Introduction. Wound surveillance has been reported to result in a significant fall in the incidence of wound sepsis in total knee arthroplasty (TKA). However, there is currently little guidance on the definition of surgical wound infection that is best to be used for surveillance. The purpose of this study was to assess the agreement between three common definitions of surgical wound infection as a performance indicator in TKA; (a) the CDC 1992 definition, (b) the NINSS modification of the CDC definition and (c) the ASEPSIS scoring method applied to the same series of surgical wounds. Methods. A prospective study of 500 surgical wounds in patients who underwent knee arthroplasties between May 2002 and December 2004 from a single tertiary centre were assessed according to the different definitions of surgical wound infection. Results. A total of 500 wounds were assessed in 482 patients. Mean age of patients was 70+/−11 years, 61.6% were females, duration of surgery was 101+/−49 minutes and mean follow-up was 35.2+/−25.7 months. The most commonly isolated species were Coagulase negative staphylococci (33.3%), Staphylococcus aureus (25%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (16.6%). The mean percentage of wounds classified as infected differed substantially with different definitions: 5.8% with the CDC definition, 3.6% with the NINSS version and 2.2% with an ASEPSIS score > 20. When superficial infections (according to CDC category) were included, 5.2% (26) of all observed wounds received conflicting diagnoses, and 1.4% (7) were classified as infected by both ASEPSIS and CDC definitions. When superficial infections were excluded, the two definitions estimated about the same overall percentage infection (2.2% and 2.6% respectively), but there were almost three times as many conflicting infection diagnoses (n=14) as concordant ones (n=5). Conclusion. Distinctions in surgical wound infection definitions contribute to notable differences in how infections are classified after TKA. Even small changes made to the CDC definition, as with the NINSS version, caused major variation in estimated percentage of wound infection. A single definition used consistently can show changes in wound infection rates over time at a single centre. However, differences in interpretation prevent comparison between different centres

Aims. To compare the cost-utility of standard dressing with incisional negative-pressure wound therapy (iNPWT) in adults with closed surgical wounds associated with major trauma to the lower limbs. Methods. A within-trial economic evaluation was conducted from the UK NHS and personal social services (PSS) perspective based on data collected from the Wound Healing in Surgery for Trauma (WHiST) multicentre randomized clinical trial. Health resource utilization was collected over a six-month post-randomization period using trial case report forms and participant-completed questionnaires. Cost-utility was reported in terms of incremental cost per quality-adjusted life year (QALY) gained. Sensitivity analysis was conducted to test the robustness of cost-effectiveness estimates while uncertainty was handled using confidence ellipses and cost-effectiveness acceptability curves. Results. The incremental cost of standard dressing versus iNPWT over six months was £2,037 (95% confidence interval (CI) £349 to £3,724). There was an insignificant increment in QALYs gained in the iNPWT group (0.005, 95% CI -0.018 to 0.028). The probability of iNPWT being cost-effective at £20,000 per QALY was 1.9%. The results remained robust in the sensitivity analysis. Conclusion. The within-trial economic evaluation suggests that iNPWT is unlikely to be a cost-effective alternative to standard dressing in adults with closed surgical wounds to their lower limbs. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2020;102-B(8):1072–1081

Aims. This study aims to estimate economic outcomes associated with 30-day deep surgical site infection (SSI) from closed surgical wounds in patients with lower limb fractures following major trauma. Methods. Data from the Wound Healing in Surgery for Trauma (WHiST) trial, which collected outcomes from 1,547 adult participants using self-completed questionnaires over a six-month period following major trauma, was used as the basis of this empirical investigation. Associations between deep SSI and NHS and personal social services (PSS) costs (£, 2017 to 2018 prices), and between deep SSI and quality-adjusted life years (QALYs), were estimated using descriptive and multivariable analyses. Sensitivity analyses assessed the impact of uncertainty surrounding components of the economic analyses. Results. Compared to participants without deep SSI, those with deep SSI had higher mean adjusted total NHS and PSS costs (adjusted mean difference £1,577 (95% confidence interval (CI) -951 to 4,105); p = 0.222), and lower mean adjusted QALYs (adjusted mean difference -0.015 (95% CI -0.032 to 0.002); p = 0.092) over six months post-injury, but this difference was not statistically significant. The results were robust to the sensitivity analyses performed. Conclusion. This study found worse economic outcomes during the first six months post-injury in participants who experience deep SSI following orthopaedic surgery for major trauma to the lower limb. However, the increase in cost associated with deep SSI was less than previously reported in the orthopaedic trauma literature. Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2022;3(5):398–403

Introduction

Nowadays, autologous platelet-rich plasma is used commonly in wound treatment. However, platelet gel, which was derived from allogeneic platelet-rich plasma (PRP) [1,2], has never been studied about efficacy in vivo or animal models. We aimed to determine efficacy of allogeneic platelet-gel on wound healing in rats by comparing with untreated, antibiotic-gel (Mupirocin 2%) treated and gel (sodium carboxymethylcellulose(NaCMC))-treated control.

Aims. The aim of this study was to report the outcomes of patients with severe open fractures of the lower limb in the five years after they took part in the Wound management for Open Lower Limb Fracture (WOLLF) trial. Methods. The WOLLF trial compared standard dressings to negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) applied at the end of the first surgical wound debridement, and patients were followed-up for 12 months. At 12 months, 170 of the original 460 participants agreed to take part in this medium-term follow-up study. Patients reported their Disability Rating Index (DRI) (0 to 100, where 100 is total disability) and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) using the EuroQol five-dimension three-level health questionnaire (EQ-5D-3L) annually by self-reported questionnaire. Further surgical interventions related to the open fracture were also recorded. Results. There was no evidence of a difference in patient-reported disability, HRQoL, or the need for further surgery between patients treated with NPWT versus standard dressings at five years. Considering the combined results for all participants, there was a small but statistically significant change in DRI scores over time (1.6 units per year; p = 0.005), but no evidence that EQ-5D-3L scores changed significantly during years two to five (p = 0.551). Conclusion. This study shows that the high levels of disability and reduced HRQoL reported by patients 12 months after severe open fractures of the lower limb persist in the medium term, with little evidence of improvement between years two and five. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2022;104-B(5):633–639

Aims. The aim of this study was to estimate the cost-effectiveness of negative-pressure wound therapy (NPWT) in comparison with standard wound management after initial surgical wound debridement in adults with severe open fractures of the lower limb. Patients and Methods. An economic evaluation was conducted from the perspective of the United Kingdom NHS and Personal Social Services, based on evidence from the 460 participants in the Wound Management of Open Lower Limb Fractures (WOLLF) trial. Economic outcomes were collected prospectively over the 12-month follow-up period using trial case report forms and participant-completed questionnaires. Bivariate regression of costs (given in £, 2014 to 2015 prices) and quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs), with multiple imputation of missing data, was conducted to estimate the incremental cost per QALY gained associated with NPWT dressings. Sensitivity and subgroup analyses were undertaken to assess the impacts of uncertainty and heterogeneity, respectively, surrounding aspects of the economic evaluation. Results. The base case analysis produced an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of £267 910 per QALY gained, reflecting higher costs on average (£678; 95% confidence interval (CI) -£1082 to £2438) and only marginally higher QALYS (0.002; 95% CI -0.054 to 0.059) in the NPWT group. The probability that NPWT is cost-effective in this patient population did not exceed 27% regardless of the value of the cost-effectiveness threshold. This result remained robust to several sensitivity and subgroup analyses. Conclusion. This trial-based economic evaluation suggests that NPWT is unlikely to be a cost-effective strategy for improving outcomes in adult patients with severe open fractures of the lower limb. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2019;101-B:1392–1401

Laminar airflow systems are universal in current orthopaedic operating theatres and are assumed to be associated with a lower risk of contamination of the surgical wound and subsequent early infection. Evidence to support their use is limited and sometimes conflicting. We investigated whether there were any differences in infection rates (deep and superficial) between knee and hip arthroplasty cases performed in non-laminar and laminar flow theatres at 10 year follow-up. Between 2002 and 2006, 318 patients underwent knee and hip arthroplasty in a non-laminar flow theatre. Prospectively collected local arthroplasty audit data was collected including superficial and deep infection, revision for infection and functional outcomes. A cohort of patients from the same time period, who underwent knee and hip arthroplasty in a laminar flow theatre, were matched for age, sex, body mass index (BMI), operative approach, implant and experience of surgeon. Superficial infection rates were lower overall in the non-laminar flow theatre (2.2percnt; versus 4.7percnt;), with a significantly lower superficial infection rate for knee arthroplasty performed in the non-laminar flow theatre (2percnt; versus 6.9percnt;). The deep infection rates were similar (1.3percnt; vs 1.9percnt;) for both laminar and non-laminar flow theatre respectively. Revision rates for infection were similar between both groups (0.9percnt; in non-laminar flow theatre vs 0.3percnt; in laminar flow). Whilst the causes of post-operative surgical site infection are multifactorial, our results demonstrate that at long –term follow-up, there was no increased risk of infection without laminar flow use in our theatre

Scar tissue formation secondary to acute muscle injury, surgical wounding and compartment syndrome can result in significant functional impairment and predispose to further injury. The source of fibroblasts, and the molecular mechanisms driving their activation and persistence in skeletal muscle fibrosis are not known. We hypothesized that cells expressing PDGFRβ become fibroblasts in response to injury and that targeting αv integrins in these cells reduces skeletal muscle fibrosis. We used double-fluorescent reporter mice to demonstrate that cells expressing PDGFRβ become activated myofibroblasts in response to cardiotoxin (CTX) induced skeletal muscle injury. Following injury, PDGFRβ+ cells moved from perivascular locations into the interstitium in a distribution characteristic of fibroblasts, and showed marked induction of fibroblastic genes including αSMA and collagen1 (all p<0.0001). To confirm that αv integrins present on PDGFRβ cells critically regulate skeletal muscle fibrosis we used Itgavflox/flox;PDGFRβ-Cre mice (transgenic mice in which αv integrins are ‘knocked-down’ in PDGFRβ+ cells). These mice were significantly protected from CTX induced fibrosis (p<0.01). To demonstrate potential clinical utility of targeting αv integrins, we used a small molecule inhibitor of αv integrins (CWHM12). Treatment with CWHM12 significantly reduced fibrosis when delivered from the time of injury (p<0.01) and when delivered after the fibrotic response had become established (p<0.01). We have identified a core pathway regulating fibrosis in skeletal muscle. Pharmacologic inhibition of αv integrins has potential clinical utility in the treatment and prevention of skeletal muscle fibrosis

Aims

There is increasing evidence to support the use of topical antibiotics to prevent surgical site infections. Although previous research suggests a minimal nephrotoxic risk with a single dose of vancomycin powder, fracture patients often require multiple procedures and receive additional doses of topical antibiotics. We aimed to determine if cumulative doses of intrawound vancomycin or tobramycin powder for infection prophylaxis increased the risk of drug-induced acute kidney injury (AKI) among fracture patients.

Aims

Deep surgical site infection (SSI) is common after lower limb fracture. We compared the diagnosis of deep SSI using alternative methods of data collection and examined the agreement of clinical photography and in-person clinical assessment by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) criteria after lower limb fracture surgery.

Aims

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the Orthopaedic Trauma Society (OTS) classification of open fractures and economic costs.

Background. Sterile Surgical Helmet System (SSHS) are used routinely in hip and knee arthroplasty in order to decrease the risk of infection. It protects surgeon from splash and also prevents contamination of surgical field from reverse splash by virtue of its perceived sterility. A prospective study was conducted to confirm if SSHS remain sterile throughout the procedure in Hip (THA) and Knee (TKA) Arthroplasty. We also evaluated if type of theatre had any effect on degree of contamination. Material and Methods. Visor area of 40 SSHS was swabbed at half hourly interval until the end of the procedure. Two groups of 20 each were made on the basis of theatre used for performing surgery. Group 1 (Gp1) had surgery performed in laminar flow and Group 2 (Gp2) in non-laminar flow theatre. Swabs collected were processed to compare the time dependent contamination of the SSHS and identify the organisms responsible for contamination. Results. Overall 80% (70% laminar, 90% non-laminar) of masks were contaminated by end of the procedure. There was a statistically significant difference in degree of contamination after direct inoculation while there was no statistical difference after 24 hrs of incubation. Coagulase negative Staphylococcus was the most common bacteria grown in both the groups. Conclusion. SSHS lose their sterility peroperatively due to airborne contamination, mandating prompt change of gloves in case of active contact with them to avoid the bacterial transmission into surgical wound and catastrophic joint infection

Aims

To identify the prevalence of neuropathic pain after lower limb fracture surgery, assess associations with pain severity, quality of life and disability, and determine baseline predictors of chronic neuropathic pain at three and at six months post-injury.

Introduction. Surgical site infections (SSI) are related to a surgical procedure and affect the surgical wound or deeper tissues. With continuing emphasis on clinical governance and quality control, there is increasing demand from both patients and government for methods of assessing surgical results. Rates of morbidity and mortality may play important roles in these assessments. When crude comparisons between hospitals in the incidence of SSI are made, these should at least be stratified by the type of procedure. The aim of this study is to fix SSI incidence in relation to surgical procedure. Methods. This report contains data of 19.948 procedures collected from 1996 to 2008 at a Specialist Orthopaedic Hospital and analyzed by a specific software designed for the study of infection in orthopaedic and trauma surgery. The SSI surveillance is focused on categories of surgical procedure (Hip Arthroplasty, Knee Arthroplasty, Spine Surgery and Hip Fracture Surgery) with each category containing a defined set of similar procedures. A basic of demographic data and details about operation itself are collected for each procedure. Patients are followed up throughout their hospital stay and after hospital discharge. We present the incidence of SSI by risk group and surgical procedure. SSI are categorized in type, moment of diagnosis and micro-organisms reported. Analysis of the data was performed (SPSSv15.0 ®). Statistical methods used to determine significance were the independent samples t test, Pearson X2 test, Odds ratio and Spearman correlation coefficient, with a significance level of p<0,05. Results. Rates of SSI are highest in hip hemiarthroplasty after fracture and in hip and knee revision procedures. Rates of SSI increase with the number of risk factors present in the patient, especially after fracture procedures. The most common infecting micro-organism was coagulase-negative staphylococcus, followed by Staphylococcus aureus, enterococci and streptococci. 38% of the infections arise after one year of surveillance. Conclusions. Our results confirm difference in rates of SSI depending of surgical procedure in orthopaedic and trauma surgery. We believe that our decision to monitor infection with a long term follow up it's the better way to avoid under-reporting of infection. Our study has also demonstrated the extent to which the emerging problem of infection due to MRSA has affected orthopaedic surgery. The risk of acquiring SSI caused by MRSA was particularly high in patients after hip fracture surgery. Rates of SSI increase with the number of risk factors present in the patient, especially after fracture procedures. Globally, the most common infecting micro-organism was coagulase-negative staphylococcus, followed by Staphylococcus aureus, enterococci and streptococci. 38% of the infections arise after one year of surveillance

Aims

To describe a new objective classification for open fractures of the lower limb and to correlate the classification with patient-centred outcomes.

Introduction. Over the past decade, the use of negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) devices has increased and expanded to include a wide variety of patients. However, the safety and efficacy of NPWT over skin in open fractures is still unknown. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the complication rate and outcome of open fractures treated by NPWT over closed wounds or flaps. Materials and methods. We performed a retrospective review of prospectively collected data of 10 patients, with an average age of 37.9 years old, who underwent NPWT over surgically closed wounds or random pattern cutaneous flaps in open fractures. All wounds were debrided and closed, and NPWT was applied over the skin sequentially in emergency operations. Results. The open fracture sites were lower leg (6), foot and ankle (3), and knee (1). The reasons for applying NPWT were the expectation of improved viability of local flaps in 4, impossibility of airtight skin approximation in 3, high risk for wound healing problems due to swelling in 2, and securing of degloved skin in 1. The mean duration of NPWT was 11.3 days. There were 3 skin macerations under foam, however, no flap or degloved skin necrosis occurred. All the fractures eventually united, and there were no deep infections. Discussion and Conclusion. While skin macerations were sometimes seen, they did not affect the overall outcome. NPWT over the skin in open fractures is effective in preventing infection even in high-risk wounds

The Versajet™ Hydrosurgery system (Smith & Nephew) offers a unique way of performing debridement using a high pressure fluid jet parallel to the surface to draw devitalized soft tissues into a cutting chamber for excision and evacuation. The aim of this study was to assess the outcome of the Versajet hydrosurgery system in the treatment of Gustilo and Anderson grade III A and III B open tibial fractures using a pilot scale prospective randomized controlled trial against conventional surgery. The primary variable was the total number of debridements until wound closure. A total of 40 patients were recruited: 16 patients Versajet Plus™ (Smith & Nephew) hydrosurgery vs patients 24 standard surgical debridement. Baseline characteristics were well balanced with respect to the age, mechanism of injury, contamination, wound area, depth, and displacement of the bone. There was some imbalance between treatment groups where more (68.8%) Versajet patients had III A classification; vs. (37.5%) standard surgical debridement patients. The number of debridement procedures before wound closure was for Versajet: 1 debridement procedure for 11 patients (69%), 2 for 3 patients (19%) and 3 for 2 patients (12.5%). For standard surgical patients: 1 debridement procedure for 1 patient (4.3%), 2 for 19 patients (83%) and 3 for 3 patients (13%). There was significant evidence (p<0.001) that Versajet patients required fewer debridement procedures than standard surgical debridement prior to wound closure (ratio Standard: Versajet=1.747). There was no evidence that the number of debridement procedures to achieve wound closure differed between the Gustilo and Anderson grade IIIA and grade IIIB classifications (p=0.692). The median time to wound closure was 3 days (95% CI 3 days, 5 days) for Versajet and 5 days (95% CI 4 days, 8 days) for standard surgically debrided wounds, but the difference was not statistically significant (p=0.275). There was no evidence (p=0.397) of a difference in the total number of surgical sessions (debridement or debridement with closure) required to close the wound (ratio Standard: Versajet=1.040; 95% CI (0.950, 1.137). There were no instances of post operative infection. This pilot study has shown that on average only a single Versajet Plus hydrosurgery debridement is needed before IIIA or IIIB wounds are ready for closure and there is a trend (not significant) towards the possibility of earlier closure following the use of Versajet compared with standard surgery

We examined the incidence of infection with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in patients admitted to the Leicester Royal Infirmary Trauma Unit between January 2004 and June 2006. The influence of MRSA status at the time of their admission was examined, together with age, gender and diagnosis, using multi-variant analysis. Of 2473 patients, 79 (3.2%) were MRSA carriers at the time of admission and 2394 (96.8%) were MRSA-negative. Those carrying MRSA at the time of admission were more likely to develop surgical site infection with MRSA (7 of 79 patients, 8.8%) than non-MRSA carriers (54 of 2394 patients, 2.2%, p < 0.001). Further analysis showed that hip fracture and increasing age were also risk factors with a linear increase in relative risk of 1.8% per year.

MRSA carriage at admission, age and the pathology are all associated with an increased rate of developing MRSA wound infection. Identification of such risk factors at admission helps to target health-care resources, such the use of glycopeptide antibiotics at induction and the ‘building-in’ of increased vigilance for wound infection pre-operatively.