of, or day after, admission. MRI was the standard imaging modality for suspected occult hip fractures in our institution, but since January 2013, we have switched to multi-detector CT (MDCT) scan.

Our aims were to investigate whether MDCT has improved the times to diagnosis and surgery; and whether it resulted in missed hip fractures.

The K2M MESA Rail is a new implant with a unique beam-like design which provides increased rigidity compared with a standard circular rod of equivalent diameter potentially allowing greater control and maintenance of correction. The aim of this study was to review our early experience of this implant.

We retrospectively reviewed the case notes and radiographs of all consecutive cases of spinal deformity correction in which at least one rail was used. All radiological measurements were made according to the Scoliosis Research Society definitions.

Since June 2012 thirty-three cases of spinal deformity correction were performed using the K2M Rail system. One case was excluded as there were no pre-operative radiographs. Median age was 15 years; there were 23 females. There were 26 scoliosis cases of which two had associated Chiari malformation, three were neuromuscular, and the remainder were adolescent idiopathic cases. Six patients had kyphotic deformity secondary to Scheuermann's disease. Mean length of follow-up was 16 months. In the scoliosis cases the mean pre-operative Cobb angle of the major curve was 58.6° with a mean correction of 35.6°. The mean post-operative thoracic kyphosis was 21.1°. The median number of levels included in the correction was 13. Bilateral rails were used in four cases, the remainder had one rail on the concave side and a contralateral rod. No patients required an anterior release or staged surgery. All kyphosis cases had posterior apical corrective osteotomies. The mean pre-operative thoracic kyphosis was 75.5° with a mean correction of 31°. The median number of levels included in the correction was 11. Four patients had bilateral rails. No patients required anterior release. Complications: two patients had prominent hardware. One patient had a malpositioned screw causing nerve root irritation, which was removed. There were three superficial infections, which settled with antibiotics. There were no cases of implant breakage, screw pull-out, or loss of correction.

The K2M MESA Rail is a powerful new implant design which helps to achieve and maintain satisfactory correction of complex spinal deformity, and is particularly strong at correcting kyphotic deformity. It also enables restoration of normal thoracic kyphosis, particularly in idiopathic thoracic curves, which tend to be lordosing. This may prevent thoracic flat back and potential long-term sequelae. Early results show that the system is as safe and effective as other posterior deformity correction implants on the market, however, it requires further prospective follow-up to ascertain its outcomes in the long-term.

Introduction: More than 140,000 joint replacements are carried out in England and Wales per annum costing from £4000 to £7000 each (1, 2). Implant costs are relatively fixed but there are considerable variations in length of stay [LOS] following surgery. The National Audit office estimated that a reduction of two days per patient could save the NHS £15.5 million per year (2).

A specialist orthopaedic ward for elective arthroplasty was opened in Bangor in 2008 in an attempt to address these issues. The staff per bed ratio remained the same as in the general orthopaedic wards but beds were “ring fenced” and strict infection control measures protocols were implemented. This audit aimed to assess the effect of the specialist ward on LOS following arthroplasty.

Method: Retrospective data on length of stay, demographics and surgical site infections [SSI] were collected for the six months before and six months after the specialist ward was opened. Only primary lower limb arthroplasty data was evaluated and LOS was calculated from day of operation to the day of discharge. Statistical analysis was performed on the length of stay with SPSS software using the two-sample t-test and Mann-Whitley U test.

Results: Patients were managed by the same surgical teams in the same theatres but nursed in different ward settings. Group 1 included 222 patients managed in general orthopaedic wards and group 2 included 191 patients, managed in the ring fenced ward. The mean age for total hip replacements was 70.8 in group 1 and 71.2 years in group 2. The mean age for total knee replacements was 70.9 years in group 1 and 69.2 years in group 2. The overall mean LOS for both procedures was 7.61 days (95% CI: 7.14 – 8.07) in group 1 compared with 5.67 days (95% CI: 5.28 – 6.06) group 2. This was statistically significant (p< 0.001). The mode was 7 days in group 1 compared with 4 days in group 2. Three SSIs were noted in group 1 and zero in group 2.

Conclusions: This audit demonstrates a two day reduction in LOS for patients managed in a ring fenced ward. The reasons for the reduction are multi factorial but include a trend for reduced SSI. Overall reduced stay frees up resources for other use and may reduce costs. Other units may benefit from similar dedicated wards in response to growing demand for arthroplasty within a system of fixed resources.

Introduction: The Polarus nail is used in the treatment of displaced surgical neck of humerus fractures, but has been reported to have a high hardware complication rate. A recent change to 5.3 mm “non-toggling” proximal locking screws has been introduced in an attempt to minimise these complications.

The aims of this study were to determine union rates and hardware complications, and to assess whether the “non-toggle” proximal locking option prevented screw back-out.

Methods: We performed a retrospective review of case notes and radiographs of consecutive patients treated with the 150 mm length Polarus nail for acute displaced surgical neck of humerus fractures at our unit between 1st May 2002 and 29th February 2008. All patients were followed up until fracture union.

Results: Forty-nine patients were treated with the Polarus nail during the study period. Eleven patients were lost to follow-up before fracture union, so were excluded. Median age of the patients was 72 years (range: 31 to 94 years). Mean time to surgery was 10.7 days (range: two to 25 days).

Thirty-six fractures (95%) went on to unite following treatment with the Polarus nail. Of the two fractures that failed to unite one had an infective non-union and the other developed avascular necrosis with non-union of the surgical neck.

Twelve patients (32%) developed post-operative hardware complications. In nine (24%) there was backing out of the proximal locking screws, but only two patients had symptoms requiring screw removal. In five patients (13%) the nail was prominent proximally, causing impingement. In one patient (3%) the proximal screws penetrated the gleno-humeral joint, although this was asymptomatic.

There was backing-out in six of the 21 patients (29%) in which the standard 5.0 mm proximal locking screws were used. This compared with three out of 14 patients (21%) in which the 5.3 mm “non-toggling” screws were used. The difference in the rate of screw backing-out between the two groups was significant (P = 0.0474, Fisher’s Exact test). In three patients a mixture of 5.0 and 5.3 mm screws was used.

Discussion: The Polarus nail provides a stable fixation to union when used for the treatment of displaced surgical neck of humerus fractures. It is associated with a high hardware complication rate (32%), however, this is asymptomatic in the majority of cases (60%). The 5.3 mm “non-toggle” proximal locking option was found to reduce the rate of screw back-out compared with the standard 5.0 mm screw. We recommend the use of this “non-toggling” screw option for proximal locking.

Aim: To assess the risk of iatrogenic ulnar nerve injury using the mini medial incision to reduce and stabilise displaced supracondylar fractures of the humerus in children with crossed K-wires.

Methods: We performed a retrospective evaluation of 26 children with closed Wilkins type IIB and III supracondylar fractures of the humerus, without vascular deficit, between January 1999 and April 2007. Mean age was 5.5 years (2.5–11 years). All were treated with open reduction and crossed K-wire fixation using a mini medial incision (5cm). Our modification is that we do not expose the fracture site or the ulnar nerve. It is a “feel” rather than “see” approach. The medial K-wire is placed under direct vision. All patients had early and late (4 months) post-operative ulnar nerve assessment. Patient outcome was assessed clinically using Flynn’s classification and radiologically using the metaphyseal-diaphyseal and humerocapitellar angles. Mean length of follow-up was 5 months (4–8 months).

Results: There was no post-operative ulnar nerve injury. Clinically and radiologically there were 23 excellent and 3 good results.

Conclusions: The mini medial incision is simple. It provides an excellent view for correct medial pin entry; hence it reduces the risk of iatrogenic ulnar nerve injury. Crossed K-wires provide a stable and reliable fixation.

Introduction: Crossed K-wires provide a stable fixation for supracondylar fractures of the humerus in children but are associated with a risk of iatrogenic ulnar nerve injury (≈5%). There is reluctance by many surgeons to use the medial approach and crossed K-wires because of the liability of ulnar nerve injury.

Aim: To assess the risk of iatrogenic ulnar nerve injury using the mini medial incision to reduce and stabilise displaced supracondylar fractures of the humerus in children with crossed K-wires.

Methods: We performed a retrospective evaluation of 26 children with closed Wilkins type IIB and III supracondylar fractures of the humerus, without vascular deficit, between January 1999 and April 2007. Mean age was 5.5 years (2.5–11 years). All were treated with open reduction and crossed K-wire fixation using a mini medial incision (5cm). Our modification is that we do not expose the fracture site or the ulnar nerve. It is a ‘feel’ rather than ‘see’ approach. The medial K-wire is placed under direct vision. All patients had early and late (4 months) post-operative ulnar nerve assessment. Patient outcome was assessed clinically using Flynn’s classification and radiologically using the metaphyseal-diaphyseal and humerocapitellar angles. Mean length of follow-up was 5 months (4–8 months).

Results: There was no post-operative ulnar nerve injury. Clinically and radiologically there were 23 excellent and 3 good results.

Conclusions: The mini medial incision is simple. It provides an excellent view for correct medial pin entry; hence it reduces the risk of iatrogenic ulnar nerve injury. Crossed K-wires provide a stable and reliable fixation.

To assess if paediatric patients are getting adequate gonadal protection whilst undergoing pelvic X-rays.

A retrospective study of 100 AP pelvic X-rays in 62 consecutive paediatric patients was performed. All children 16 years and under (mean = 8 years) who had an AP pelvic X-ray at our institution between 1^st April 2004 and 1^st July 2005 were included in the study. When reviewing the X-rays, the manufacturer’s guidelines for ideal shield size and position were strictly followed to assess whether adequate gonadal protection was being achieved (the lead shield must be completely covering the true pelvis in girls and the scrotum in boys). A subsequent questionnaire survey involving 20 radiographers was carried out.

In 78 cases gonadal protection was inadequate. This was unrelated to the child’s age or sex. In 72 cases shield position and in 11 cases shield size was incorrect. The survey showed that 40% of radiographers believed that the gonadal shield was either difficult to use or had a poor design. Twenty percent felt they had received inadequate training.

Gonadal shields reduce radiation exposure of the reproductive organs during pelvic X-rays. Many designs are available on the market but not all designs function adequately. Our study showed that a poor design of gonadal shield can cause unnecessary radiation exposure. We present this audit to make people aware of this poor design and recommend that a detailed market survey prior to buying such equipment and subsequent training of staff in its proper use must be carried out.

To compare outcome between the medial and posterior approaches for the surgical treatment of supracondy-lar fractures when performed by two experienced surgeons.

A retrospective analysis of 45 children, mean age of 5.5 years (2.5-11 years), treated for closed Wilkins IIB/III supracondylar fractures without vascular deficit between January 1999 and December 2004. Twenty-one and twenty-four children were treated using the medial and posterior approaches respectively. The medial approach is quicker but technically demanding. The posterior approach is easier but cuts through the intact posterior structures. In both groups the fracture was stabilised using crossed K-wires and the arm was immobilised in an above elbow backslab for 3 to 4 weeks. Follow-up was at 3 to 4 weeks, 3, 6, and 9 months, and at 1 year. The results were assessed clinically using Flynn’s classification and radiologically using the metaphyseal-diaphyseal and humerocapitellar angles.

There was no post-operative infection or redisplace-ment. Clinically, the medial approach gave 18 excellent, 2 good, and one fair result, and the posterior approach gave 21 excellent, 2 good, and one fair result (P> 0.50). Radiologically, the medial approach gave 18 excellent and 3 good results, and the posterior approach gave 20 excellent and 4 good results (P> 0.50).

We found no significant difference in outcome between the two approaches, both giving mostly excellent long term results. Each approach has its known merits and drawbacks. This type of fracture needs an experienced surgeon comfortable with his preferred approach.