Recurrent anterior shoulder instability (RASI) is related to progressive bone loss on the glenoid and on the humeral head. Bone deficit magnitude is a well-recognized predictor of recurrence of instability after an arthroscopic Bankart surgery, but the best way to measure it is unknown. In this study, we want to determine which measurement method is the best predictor of recurrence of instability and function.

For 10 years now, all patients undergoing surgery for RASI in 4 centers are included in a prospective study: the LUXE cohort. Patients with a pre-operative CT-scan and a minimum of 1-year follow-up were included. ISIS score was used to stratify patients. WOSI and Quick-Dash questionnaires were used to characterise function. Bone defects were assessed using the Clock method, the Glenoid Ratio, the Humeral Ratio, the Glenoid Track method and the angle of engagement in the axial plane.

A total of 262 patients are now included in the LUXE study. One hundred and three patients met the inclusion criteria for analysis with a majority of male (79%) and a mean age is 28 years old. The median number of dislocations prior to surgery was 6. Seventy patients had an arthroscopic Bankart repair and 33 patients underwent an open Latarjet procedure. The ISIS score for these groups were of 2.7 and 4.8 respectively (p<0.001). The mean bone defect on the glenoid was of 1h51 with the Clock method (range: 0h-4h48; SD=1h46) and of 9% for the glenoid ratio (0–37%, 10%). On the humeral side, the bone defect was of 1h59 (0h-4h08; 0h49) for the Humeral clock method, 15% (0–36%; 6%) with the ratio method and 71 degrees of external rotation (SD=30 degrees) with the angle of engagement measurement. On the combined evaluations, 53 patients presented an off-track lesion, with mean combined hours of 3h53 (SD= 2h13). The greatest correlation obtained was between the glenoid ratio and the glenoid clock method (r=0.919, p<0.001). Eighteen patients had a recurrence of shoulder dislocation after the initial surgery, leading to a recurrence rate of 23% in arthroscopic surgery versus six percent after a Latarjet (OR= 4.6, p=0.034). No bone defect was correlated to Latarjet failure. For the arthroscopic group, the risk of recurrence was related to a smaller angle of engagement of the Hill-Sachs (p=0.05), a smaller Humeral clock measurement (p=0.034) and a longer follow-up (p=0.006). No glenoid or combined measurements were correlated with arthroscopic procedure failure. Recurrence of dislocation was associated to worst function according to the WOSI (1036 vs 573, p=0.002) and DASH (32 vs 15, p=0.03).

Even with lower ISIS score, arthroscopic procedures are still leading to high risk of recurrence in this “all comer” consecutive cohort study AND it is related to humeral side parameters. Recurrence is also affecting daily function and creating higher anxiety related to the shoulder.

Radial head fractures are relatively common, representing approximately one-third of all elbow fractures. Outcomes are generally inversely proportional to the amount of force involved in the mechanism of injury, with simple fractures doing better than more comminuted ones. However, the prognosis for these fractures may also be influenced by associated injuries and patient-related factors (age, body index mass, gender, tobacco habit, etc.) The purpose of this study is to evaluate which factors will affect range of motion and function in partial radial head fractures. The hypothesis is that conservative treatment yields better outcomes.

This retrospective comparative cohort study included 43 adult volunteers with partial radial head fracture, a minimum one-year follow up, separated into a surgical and non-surgical group. Risk factors were: associated injury, heterotopic ossification, worker's compensation, and proximal radio-ulnar joint implication. Outcomes included radiographic range of motion measurement, demographic data, and quality of life questionnaires (PREE, Q-DASH, MEPS).

Mean follow up was 3.5 years (1–7 years). Thirty patients (70%) had associated injuries with decreased elbow extension (−11°, p=0.004) and total range of motion (−14°, p=0.002) compared to the other group. Heterotopic ossification was associated with decreased elbow flexion (−9°, p=0.001) and fractures involved the proximal radio-ulnar joint in 88% of patients. Only worker's compensation was associated with worse scores. There was no difference in terms of function and outcome between patients treated nonsurgically or surgically.

We found that associated injuries, worker's compensation and the presence of heterotopic ossification were the only factors correlated with a worse prognosis in this cohort of patients. Given these results, the authors reiterate the importance of being vigilant to associated injuries.

Reoperations may be a better way of tracking adverse outcomes than complications. Repeat surgery causes cost to the system, and often indicate failure of the primary procedure resulting in the patient not achieving the expected improvement in pain and function. Understanding the cause of repeat surgery at the primary site may result in design improvements to implants or improvements to fusion techniques resulting in better outcomes in the future. The COFAS group have designed a reoperation classification system. The purpose of this study was to outline the inter and intra observer reliability of this classification scheme.

To verify the inter- and intra-observer reliability of this new coding system, six fellow ship trained practicing foot and ankle Orthopaedic surgeons were asked to classify 62 repeat surgeries from a single surgeons practice. The six surgeons read the operation reports in random order, and reread the reports 2 weeks later in a different order. Reliability was determined using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) and proportions of agreement. The agreement between pairs of readings (915 for inter observer for the first and second read – 61 readings with 15 comparisons, observer 1 with observer 2, observer 1 with observer 3, etc) was determined by seeing how often each observer agreed. This was repeated for the 366 ratings for intra observer readings (61 times 6).

The inter-observer reliability on the first read had a mean intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) of 0.89. The range for the 15 comparisons was 0.81 to 1.0. Amongst all 1830 paired codings between two observers, 1605 (88%) were in agreement. Across the 61 cases, 45 (74%) were given the same code by all six observers. However, the difference when present was larger with more observers not agreeing. The inter-observer reliability test on the second read had a mean ICC of 0.94, with a range of 0.90. There were 43 (72%) observations that were the same across all six observers. Of all pairs (915 in total) there was agreement in 804 pairs for the first reading (88%) and disagreement in 111 (12%). For the second reading there was agreement in 801 pairs (86%) and disagreement in 114 (14%). The intra-observer reliability averaged an ICC value of 0.92, with a range of 0.86 to 0.98. The observers agreed with their own previous observations 324 times out of 366 paired readings (89% agreement of pairs).

The COFAS classification of reoperations for end stage ankle arthritis was reliable. This scheme potentially could be applied to other areas of Orthopaedic surgery and should replace the Claiden Dindo modifications that do not accurately reflect Orthopaedic outcomes. As complications are hard to define and lack consistent terminology reoperations and resource utilisation (extra clinic visits, extra days in hospital and extra hours of surgery) may be more reliable measures of the negative effects of surgery.

Background

Vitamin D deficiency may increase predisposition to a number of paediatric orthopaedic conditions and the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency is increasing in children in developed countries. The aim of this study was to determine the epidemiology of vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency in children presenting to a regional paediatric orthopaedic service. We also examined the relationships between vitamin D status, social deprivation and ethnicity