Peripheral nerve injuries (PNI) occur in 10% of combat casualties. In the immediate field-hospital setting, an insensate limb can affect the surgeon's assessment of limb viability and in the long-term PNI remain a source of considerable morbidity. Therefore the aims of this study are to document the recovery of combat PNI, as well as report on the effect of current medical management in improving functional outcome. In this study, we present the largest series of combat related PNI in Coalition troops since World War II.

From May 2007 – May 2010, 100 consecutive patients (261 nerve injuries) were prospectively reviewed in a specialist PNI clinic. The functional recovery of each PNI was determined using the MRC grading classification (good, fair and poor). In addition, the incidence of neuropathic pain, the results of nerve grafting procedures, the return of plantar sensation, and the patients' current military occupational grading was recorded.

At mean follow up 26.7 months, 175(65%) of nerve injuries had a good recovery, 57(21%) had a fair recovery and 39(14%) had a poor functional recovery. Neuropathic pain was noted in 33 patients, with Causalgia present in 5 cases. In 27(83%) patients, pain was resolved by medication, neurolysis or nerve grafting. In 35 cases, nerve repair was attempted at median 6 days from injury. Of these 62%(22) gained a good or fair recovery with 37%(13) having a poor functional result. Forty-two patients (47 limbs) initially presented with an insensate foot. At final follow up (mean 25.4 months), 89%(42 limbs) had a return of protective plantar sensation. Overall, 9 patients were able to return to full military duty (P2), with 45 deemed unfit for military service (P0 or P8).

This study demonstrates that the majority of combat PNI will show some functional recovery. Adherence to the principles of war surgery to ensure that the wound is clear of infection and associated vascular and skeletal injuries are promptly treated will provide the optimal environment for nerve recovery. Although neuropathic pain affects a significant proportion of casualties, pharmacological and surgical intervention can alleviate the majority of symptoms. Finally, the presence of an insensate limb at initial surgery, should not be used as a marker of limb viability. The key to recovery of the PNI patient lies in a multi-disciplinary approach. Essential to this is regular surgical review to assess progress and to initiate prompt surgical intervention when needed. This approach allows early determination of prognosis, which is of huge value to the rehabilitating patient psychologically, and to the whole rehabilitation team.

A schwannoma is a benign nerve sheath tumour originating from schwann cells. It is the most commonly occurring peripheral nerve sheath tumour. The common sites of occurrence are the head and neck followed by the upper and lower limbs. Diagnosis is straightforward and is made clinically. Schwannomas of the tibial nerve pose a problem. The literature describes them as causes of chronic, intractable lower limb pain because their diagnosis is often delayed for several years. The main reason postulated is that a lump is not always palpable in the early phases and hence chronic cramping pain in the calf or foot is attributed to lumbosacral radiculopathy or local neuropathy.

We report the largest case series of twenty-five patients diagnosed with a tibial nerve schwannoma. Only three cases were diagnosed within a year of initial presentation. The mean time to diagnosis was eighty-six months. The most common site of pain was the sole of the foot (eighteen cases). A Tinel's sign was elicited in nineteen cases. MRI confirmed the diagnosis in all the twenty cases where it was performed. Surgical resection was performed in all cases yielding excellent results. Only one patient required further neurolysis for persisting pain.

In patients with a long history of neuropathic lower limb pain, where lumbar and pelvic lesions have been excluded, a high index of suspicion should be maintained for a peripheral nerve tumour. Delay in diagnosis is commonly due to lack of familiarity with peripheral nerve pathology and the absence of a palpable lump. The delay can result in numerous unnecessary medical and surgical interventions in this group of distressed patients. The Tinel's sign is the key to identifying a tumour of neural origin in the absence of a palpable lump. Surgical resection of the tumour remains safe and effective in providing symptomatic relief.

We reviewed 234 benign solitary schwannomas treated between 1984 and 2004. The mean age of the patients was 45.2 years (11 to 82). There were 170 tumours (73%) in the upper limb, of which 94 (40%) arose from the brachial plexus or other nerves within the posterior triangle of the neck. Six (2.6%) were located within muscle or bone. Four patients (1.7%) presented with tetraparesis due to an intraspinal extension.

There were 198 primary referrals (19 of whom had a needle biopsy in the referring unit) and in these patients the tumour was excised. After having surgery or an open biopsy at another hospital, a further 36 patients were seen because of increased neurological deficit, pain or incomplete excision. In these, a nerve repair was performed in 18 and treatment for pain or paralysis was offered to another 14.

A tender mass was found in 194 (98%) of the primary referrals. A Tinel-like sign was recorded in 155 (81%). Persistent spontaneous pain occurred in 60 (31%) of the 194 with tender mass, impairment of cutaneous sensibility in 39 (20%), and muscle weakness in 24 (12%).

After apparently adequate excision, two tumours recurred. No case of malignant transformation was seen.