The aim of this study was to identify the incidence of post-operative symptomatic deep-vein thrombosis (DVT), as well as the risk factors for and location of DVT, in 665 patients (701 ankles) who underwent primary total ankle replacement. All patients received low-molecular-weight heparin prophylaxis. A total of 26 patients (3.9%, 26 ankles) had a symptomatic DVT, diagnosed by experienced radiologists using colour Doppler ultrasound. Most thrombi (22 patients, 84.6%) were localised distally in the operated limb. Using a logistic multiple regression model we identified obesity, a previous venous thromboembolic event and the absence of full post-operative weight-bearing as independent risk factors for developing a symptomatic DVT.

The incidence of symptomatic DVT after total ankle replacement and use of low-molecular-weight heparin is comparable with that in patients undergoing total knee or hip replacement.

Aims. Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a potential complication of foot and ankle surgery. There is a lack of agreement on contributing risk factors and chemical prophylaxis requirements. The primary outcome of this study was to analyze the 90-day incidence of symptomatic VTE and VTE-related mortality in patients undergoing foot and ankle surgery and Achilles tendon (TA) rupture. Secondary aims were to assess the variation in the provision of chemical prophylaxis and risk factors for VTE. Methods. This was a multicentre, prospective national collaborative audit with data collection over nine months for all patients undergoing foot and ankle surgery in an operating theatre or TA rupture treatment, within participating UK hospitals. The association between VTE and thromboprophylaxis was assessed with a univariable logistic regression model. A multivariable logistic regression model was used to identify key predictors for the risk of VTE. Results. A total of 13,569 patients were included from 68 sites. Overall, 11,363 patients were available for analysis: 44.79% were elective (n = 5,090), 42.16% were trauma excluding TA ruptures (n = 4,791), 3.50% were acute diabetic procedures (n = 398), 2.44% were TA ruptures undergoing surgery (n = 277), and 7.10% were TA ruptures treated nonoperatively (n = 807). In total, 11 chemical anticoagulants were recorded, with the most common agent being low-molecular-weight heparin (n = 6,303; 56.79%). A total of 32.71% received no chemical prophylaxis. There were 99 cases of VTE (incidence 0.87% (95% CI 0.71 to 1.06)). VTE-related mortality was 0.03% (95% CI 0.005 to 0.080). Univariable analysis showed that increased age and American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) grade had higher odds of VTE, as did having previous cancer, stroke, or history of VTE. On multivariable analysis, the strongest predictors for VTE were the type of foot and ankle procedure and ASA grade. Conclusion. The 90-day incidence of symptomatic VTE and mortality related to VTE is low in foot and ankle surgery and TA management. There was notable variability in the chemical prophylaxis used. The significant risk factors associated with 90-day symptomatic VTE were TA rupture and high ASA grade. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2024;106-B(11):1249–1256

Aims. To our knowledge, there is currently no information available about the rate of venous thromboembolism (VTE) or recommendations regarding chemoprophylaxis for patients whose lower limb is immobilized in a plaster cast. We report a retrospective case series assessing the rate of symptomatic VTE in patients treated with a lower limb cast. Given the complex, heterogeneous nature of this group of patients, with many risk factors for VTE, we hypothesized that the rate of VTE would be higher than in the general population. Patients and Methods. Patients treated with a lower limb cast between 2006 and 2018 were identified using plaster room records. Their electronic records and radiological reports were reviewed for details about their cast, past medical history, and any VTE recorded in our hospital within a year of casting. Results. There were 136 episodes of casting in 100 patients. The mean age was 55 years (22 to 91). The mean time in a cast was 45 days (five days to eight months). A total of 76 patients had neuropathy secondary to diabetes. No patient received chemical thromboprophylaxis while in a cast. One VTE (0.7% of casting episodes) was documented. This was confirmed by Doppler scan nine days after removing the cast. Conclusion. The frequency of VTE was higher than that of the general population (0.05%); this is most likely attributable to our patients’ apparent increase in VTE risk as suggested by The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). These findings suggest that thromboprophylaxis is not routinely indicated in patients who undergo immobilization of the lower limb in a cast, although the risks of VTE should be assessed. While the cast itself does not pose an increased risk, other pathologies, such as active cancer, mean that each individual case needs to be considered on their merit. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2019;101-B:691–694

Background. Venous Thrombo-Embolism is a recognized complication of lower limb immobilization. In the neuropathic patient total contact casting (TCC) is used in the management of acute charcot neuroathropathy and/or to off-load neuropathic ulcers, frequently for long time periods. To our knowledge there is no literature stating the prevalence of VTE in patients undergoing TCC. We perceive that neuropathic patients with active charcot have other risk factors for VTE which would predispose them to this condition and would mandate the use of prophylaxis. We report a retrospective case series assessing the prevalence of VTE in the patients being treated with TCCs. Methods. Patients undergoing TCC between 2006 and 2018 were identified using plaster room records. These patients subsequently had clinical letters and radiological reports assessed for details around the TCC episode, past medical history and any VTE events. Results. There were 143 TCC episodes in 104 patients. Average age at cast application was 55 years. Time in cast averaged 45 days (range 5 days – 8 months, median 35 days). 3 out of 4 patients had neuropathy as a consequence of diabetes. One TCC related VTE (0.7% of casting episodes) was documented. This was a proximal DVT confirmed on USS 9 days following cast removal. No patient received VTE prophylaxis while in TCC. Conclusion. Despite these complex patients having a multitude of co-morbidities the prevalence of VTE in the TCC setting remains similar to that of the general population. This may be due to the fact that TCCs permit weight bearing. This case series suggests that, while all patients should be individually VTE risk assessed as for any lower limb immobilization, chemical thromboprophylaxis is not routinely indicated in the context of TCCs

Nice guidelines recommend VTE prophylaxis to patients in below knee casts following foot and ankle surgery following risk assessment. The guidelines are controversial and BOFAS recommendations reiterate the risk factors but highlight poor evidence to support these guidelines. Implementation has been variable dependent on interpretation. 58 patients who underwent hindfoot procedures and were immobilised in a cast were identified. These patients were under the care of two consultants, one of whom anticoagulates with daily enoxaparin and one who does not, providing a de facto case-control design. The patients were followed up to identify those who subsequently suffered a DVT or PE, and the clinical circumstances. 2 cases of VTE events were noted in 58 patients undergoing foot and ankle surgery. Both were elective cases managed postoperatively in cast and treated with prophylaxic enoxaparin. Both of these presented to hospital with signs of VTE greater than 6 weeks following surgery after cast removal and discontinuation of enoxaparin. No patients were considered high risk according to NICE guidelines. None of the patients who received no thromboprophylaxis had a clinical DVT. Within our study group we found that VTE thromboprophylaxis does not influence clinically evident VTE rates. Patients who developed VTE were not considered high risk by definition of NICE guidelines but only at increased risk due to their immobility. The VTE events were initiated while the patients were receiving thromboprophylaxis. The effectiveness of the guidelines in predicting patients who would benefit from chemoprophylaxis is questionable from this study. NICE guidelines on VTE thromboprophylaxis have been received with some concerns. Although this investigation studied only a relatively small number of patients, it raises issues about the clinical effectiveness of the guidelines in foot and ankle patients

Introduction:. The National institute of Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) guidelines for thromboprophylaxis following lower limb surgery and plastercast immobilisation recommend pharmacological prophylaxis be considered until the cast is removed. These guidelines have been extrapolated from data for hip and knee arthroplasty, and trauma studies. Recent studies have questioned the validity of these guidelines. At Portsmouth, low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) is prescribed for 14 days following surgery in high risk patients. The protocol predates the most recent NICE guidance. We set out to investigate whether this was a safe method of thromboprophylaxis following elective hindfoot surgery. Methods:. A retrospective audit of all patients undergoing hindfoot surgery between 01/01/10 and 31/12/12 was performed. All patients were immobilised in a POP backslab and prescribed 14 days of LMWH. All patients were reviewed at 2 weeks and converted to a full cast or boot. Immobilisation was continued for between 6 and 12 weeks. A list of all patients who had undergone investigation for deep vein thrombosis at Queen Alexandra hospital from 01/01/10 to 28/03/13 was obtained from the VTE investigation department. The two lists were cross referenced to identify any DVTs occurring following hindfoot surgery and plastercast immobilisation. Results:. During the 3 years, 197 major hindfoot operations were performed in 194 patients. Mean age was 53 years (range18-82) and 94 males with 100 females. Two patients had confirmed deep vein thromboses; 1 patient at 13 days post op while receiving LMWH prophylaxis. Conclusion:. Symptomatic VTE following elective hindfoot surgery and post operative plaster cast immobilisation in our hospital is rare. There are no randomised controlled trials to guide thromboprophylaxis regimes following hindfoot surgery. Based on our results, our protocol appears to be effective and safe

Thromboembolic disease is associated with a high degree of morbidity and mortality. There is increasing pressure for elective orthopaedic patients, including those undergoing foot and ankle surgery, to be prescribed chemical thromboprophylaxis post-operatively in order to reduce the risk of a thromboembolic event. The risks of chemical thromboprophylaxis in terms of increased bleeding, wound problems and HIT are well documented. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of clinically significant thromboembolic events in patients undergoing elective foot and ankle surgery with and without the use of aspirin. We audited a consecutive series of 1625 patients undergoing elective foot and ankle surgery between 2003 and 2010. Between 2003 and 2006 inclusive, aspirin was used post operatively as chemical thromboprohylaxsis. Between 2007 and 2010, no chemical thromboprohylaxsis was used. The follow-up period for all patients was at least three months post-operatively. Most patients were reviewed at 3 months by the senior surgeon. Those who were reviewed less than 3 months (patients undergoing minor procedures) were contacted via telephone to confirm whether a thromboembolic event had been diagnosed. There was no loss to follow up. Of the 1625 patients, 555 patients received aspirin and 1070 patients received no chemical thromboprohylaxsis. 5 of 1625 (0.31%) patients developed a clinically significant thromboembolic event. 3 patients developed a DVT at an average time of 5 weeks post operatively. 2 patients developed non-fatal PE at an average time of 7 weeks post operatively. 3 of the 5 thromboembolic events occurred in the aspirin group (all DVT's) whereas 2 of the 5 (all PE) developed in the non aspirin group. The incidence of clinically significant thromboembolic events is low in elective orthopaedic foot and ankle surgery. We suggest that the benefit of chemical thromboprophylaxis does not outweigh its potential risks in foot and ankle surgery

Diagnostic and operative codes are routinely collected for every patient admitted to hospital in the English NHS. Data on post-operative complications following foot and ankle surgery have not previously been available in large numbers. Data on symptomatic venous thromboembolism events and mortality within 90 days were extracted for patients undergoing fixation of an ankle fracture, first metatarsal osteotomy, hindfoot fusions and total ankle replacement over a period of 42 months. For ankle fracture surgery (45 949 patients), the rates of deep-vein thrombosis (DVT), pulmonary embolism and mortality were 0.12%, 0.17% and 0.37%, respectively. For first metatarsal osteotomy (33 626 patients), DVT, pulmonary embolism and mortality rates were 0.01%, 0.02% and 0.04%, and for hindfoot fusions (7033 patients) the rates were 0.03%, 0.11% and 0.11%, respectively. The rate of pulmonary embolism in 1633 total ankle replacement patients was 0.06%, and there were no recorded DVTs and no deaths. Statistical analysis could only identify risk factors for venous thromboembolic events of increasing age and multiple comorbidities following fracture surgery. Venous thromboembolism following foot and ankle surgery is extremely rare, but this subset of fracture patients is at a higher risk. However, there is no evidence that thromboprophylaxis reduces this risk, and these national data suggest that prophylaxis is not required in most of these patients

Introduction:. NICE guidelines state that every patient should be assessed for their VTE risk on admission to hospital. The aim of this study was to determine whether currently recommended risk assessment tools (Nygaard, Caprini, NICE and Plymouth) can correctly identify the patients at risk. Methods:. In a consecutive series of over 750 trauma patients treated with cast immobilisation 23 were found to have suffered a VTE. Their notes were retrospectively reviewed to discover how many had been assessed for their VTE risk on admission. Additionally, the 4 most current Risk Assessment Tools were used to retrospectively score the patients for their VTE risk to determine whether they would have been identified as at risk of sVTE, had the RAMs been used at the time. We also identified a matched group of patients in the same cohort who had not suffered a VTE and they were also retrospectively risk assessed. Results:. NICE (2010), Caprini (2001) and Nygaard (2009) identified 100% of the 750 patients as at risk of sVTE but had a specificity of 0% as only 23 went on to develop VTE. The Plymouth Score (2010) was more specific and identified 56.3% patients of the 23 confirmed VTEs as ‘at risk’. However it would not have recommended prophylaxis in the remaining 46.7 & that did in fact go on to developed VTE. Conclusion:. The tools used in this study have no clinical utility in this patient group. Detailed evaluation of the different RAMs is required in order to improve their discriminatory power. A reliance on NICE, Caprini and Nygaard tools would have required all 750 patients in this group to have been treated with thromboprophylaxis and therefore lacked sensitivity. However the Plymouth Score would have failed to recommend thromboprophylaxis in half of the patients who eventually developed VTE

The incidence of venous thromboembolism (VTE) is unknown in elective foot and ankle surgery. In March 2010 we surveyed the current practice in VTE prophylaxis in elective foot and ankle surgery amongst members of the British Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (BOFAS). The response rate was 53%. The total the number of elective foot and ankle operations performed by the surveyed group was 33,500 per annum. The perceived incidence of DVT, PE and fatal PE was 0.6%, 0.1% and 0.02%. In our study the number of patients needed to treat to prevent a single fatal PE is 10,000 although this figure is open to significant bias. The National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) recently published guidelines on reducing the risk of venous thromboembolism in surgical patients. These guidelines cover all surgical inpatients and uses data extrapolated from other groups of patients. We question the applicability of these guidelines to patients undergoing elective foot and ankle surgery. We consider that this data justifies the prospective study of the incidence of VTE in patients undergoing elective foot and ankle surgery, without the use of chemical thromboprophylaxis

Background. Despite the suggestion by Virchow in 1856 that thrombosis was the result of venous stasis, endothelial dysfunction and hypercoagulability there are some fundamental questions which remain to be answered. The published studies fail to provide specific details such as cast type and anatomical location of the thrombosis, but instead focus on the incidence of VTE and which chemical thromboprophylaxis is most effective. Previous studies of VTE in trauma patients have involved small numbers of patients and have not look at the risk medium to long term risk. Most importantly they have not looked at the site of the VTE. This makes interpretation of the link between cast and VTE even more complex. Methodology. We analysed 1479 consecutive trauma cast applications and the incidence of symptomatic VTE in the six months following the injury. The diagonosis, cast type and site of the VTE was recorded. Results. The overall incidence of DVT was 2.5% (2.2% distal and 0.3% proximal), 50% occured inthe first 3 weeks, the rest were between 6–13 weeks. The incidence of PE was 0.7%, there was 1 death due to PE. Achilles tendon injury was a statistically significant risk factor, there were no other conditions with a specific risk. There was no difference between above and below knee cast immobilisation. However all symptomatic DVTs occured in the casted leg. Discussion. This is the first study to look at long term VTE risk and the site of thrombosis, these findings have implications for VTE prophylaxis. It would appear that the risk of developing symptomatic VTE extends beyound the currently advised treatment period. It also suggests that venous stasis and endothelial damage are more important that hypercoagulability in the development of VTE after cast treatment for trauma. We recommend a programme of exercises within the cast to reduce this risk

Introduction. Operative fixation of ankle fractures is often deferred due to swelling to avoid the risk of wound problems. The routine practice is to admit the patient and operate once the swelling has subsided. We introduced a new pathway to manage these ankle fractures at home preoperatively to improve service efficiency. We studied the impact of home therapy on length of inpatient stay and associated problems. Methods. A control group was studied from December 2009 to March 2010, where patients were treated normally. The home therapy ankle pathway was then introduced in August 2010. Patients presenting with excess ankle swelling were placed in a back slab following reduction of ankle to a satisfactory position. The patients were provided limb care advice, thromboprophylaxis, an emergency contact number and discharged home on crutches with a predetermined operative slot, usually 6 days following injury. Patients were also contacted by a member of staff to ensure they were coping with the injured limb at home. Patients who are unsafe to be discharged on home therapy were admitted. This cohort of patients was studied between August 2010 and December 2011. Results. In the control group, 49 ankle fractures required operative intervention. The mean pre-operative length of stay and post op length of stay were 5 days and 2.88 days respectively. Between August 2010 and December 2011, following implementation of the pathway, 195 ankle fractures required operative treatment. Of these, 107 patients were eligible for home therapy. The average pre-op length of stay was 0.17 days. Home therapy was carried out for an average of 6.63 days. There were no soft tissue or home therapy complications. The average post op length of stay was 1.72 days (P<0.001). Conclusion. The home therapy ankle pathway is a safe and cost-effective method of initial management of ankle fractures

Aims

We report the medium-term outcomes of a consecutive series of 118 Zenith total ankle arthroplasties (TAAs) from a single, non-designer centre.

Aims

The aim was to compare long-term patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) after operative and nonoperative treatment of acute Achilles tendon rupture in the context of a randomized controlled trial.

Aims

Total ankle arthroplasty (TAA) surgery is complex and attracts a wide variety of complications. The literature lacks consistency in reporting adverse events and complications. The aim of this article is to provide a comprehensive analysis of each of these complications from a literature review, and to compare them with rates from our Unit, to aid clinicians with the process of informed consent.

Aims

We report the long-term clinical and radiological outcomes of a consecutive series of 200 total ankle arthroplasties (TAAs, 184 patients) at a single centre using the Scandinavian Total Ankle Replacement (STAR) implants.

The incidence of deep-vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE) is thought to be low following foot and ankle surgery, but the routine use of chemoprophylaxis remains controversial. This retrospective study assessed the incidence of symptomatic venous thromboembolic (VTE) complications following a consecutive series of 2654 patients undergoing elective foot and ankle surgery. A total of 1078 patients received 75 mg aspirin as routine thromboprophylaxis between 2003 and 2006 and 1576 patients received no form of chemical thromboprophylaxis between 2007 and 2010. The overall incidence of VTE was 0.42% (DVT, 0.27%; PE, 0.15%) with 27 patients lost to follow-up. If these were included to create a worst case scenario, the overall VTE rate was 1.43%. There was no apparent protective effect against VTE by using aspirin.

We conclude that the incidence of VTE following foot and ankle surgery is very low and routine use of chemoprophylaxis does not appear necessary for patients who are not in the high risk group for VTE.

While many forefoot procedures may be performed as a day case, there are no specific guidelines as to which procedures are suitable. This study assessed the early post-operative pain after forefoot surgery performed a day case, compared with conventional inpatient management.

A total of 317 consecutive operations performed by a single surgeon were included in the study. Those eligible according to the criteria of the French Society of Anaesthesia (SFAR) were managed as day cases (127; 40%), while the remainder were managed as inpatients.

The groups were comparable in terms of gender, body mass index and smoking status, although the mean age of the inpatients was higher (p < 0.001) and they had higher mean American Society of Anaesthesiologists scores (p = 0.002). The most severe daily pain was on the first post-operative day, but the levels of pain were similar in the two groups; (4.2/10, sd 2.5 for day cases, 4.4/10, sd 2.4 for inpatients; p = 0.53). Overall, 28 (9%) of patients who had their surgery as a day case and 34 (11%) of inpatients reported extreme pain (≥ 8/10). There were more day case patients rather than inpatients that declared their pain disappeared seven days after the surgery (p = 0.02). One day-case patient with excessive bleeding was admitted post-operatively.

Apart from the most complicated cases, forefoot surgery can safely be performed as a day case without an increased risk of pain, or complications compared with management as an inpatient.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2015;97-B:1645–50.

Aims

Patients with an acute Achilles tendon rupture (ATR) take a long time to heal, have a high incidence of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and widely variable functional outcomes. This variation in outcome may be explained by a lack of knowledge of adverse factors, and a subsequent shortage of appropriate interventions.

A total of 80 patients with an acute rupture of tendo Achillis were randomised to operative repair using an open technique (39 patients) or non-operative treatment in a cast (41 patients). Patients were followed up for one year. Outcome measures included clinical complications, range of movement of the ankle, the Short Musculoskeletal Function Assessment (SMFA), and muscle function dynamometry evaluating dorsiflexion and plantar flexion of the ankle. The primary outcome measure was muscle dynamometry.

Re-rupture occurred in two of 37 patients (5%) in the operative group and four of 39 (10%) in the non-operative group, which was not statistically significant (p = 0.68). There was a slightly greater range of plantar flexion and dorsiflexion of the ankle in the operative group at three months which was not statistically significant, but at four and six months the range of dorsiflexion was better in the non-operative group, although this did not reach statistically significance either. After 12 weeks the peak torque difference of plantar flexion compared with the normal side was less in the operative than the non-operative group (47% vs 61%, respectively, p < 0.005). The difference declined to 26% and 30% at 26 weeks and 20% and 25% at 52 weeks, respectively. The difference in dorsiflexion peak torque from the normal side was less than 10% by 26 weeks in both groups, with no significant differences. The mean SMFA scores were significantly better in the operative group than the non-operative group at three months (15 vs 20, respectively, p < 0.03). No significant differences were observed after this, and at one year the scores were similar in both groups.

We were unable to show a convincing functional benefit from surgery for patients with an acute rupture of the tendo Achillis compared with conservative treatment in plaster.