Aims. With resumption of elective spine surgery services in the UK following the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, we conducted a multicentre British Association of Spine Surgeons (BASS) collaborative study to examine the complications and deaths due to COVID-19 at the recovery phase of the pandemic. The aim was to analyze the safety of elective spinal surgery during the pandemic. Methods. A prospective observational study was conducted from eight spinal centres for the first month of operating following restoration of elective spine surgery in each individual unit. Primary outcome measure was the 30-day postoperative COVID-19 infection rate. Secondary outcomes analyzed were the 30-day mortality rate, surgical adverse events, medical complications, and length of inpatient stay. Results. In all, 257 patients (128 males) with a median age of 54 years (2 to 88) formed the study cohort. The mean number of procedures performed from each unit was 32 (16 to 101), with 118 procedures (46%) done as category three prioritization level. The majority of patients (87%) were low-medium “risk stratification” category and the mean length of hospital stay was 5.2 days. None of the patients were diagnosed with COVID-19 infection, nor was there any mortality related to COVID-19 during the 30-day follow-up period, with 25 patients (10%) having been tested for symptoms. Overall, 32 patients (12%) developed a total of 34 complications, with the majority (19/34) being grade 1 to 2 Clavien-Dindo classification of surgical complications. No patient required postoperative care in an intensive care setting for any unexpected complication. Conclusion. This study shows that safe and effective planned spinal surgical services can be restored avoiding viral transmission, with diligent adherence to national guidelines and COVID-19-secure pathways tailored according to the resources of the individual spinal units. Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2021;2(12):1096–1101

Introduction. The placement of a large interbody implant allows for a larger surface area for fusion, vis a vis, via retroperitoneal direct anterior, antero-lateral and lateral approaches. At the same time, spinal navigation facilitates a minimally invasive fixation for inserting posterior pedicle screws. We report on the first procedures in the United Kingdom performed by a single-surgeon at a single- centre using navigated robot-assisted spine surgery without the need for guide-wires. Materials and Methods. Whilst positioned in the supine or lateral position, a routine supine anterior lumbar interbody fusion (ALIF), and/or antero-lateral ALIF (AL-ALIF) and/or lateral lateral interbody fusion (LLIF) is performed. The patient is then turned prone or kept in the single lateral position (SPL) for insertion of the posterior screws performed under robotic guidance. Intraoperative CT scan 3D images captured then are sent to the Robotic software platform for planning of the screw trajectories and finally use again at the end of the procedure to confirm screw accuracy. We identified 34 consecutive patients from October 2019 to January 2020 who underwent robotic assisted spine surgery. The demographic, intraoperative, and perioperative data of all these patients were reviewed and presented. Results. Of the 34 patients, 65 levels were treated in total using 204 screws. Of the 21 patients (60%) who underwent single-level fixation, 14 of them (67%) were treated at the L5/S1 level, 3 at L3/L4, 3 at L4/L5 and 1 at L2/L3 level. The remaining 13 patients (40%) underwent multi-level fixation, of which 4 were adult scoliosis. 15 underwent a supine ALIF approach, 1 underwent AL-ALIF, 8 patients underwent combined LLIF and AL-ALIF approach in a lateral decubitus, whilst 9 underwent pure LLIF approach (of which 3 patients were in the single position lateral) and one patient had previous TLIF surgery. The average estimated blood loss was 60 cc. The average planning time was 10 min and the average duration of surgery was 50 min. The average patient age was 54 years and 64% (22/34) were male. The average BMI was 28.1 kg/m. 2. There were no re-interventions due to complications or mal positioned screws. Conclusion. Minimally invasive spine surgery using robot-assisted navigation yields an improved level of accuracy, decreased radiation exposure, minimal muscle disruption, decreased blood loss, shorter operating theatre time, length of stay, and lower complication rates. Further follow-up of the patients treated will help compare the clinical outcomes with other techniques

Aims. Implant-related postoperative spondylodiscitis (IPOS) is a severe complication in spine surgery and is associated with high morbidity and mortality. With growing knowledge in the field of periprosthetic joint infection (PJI), equivalent investigations towards the management of implant-related infections of the spine are indispensable. To our knowledge, this study provides the largest description of cases of IPOS to date. Methods. Patients treated for IPOS from January 2006 to December 2020 were included. Patient demographics, parameters upon admission and discharge, radiological imaging, and microbiological results were retrieved from medical records. CT and MRI were analyzed for epidural, paravertebral, and intervertebral abscess formation, vertebral destruction, and endplate involvement. Pathogens were identified by CT-guided or intraoperative biopsy, intraoperative tissue sampling, or implant sonication. Results. A total of 32 cases of IPOS with a mean patient age of 68.7 years (37.6 to 84.1) were included. Diabetes, age > 60 years, and history of infection were identified as risk factors. Patient presentation upon admission included a mean body temperature of 36.7°C (36.1 to 38.0), back pain at rest (mean visual analogue scale (VAS) mean 5/10) and when mobile (mean VAS 6/10), as well as elevated levels of CRP (mean 76.8 mg/l (0.4 to 202.9)) and white blood cell count (mean 9.2 units/nl (2.6 to 32.8)). Pathogens were identified by CT-guided or conventional biopsy, intraoperative tissue sampling, or sonication, and Gram-positive cocci presented as the most common among them. Antibiotic therapy was established in all cases with pathogen-specific treatment in 23 (71.9%) subjects. Overall 27 (84.4%) patients received treatment by debridement, decompression, and fusion of the affected segment. Conclusion. Cases of IPOS are rare and share similarities with spontaneous spondylodiscitis. While procedures such as CT-guided biopsy and sonication are valuable tools in the diagnosis of IPOS, MRI and intraoperative tissue sampling remain the gold standard. Research on known principles of PJI such as implant retention versus implant exchange need to be expanded to the field of spine surgery. Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2023;4(11):832–838

Aims

The aim of this study was to assess the accuracy of pedicle screw placement, as well as intraoperative factors, radiation exposure, and complication rates in adult patients with degenerative disorders of the thoracic and lumbar spines who have undergone robotic-navigated spinal surgery using a contemporary system.

Aims. During revision procedures for aseptic reasons, there remains a suspicion that failure may have been the result of an undetected subclinical infection. However, there is little evidence available in the literature about unexpected positive results in presumed aseptic revision spine surgery. The aims of our study were to estimate the prevalence of unexpected positive culture using sonication and to evaluate clinical characteristics of these patients. Patients and Methods. All patients who underwent a revision surgery after instrumented spinal surgery at our institution between July 2014 and August 2016 with spinal implants submitted for sonication were retrospectively analyzed. Only revisions presumed as aseptic are included in the study. During the study period, 204 spinal revisions were performed for diagnoses other than infection. In 38 cases, sonication cultures were not obtained, leaving a study cohort of 166 cases. The mean age of the cohort was 61.5 years (. sd. 20.4) and there were 104 female patients. Results. Sonication cultures were positive in 75 cases (45.2%). Hardware failure was the most common indication for revision surgery and revealed a positive sonication culture in 26/75 cases (35%) followed by adjacent segment disease (ASD) in 23/75 cases (30%). Cutibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis were the most commonly isolated microorganisms, observed in 45% and 31% of cases, respectively. C. acnes was isolated in 65.2% of cases when the indication for revision surgery was ASD. Conclusion. Infection must always be considered as a possibility in the setting of spinal revision surgery, especially in the case of hardware failure, regardless of the lack of clinical signs. Sonication should be routinely used to isolate microorganisms adherent to implants. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2019;101-B:621–624

Background:. Following lumbar spine surgery patients with a high BMI appear to have increased post-operative complications including surgical site infections (SSI), urinary complications, increased anaesthetic/operative time and a greater need for post-operative blood transfusion. There is no current evidence, however, analysing the effect of BMI on functional outcome. Purpose:. We aimed to analyse the effect of BMI on functional outcome following lumbar spine surgery. Study Design:. Retrospective Cohort Study. Patient Sample:. 131. Outcome Measures:. Outcome measures included mean post-operative Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) at six and twelve months, the incidence of SSI, mean operative time and the requirement for post-operative blood transfusion. Methods:. Patients that underwent lumbar spinal surgery between September 2010 and November 2013 were identified retrospectively and categorised into discectomy, decompression, fusion and revision is created. A BMI threshold of 30 was used to group patients as non-obese or obese. Univariate analysis was used to compare the effect of BMI on the above outcome measures. Results:. Post-operative complication rates were higher in the obese group in each category. However, there was no significant difference in the post-operative ODI at six ad twelve months post-operatively. Conclusions:. Increased BMI is related to increased post-operative complications but is not associated with a poorer functional outcome in the short to mid-term

Background. Previous surgery is known to increase the risk of complications during spine surgery, but few studies have quantified the dose-response effect using multivariate models to account for confounders. We quantified the effect of the number of prior spine surgeries on perioperative complications in patients undergoing surgery for lumbar degenerative disorders. Methods. We included data from 4′940 patients documented in Eurospine's Spine Tango Registry from 2004 to 2015. Medical history and surgical details were documented on the Tango Surgery form, as were surgical and general medical complications arising between admission and discharge. Multiple logistic regression models were built to investigate the relationship between the number of any previous surgeries and the presence of a perioperative complication, controlling for other potential confounders (age, sex, smoking, BMI, comorbidity, number of vertebral levels affected). Results. There were 9.4% surgical complications (most commonly dural tear, neurological sequelae, haematoma, infection) and 6.5 % general complications (most commonly cardiovascular, urinary, pulmonary, liver/GI). In the multivariable models, previous surgery significantly increased the odds of having a surgical complication (OR 1.148, 95%CI 1.051–1.253; p=0.002) and a medical complication (OR 1.185, 95%CI 1.074–1.307; p=0.001) i.e., for each previous surgery, the odds of a complication increased by 15% and 19%, respectively. Conclusion. We demonstrated a significant dose-response effect of previous surgery on the risk of incurring a complication during subsequent spine surgery. The results can be used by the surgeon when assessing the risk/benefit ratio of further surgery, for informing and consenting the patient. No conflicts of interest. No funding obtained

Male retrograde ejaculation is a well-documented but rare complication of anterior approach lumbar spine surgery. Retraction of the soft tissues which encase the superior hypogastric plexus leads to dysfunction of the sympathetic control of the bladder neck sphincter. We postulated that similar nerve root dysfunction in females may lead to bladder problems and sexual dysfunction. The Female Sexual Function Index Questionnaire was sent to 20 consecutive women who had undergone anterior spinal surgery by the senior author (GM). Questionnaires were returned by 11 of the 20 subjects. 6 had undergone disc replacement surgery and 5 anterior lumbar interbody fusion. All procedures used an anterior retroperitoneal approach. The age range was 20 to 49 years (mean 40.2 years). There were no immediate peri-operative complications. The mean time since surgery was 4.9 years (range 3.1 to 5.8 years). The Female Sexual Function Index is a validated questionnaire used internationally as the gold standard measure of sexual dysfunction in women. Urinary frequency and incontinence were also recorded. 9 women (82%) described a degree of post-operative sexual dysfunction with 7 (64%) recording urinary frequency and urge incontinence. Although some sexual dysfunction may be expected from pre-existing conditions, we highlight this complication following anterior lumbar spine surgery in females. We plan to further investigate its incidence and possible resolution of symptoms after a prolonged period in a larger case series

To establish whether incidental durotomy complicating lumbar spine surgery adversely affects long-term outcome. Data was collected prospectively. The study population comprised 200 patients. 19 patients who sustained dural tears (Group A) were compared to a control group of 181 patients with no tear (Group B). Outcomes were measured with the SF-36, Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) and visual analogue scores for back (VB) and leg (VL) pain. Scores for the 2 groups were compared pre-operatively, at 2 and 6 months post-op for all patients and at long-term follow-up (range 2-9 years) for patients in group A. In addition for patients in group A the patients satisfaction with the procedure, ongoing symptoms, employment status and analgesic intake were documented. Pre-operative scores were similar between the 2 groups apart from significantly higher vb scores (63 –A vs 46-B). Results at 2 and 6 months showed no significant differences between the 2 groups. Outcome scores for group A at long-term follow-up do not show any significant decline. Our study demonstrates that incidental dural tears complicating lumbar spine surgery do not adversely affect outcome in the long-term

Purpose. To establish whether incidental durotomy complicating lumbar spine surgery adversely affects long-term outcome. Methods. Data was collected prospectively. The study population comprised 200 patients. 19 patients who sustained dural tears (Group A) were compared to a control group of 181 patients with no tear (Group B). Outcomes were measured with the SF-36, Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) and visual analogue scores for back (VB) and leg (VL) pain. Scores for the 2 groups were compared pre-operatively, at 2 and 6 months post-op for all patients and at long-term follow-up (range 2-9 years) for patients in group A. In addition for patients in group A the patients satisfaction with the procedure, ongoing symptoms, employment status and analgesic intake were documented. Results. Pre-operative scores were similar between the 2 groups apart from significantly higher vb scores (63 –A vs 46-B). Results at 2 and 6 months showed no significant differences between the 2 groups. Outcome scores for group A at long-term follow-up do not show any significant decline. Conclusion. Our study demonstrates that incidental dural tears complicating lumbar spine surgery do not adversely affect outcome in the long-term. Ethics - none, Interest –none

Background. Depression, anxiety, catastrophising, and fear-avoidance beliefs are some of the so-called “yellow flags” that predict a poor outcome in back patients. Many surgeons have difficulty assessing yellow flags, perhaps due to the complexity of existing instruments and time constraints during consultations. We developed a brief tool to allow the systematic evaluation of core flags. Methods. Data from 4 questionnaires (ZUNG depression (N=399); Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (Anxiety-subscale) (N=308); Pain Catastrophising (N=766); Fear Avoidance Beliefs (N=736)) were analysed to identify the respective single item that best represented the full scale score. The 4 items formed the “Core Yellow Flags Index” (CYFI). 1'768 patients completed CYFI and a Core Outcome Measures Index (COMI) preoperatively, and COMI 3 and 12mo later (FU). Results. The individual flag items correlated with their corresponding full-length questionnaires: 0.71 (depression), 0.81 (catastrophising), 0.77 (anxiety), 0.83 (fear avoidance beliefs). Cronbach's α for the 4 items was 0.79. Structural equation modelling revealed that CYFI explained a unique proportion of the variance in COMI at 3 months' FU (β=0.23, p< 0.001) and also at 12 months FU (β=0.20, p< 0.001). Conclusion. The 4-item CYFI proved to be a simple, practicable tool for routinely assessing key psychological attributes in spine surgery patients; it made a relevant contribution in predicting postoperative outcome. CYFI's items were similar to those in the “STarTBack screening-tool”, used in primary care to predict back pain chronicity, further substantiating its validity. Its wider use may help improve the accuracy of predictive models derived using spine registry data. No conflicts of interest. No funding obtained

The aim of this study was to review the data held with the NHSLA database over the last 10 years for negligence in spine surgery with particular focus on why patients ‘claim’ and what is the likely outcome. Anonymous retrospective review. We contacted the NHSLA and asked them to provide all data held on their database under the search terms ‘spine surgery or spine surgeon.’. An excel sheet was provided, and this was then studied for reason of ‘claim’, whether the claim was open/closed and outcome. A total of 67 claims of negligence were made against spinal surgeries during this time (2000-09). The number of claims had increased over the last few years: 2000-03, n= 8, 2004-06, n= 46. The lumbar spine remains the most common area (Lumbar: 55/67, Thoracic : 6/67, Cervical 6/67). Documented reasons for claims were post-operative complications (n= 28; 42%), delayed/failure to diagnose (n=24; 36%), discontent with preoperative assessment including consent (n=2; 3%), intra-operative complications (n= 10; 15%) and anaesthesia complication (n=3; 4%). Twenty were closed and 47 remained open. The number of successful claims was 8/20 (40%). The mean compensation paid out was £33,409 (range was £820.5 to £60,693). The number of claims brought against spinal surgeries is on the increase, with the most common area being the lumbar spine which perhaps is not surprising as this is the most common area of spinal surgery. Common reasons are post-operative complications and delay/failure to diagnose. The ‘success’ of these claims over the last 10 years was 8/20 (40%) with mean compensation paid out was £33,409. Ethics approval: None;. Interest Statement: The lead author is the CEO and founder of a Personal Injury/Medico-Legal company

The Short Form-36 (SF-36) health questionnaire has been put forward as a general measure of outcome in health care and has been evaluated in several recent studies in the UK. We report its use in three groups of patients after spinal operations and have compared it with the Oswestry and Low Back Pain disability scales.

There was a significant correlation between all variables of the SF-36 and the low-back scores. The mental-health items had the weakest correlation. Our study shows that the SF-36 questionnaire is valid and has internal consistency when applied to these patients.

Aim

To use Patient Reported Outcome Measures (PROMs) to determine the effectiveness of lumbar spinal surgery at a single UK institution.

Purpose of Study

To investigate current practice of thromboprophylaxis in major UK spinal centres for both trauma and elective surgery, and to asses compliance with NICE guidelines

Healthcare interventions are under increasing scrutiny regarding cost-effectiveness and outcome measures have revolutionised clinical research.

To identify all available outcome questionnaires designed for lowback, lumbar spine pathologies and to perform qualitative analysis of these questionnaires for their clinimetric properties.

A comprehensive e-search on PUBMED & EMBASE for all available outcome measures and published review articles for lowback and lumbar spine pathologies was undertaken over a two month period (Nov-Dec 2009). Twenty-eight questionnaires were identified in total. These outcomes questionnaires were evaluated for clinimetric properties viz:-

Validity (content, construct & criterion validity)

Reliability (internal consistency & reproducibility)

Responsiveness and scored on a scale of 0-6 points.

Eight outcomes questionnaires had satisfied all clinimetric domains in methodological evaluation (score 6/6).

Oswestry disability index (ODI)

Roland-Morris disability questionnaire (RMDQ)

Aberdeen lowback pain scale

Extended Aberdeen spine pain scale

Functional rating index

Core lowback pain outcome measure

Backpain functional scale

Maine-Seattle back questionnaire.

Sixteen of these questionnaires scored =5 when evaluated for clinimetric domains. RMDQ had the highest number of published and validated translations followed by ODI. Criterion validity was not tested for NASS-AAOS lumbar spine questionnaire.

32%(9/28) of the outcome instruments have undergone methodological evaluation for =3 clinimetric properties. Clinicians should be cautious when choosing appropriate validated outcome measures when evaluating therapeutic/surgical intervention. We suggest use of few validated outcome measures with high clinimetric scores (=5/6) to be made mandatory when reporting clinical results.

Aims. Repeated lumbar spine surgery has been associated with inferior clinical outcomes. This study aimed to examine and quantify the impact of this association in a national clinical register cohort. Methods. This is a population-based study from the Norwegian Registry for Spine surgery (NORspine). We included 26,723 consecutive cases operated for lumbar spinal stenosis or lumbar disc herniation from January 2007 to December 2018. The primary outcome was the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), presented as the proportions reaching a patient-acceptable symptom state (PASS; defined as an ODI raw score ≤ 22) and ODI raw and change scores at 12-month follow-up. Secondary outcomes were the Global Perceived Effect scale, the numerical rating scale for pain, the EuroQoL five-dimensions health questionnaire, occurrence of perioperative complications and wound infections, and working capability. Binary logistic regression analysis was conducted to examine how the number of previous operations influenced the odds of not reaching a PASS. Results. The proportion reaching a PASS decreased from 66.0% (95% confidence interval (CI) 65.4 to 66.7) in cases with no previous operation to 22.0% (95% CI 15.2 to 30.3) in cases with four or more previous operations (p < 0.001). The odds of not reaching a PASS were 2.1 (95% CI 1.9 to 2.2) in cases with one previous operation, 2.6 (95% CI 2.3 to 3.0) in cases with two, 4.4 (95% CI 3.4 to 5.5) in cases with three, and 6.9 (95% CI 4.5 to 10.5) in cases with four or more previous operations. The ODI raw and change scores and the secondary outcomes showed similar trends. Conclusion. We found a dose-response relationship between increasing number of previous operations and inferior outcomes among patients operated for degenerative conditions in the lumbar spine. This information should be considered in the shared decision-making process prior to elective spine surgery. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2023;105-B(4):422–430

Aims. The escalating demand for medical resources to address spinal diseases as society ages is an issue that requires careful evaluation. However, few studies have examined trends in spinal surgery, especially unscheduled hospitalizations or surgeries performed after hours, through large databases. Our study aimed to determine national trends in the number of spine surgeries in Japan. We also aimed to identify trends in after-hours surgeries and unscheduled hospitalizations and their impact on complications and costs. Methods. We retrospectively investigated data extracted from the Diagnosis Procedure Combination database, a representative inpatient database in Japan. The data from April 2010 to March 2020 were used for this study. We included all patients who had undergone any combination of laminectomy, laminoplasty, discectomy, and/or spinal arthrodesis. Results. This investigation included 739,474 spinal surgeries and 739,215 hospitalizations in Japan. There was an average annual increase of 4.6% in the number of spinal surgeries. Scheduled hospitalizations increased by 3.7% per year while unscheduled hospitalizations increased by 11.8% per year. In-hours surgeries increased by 4.5% per year while after-hours surgeries increased by 9.9% per year. Complication rates and costs increased for both after-hours surgery and unscheduled hospitalizations, in comparison to their respective counterparts of in-hours surgery and scheduled hospitalizations. Conclusion. This study provides important insights for those interested in improving spine care in an ageing society. The swift surge in after-hours spinal surgeries and unscheduled hospitalizations highlights that the medical needs of an increasing number of patients due to an ageing society are outpacing the capacity of existing medical resources. Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2024;5(8):662–670

Aims. The number of patients undergoing surgery for degenerative cervical radiculopathy has increased. In many countries, public hospitals have limited capacity. This has resulted in long waiting times for elective treatment and a need for supplementary private healthcare. It is uncertain whether the management of patients and the outcome of treatment are equivalent in public and private hospitals. The aim of this study was to compare the management and patient-reported outcomes among patients who underwent surgery for degenerative cervical radiculopathy in public and private hospitals in Norway, and to assess whether the effectiveness of the treatment was equivalent. Methods. This was a comparative study using prospectively collected data from the Norwegian Registry for Spine Surgery. A total of 4,750 consecutive patients who underwent surgery for degenerative cervical radiculopathy and were followed for 12 months were included. Case-mix adjustment between those managed in public and private hospitals was performed using propensity score matching. The primary outcome measure was the change in the Neck Disability Index (NDI) between baseline and 12 months postoperatively. A mean difference in improvement of the NDI score between public and private hospitals of ≤ 15 points was considered equivalent. Secondary outcome measures were a numerical rating scale for neck and arm pain and the EuroQol five-dimension three-level health questionnaire. The duration of surgery, length of hospital stay, and complications were also recorded. Results. The mean improvement from baseline to 12 months postoperatively of patients who underwent surgery in public and private hospitals was equivalent, both in the unmatched cohort (mean NDI difference between groups 3.9 points (95% confidence interval (CI) 2.2 to 5.6); p < 0.001) and in the matched cohort (4.0 points (95% CI 2.3 to 5.7); p < 0.001). Secondary outcomes showed similar results. The duration of surgery and length of hospital stay were significantly longer in public hospitals. Those treated in private hospitals reported significantly fewer complications in the unmatched cohort, but not in the matched cohort. Conclusion. The clinical effectiveness of surgery for degenerative cervical radiculopathy performed in public and private hospitals was equivalent 12 months after surgery. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2023;105-B(1):64–71

Aims. The purpose of this study was to investigate the risk of additional surgery in the lumbar spine and to describe long-term changes in patient-reported outcomes after surgery for lumbar disc herniation in adolescents and young adults. Patients and Methods. We conducted a retrospective study design on prospectively collected data from a national quality register. The 4537 patients were divided into two groups: adolescents (≤ 18 years old, n = 151) and young adults (19 to 39 years old, n = 4386). The risk of additional lumbar spine surgery was surveyed for a mean of 11.4 years (6.0 to 19.3) in all 4537 patients. Long-term patient-reported outcomes were available at a mean of 7.2 years (5.0 to 10.0) in up to 2716 patients and included satisfaction, global assessment for leg and back pain, Oswestry Disability Index, visual analogue scale for leg and back pain, EuroQol five-dimension questionnaire (EQ-5D), and 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36) Mental Component Summary and Physical Component Summary scores. Statistical analyses were performed with Cox proportional hazard regression, chi-squared test, McNemar’s test, Welch–Satterthwaite t-test, and Wilcoxon’s signed-rank test. Results. Any type of additional lumbar spine surgery was seen in 796 patients (18%). Surgery for lumbar disc herniation accounted for more than half of the additional surgeries. The risk of any additional surgery was 0.9 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.6 to 1.4) and the risk of additional lumbar disc herniation surgery was 1.0 (0.6 to 1.7) in adolescents compared with the young adult group. Both age groups improved their patient-reported outcome data after surgery (all p < 0.001). Changes between short- (mean 1.9 years (1.0 to 2.0)) and long-term follow-up (mean 7.2 years (5.0 to 10.0)) were small. Conclusion. The risk of any additional lumbar spine surgery and additional lumbar disc herniation surgery was similar in adolescents and young adults. All patient-reported outcomes improved from preoperative to the short-term follow-up, while no likely clinically important differences between the short- and long-term follow-up were seen within both groups. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2019;101-B:1534–1541