Total ankle replacement (TAR) success has improved since first-generation implants, but patient satisfaction continues to be less than knee and hip replacements. Little is known about variations in distal tibia anatomy between genders and across ethnicities; therefore it is unclear the extent to which current TAR prostheses accommodate variability in patient size and shape. This study quantified distal tibia morphometrics relevant to TAR design, and assessed differences between ethnicities and genders. The hypotheses were: (1) The anterior-posterior (AP) location of the dwell point of the tibia is centralized; (2) The sagittal radius of curvature of the tibial articulation increases with bone size; (3) Differences in dwell point location or sagittal radii between genders and ethnicities can be attributed to size differences between those populations. Tibial CT scans were obtained from cadavers or individuals of various ethnicities (Table 1). Landmarks were defined on digital models created from the scans, including medial and lateral edges of the distal tibial articulation (Figure 1a), and sagittal contours of the articulation (Figure 1b). The articulation center was defined as the average center point of all contours (Figure 1c). The AP center and AP length at the level of a distal tibial resection for TAR were determined, and the AP offset of the articulation center was calculated (Figure 1c). Differences in metrics for each ethnic and gender group were determined using a one-way Anova (P<.05) with Tukey's method for differentiating groups. Regression fits of AP offset, average medial radius, and average lateral radius were determined. Utilizing AP length as a covariate, ANCOVA was utilized to assess differences in AP offset and sagittal radii between gender and ethnic groups (P<.05).Introduction/Purpose
Methods
Revision total ankle arthroplasty (TAA) can be extremely challenging due to bone loss and deformity. We present the results examining the preliminary indications and short term outcomes for the use of the Salto XT revision prosthesis. We conducted an IRB approved prospective review revision TAA performed in two institutions using the Salto XT. There were 40 patients (24 females and 16 males with an average age of 65 years (45–83), who had undergone previous TAA (Agility 27, Salto 4, STAR 4, Buechal Pappas 1), and 4 patients who underwent staged procedures for infection. The primary indications for the revision were loosening and subsidence (34), malalignment (17), cyst formation (8), infection (4).Background
Material and methods
Between June 1996 and April 2002, 56 patients underwent closed reduction and percutaneous fixation of calcaneal fractures. Of the 39 men and 17 woman, five were lost to follow-up. The patients’ mean age was 38 years (17 to 64). Four had bilateral procedures. Using the AOFAS Ankle and Hindfoot Scale (AHS) and Visual Analogue Pain Scale (VAPS), we assessed patients preoperatively and at 6 and 12-monthly intervals. Clinical examination was undertaken preoperatively and postoperatively at 2-week, 6-week, 3-month, 6-month and 12-monthly intervals. Except at two weeks, radiographs included weight-bearing axial and lateral views at all intervals. Follow-up was for a mean period of 42 months (12 to 72). The mean time to union was 10.2 weeks (8 to 14). The AHS improved from 34 preoperatively to 85 at the most recent follow-up. The VAPS improved from 9.1 preoperatively to 2.2 at three years. The satisfaction rate was 86%. Functional results depended on the quality of the reduction of the posterior facet and the severity of the initial injury. Complications included a 5% sural nerve injury and a 3% peroneal tendinopathy. No wound complications were encountered. In selected cases, closed reduction and internal fixation of calcaneal fractures may produce results similar to those of conventional open reduction and internal fixation, with fewer complications. This technique is best performed within 24 to 72 hours of injury.
The purpose of this prospective study was to evaluate the functional outcome of patients who underwent the Lapidus procedure as a treatment for moderate to severe metatarsus primus varus and hallux valgus deformities. Inclusion criteria were failure of non-surgical management for moderate or severe deformity, inter-metatarsal angles of more than 14° and hallux valgus angles of more than 30°. Exclusion criteria were any previous hallux valgus procedures, insulin-dependent diabetics, previous ankle or subtalar fusions, peripheral vascular disease or peripheral neuropathy. Bilateral procedures had to be at least six months apart to be included. The AOFAS Hallux Metatarsophalangeal Interphalangeal Scale (HMIS), Visual Analogue Pain Scale (VAPS), Musculoskeletal Function Assessment Scale, clinical examination and weight-bearing radiographs were used for assessment. All patients were followed up for at least six months. Patients lost to follow-up in less than a year were excluded from the analysis. For a mean of 3.7 years (1 to 6.2), 126 feet in 110 patients were followed up, 105 of them (91 patients) for at least one year. At most recent follow-up, HMIS scores increased from 52 preoperatively to 87 (p <
0.0001). VAPS improved from 5.3 to 1.3 (p <
0.0001). The hallux valgus angle improved from 37° to 16° and the intermetatarsal angle improved from 18° to 8.2°. At 3.7 years, 88.5% of patients were very satisfied, 5% somewhat dissatisfied and 1.5% dissatisfied. With proper technique and attention to detail, the Lapidus procedure is an excellent alternative for moderate to severe metatarsus primus varus and hallux valgus deformities.
From October 1999 to April 2003, 123 patients (127 ankles) underwent an Agility total ankle replacement. Prospective data were collected preoperatively, at 6 and 12 months after surgery, and thereafter annually, and included the AOFAS Ankle and Hindfoot Scale (AHS), Musculoskeletal Functional Assessment Injury and Arthritis Survey (MFA), Visual Analogue Pain Scale, patient satisfaction and standardised radiographs. Fifty-six percent of the operations were performed for post-traumatic degenerative joint disease, 41% for primary degenerative joint disease, 1% for rheumatoid arthritis and 2% for avascular necrosis. At least one previous surgical procedure had been performed on 62% of ankles. In 6% there were intra/perioperative complications, including seven wound problems (one major, six minor), five lateral fractures, one medial malleolus fracture, one bone stock deficiency, one tibial nerve injury, one ankle in varus and one flap necrosis. Late complications included eight syndesmosis nonunions that needed bone grafting, one infection that led to a fusion, one unrelated talar fracture that led to a fusion, and one component subsidence that was revised. There were two patients with progressive varus and two with progressive valgus deformities. One patient underwent a below-knee amputation for chronic infection. Most of the perioperative complications occurred in the first 40 patients. The preoperative AHS of 43 (4 to 70) increased six months postoperatively to 75.45 and to 85 at two years. Patient satisfaction preoperatively was 0.92 out of 5 and 4.2 at two years. Baseline MFA values indicative of severe dysfunction (9.26) showed marked improvement in all parameters at two-year follow-up (21.83). The Agility ankle replacement procedure is technically demanding and there are pitfalls and complications. The early results are promising, but follow-up has not been long enough to permit an objective opinion.
Twenty-four patients with 26 symptomatic recurrences of deformity after previous hallux valgus procedures were included in this study. Exclusion criteria were hallux metatarsophalangeal joint fusion, Keller/Mayo procedures, insulin-dependent diabetes, previous ankle or subtalar fusions, peripheral vascular disease or peripheral neuropathy. An AAOS Foot and Ankle Outcomes Data Collection questionnaire, a Visual Analogue Pain Scale (VAPS), and the AOFAS Hallux Metatarsopha-langeal Interphalangeal Scale (HMIS) were administered preoperatively, at six months and then annually. Weight-bearing radiographs were taken preoperatively, at 6 weeks, 3 months, 6 months and 12 months. The mean follow-up was 21.6 months (6 to 36). At final follow-up, the mean HMIS scores increased from 47.5 to 87.8 and the mean VAPS improved from 6.2 to 1.3. The mean hallux valgus angle improved from 37° to 14° and the mean intermetatarsal angle improved from 18° to 7°. In 77%, patients were very satisfied, in 4% satisfied, and in 19% somewhat satisfied.There were no cases of hallux varus. Complications included three nonunions, all of which occurred in smokers, and two superficial wound infections. In appropriately selected patients, the Lapidus procedure is a reliable and effective alternative for failed hallux valgus surgery.
