Aims. A conventional arthroscopic capsuloligamentous repair is a reliable surgical solution in most patients with scapholunate instability. However, this repair does not seem to be sufficient for more advanced injuries. The aim of this study was to evaluate the functional results of a wide arthroscopic dorsal capsuloligamentous repair (WADCLR) in the management of severe scapholunate instability. Methods. This was a prospective single-centre study undertaken between March 2019 and May 2021. The primary outcome was the evaluation of the reduction of the radiological deformity and the functional outcomes after WADCLR. A secondary outcome was the evaluation of the effectiveness of this technique in patients with the most severe instability (European Wrist Arthroscopy Society (EWAS) stage 5). The patients were reviewed postoperatively at three, six, and 12 months. Results. The study included 112 patients (70 male and 42 female). Their mean age was 31.6 years (16 to 55). A total of three patients had EWAS stage 3A injuries, 12 had stage 3B injuries, 29 had stage 3C injuries, 56 had stage 4 injuries, and 12 had stage 5 injuries. There was a significant improvement of the radiological signs in all patients with a return to normal values. There was also a significant improvement in all aspects of function except for flexion, in which the mean increase was negligible (0.18° on average). There was also a significant improvement in all criteria for patients with a stage 5 injury, except for some limitation of extension, flexion, and radial and ulnar deviation, although these showed a trend towards improvement (except for flexion). Conclusion. WADCLR is a minimally invasive, easy, and reproducible technique with few complications, offering a clear improvement in function and a reduction in the radiological deformity at one year postoperatively. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2023;105-B(3):307–314

Introduction and Objective. Scapholunate instability is the most common cause of carpal instability. When this instability is left untreated, the mechanical relationship between the carpal bones is permanently disrupted, resulting in progressive degenerative changes in the radiocarpal and midcarpal joints. Different tenodesis methods are used in the treatment of acute or early chronic reducible scapholunate instability, where arthritis has not developed yet and the scapholunate ligament cannot be repaired. Although it has been reported that pain is reduced in the early follow up in clinical studies with these methods, radiological results differ between studies. The deterioration of these radiological parameters is associated with wrist osteoarthritis as previously stated. Therefore, more studies are needed to determine the tenodesis method that will improve the wrist biomechanics better and will last longer. In our study, two new tenodesis methods, spiral antipronation tenodesis, and anatomic front and back reconstruction (ANAFAB) were radiologically compared with triple ligament tenodesis (TLT), in the cadaver wrists. Materials and Methods. The study was carried out on a total of 16 fresh frozen cadaver wrists. Samples were randomly allocated to the groups treated with 3 different scapholunate instability treatment methods. These are TLT (n: 6), spiral antipronation tenodesis (n: 5) and ANAFAB tenodesis (n: 5) groups. In all samples SLIL, DCSS, STT, DIC, RSC and LRL ligaments were cut in the same way to create scapholunate instability. Wrist CT scans were taken on the samples in 4 different states, in intact, after the ligaments were cut, after the reconstruction and after the movement cycle. In all of these 4 states, wrist CTs were taken in 6 different wrist positions. For every state and every position through tomography images; Scapholunate (SL) distance, Scapholunate (SL) angle, Radioscaphoid (RS) angle, Radiolunate (RL) angle, Capitolunate (CL) angle, Dorsal scaphoid translation (Dt) measurements were made. Results. Scapholunate distances means were different between intact and cut states only in neutral and clenched fist positions for all groups (p values <0.001). Mean differences were similar between the groups (p > 0.100). In neutral position, for SL center distance, mean difference between cut and reconstruction states were not different between the groups (p=0.497) but it was noted that only TLT group could not restore to the intact state. In neutral position, for SL angle, compared with the cut state, TLT and ANAFAB significantly reduced the angle (TLT: 20° (p=0.005), ANAFAB: 28° (p<0.001)) whereas antipronation tenodesis could not (13°, p=0.080). In clenched fist position, for SL angle, compared with the intact state, only ANAFAB group restored the angle, TLT and antipronation groups were significantly worse than the intact state (TLT: p<0.001, antipronation: p=0.001). In clenched fist position, for RL angle, compared with the intact state, ANAFAB and TLT groups restored the angle but antipronation group was significantly worse than the intact state (p<0.001). In neutral position, for RS angle, compared with the cut state, only ANAFAB significantly reduced the angle (11°, p<0.001) whereas TLT and antipronation groups could not (TLT: 6° (p=0.567), antipronasyon: 4° (p=0.128). Conclusions. In the presence of severe scapholunate instability in which a several number of secondary stabilizers are injured, the ANAFAB tenodesis method may be preferred to the classical method, TLT tenodesis. The results of spiral antipronation tenodesis were not better than the TLT

Aims: To evaluate the role of Blatt’s capsulodesis and scapholunate ligament repair in patients with chronic scapholunate instability. Methods: Nineteen (15 males, 4 females) patients with chronic scapholunate instability underwent surgical repair and dorsal capsulodesis. At a mean follow-up of 28 months, all patients were assessed to identify any improvement in analogue pain scores, grip strength, range of movement of wrist and overall result of surgery. Results: Pre-operative arthroscopic findings revealed a scapholunate gap of > 2mm and ease at visualising the capitate by passing the scope through the scapholunate interval confirming the diagnosis. Surgery consisted of repair of torn ligament and supplementary dorsal capsulodesis (Blatt’s technique). 12 patients (63%) had returned to normal working activities at pre-injury level. There was a marked improvement in level of pain (mean pain level= 8.7 pre-operative vs. 2.3 postoperative, p=0.003). Seventeen patients (89.5%) would recommend this operation to others with similar problems. Only one patient (5%) rated the results as worse off following surgical intervention. Statistically significant pain improvement and grip strength were noted. ROM of wrist did not improve in most patients. Conclusion: Treatment of the chronic scapholunate instability remains contentious. It is suggested early surgical intervention will benefit majority of the patients. Our result concluded that Blatt’s capsulodesis has a role in chronic scapholunate instability

Aim: To evaluate the functional and radiographic results of dorsal capsulodesis in predynamic and dynamic scapholunate instability. Methods: Nineteen patients underwent a scapholunate interosseous ligament repair combined with a dorsal capsulodesis as described by Blatt, in as many wrists for scapholunate instability between 1994 and 1999. The diagnosis was based on a clinical, radiographic and arthroscopic assessment. Mean follow up was 22 months (8 months – 5 years). 15 patients were available for follow up. Most (13 of 15) of the patients presented with predynamic or dynamic instability. Results were analysed clinically and radiologically. Results: Thirteen patients showed a good or excellent clinical result. There was a statistically significant improvement in pain relief (VAS scores) and grip strength (58% of the opposite side). Mean extension and ulnar deviation was significantly better (62% and 53% of the opposite side respectively) and there was a significant reduction in wrist flexion (49% of the opposite side). 13 patients returned to their original level of activity. There was no significant change in the mean SL gap and angle after surgery. Thirteen patients would recommend this operation. Conclusions: We thus believe that this procedure can produce encouraging results in cases of pre dynamic and dynamic instability in a patient population with low demand wrists. Larger case loads and more complete follow ups would be desirable to derive strong evidence based conclusions

A consecutive series of 100 cases of wrist injury, other than those referred with a radial fracture, have been reviewed to determine the incidence of acute scapholunate instability; a "clenched fist" radiograph was used in addition to the routine scaphoid views. Of 19 patients with an increase in the scapholunate gap, five were eventually considered to have significant scapholunate instability, two in association with Colles' fractures. Injuries producing significant ligamentous damage and carpal instability may be as common as scaphoid fractures. They require special consideration in diagnosis and management

INTRODUCTION. Scapholunate instability is a common form of carpal instability and Brunelli procedure has been advocated as a surgical intervention for this difficult problem. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Twenty five patients with clinical and radiological diagnosis of scapholunate dissociation were included in the study. Mean age of the patients was 37 years. All the patients were treated by modified Brunelli procedure, with the flexor carpi radialis tendon being passed through a drill hole in scaphoid and sutured to radiotriquetral ligament. All patients had a wrist arthroscopy prior to the index procedure and associated injuries recorded. The average postoperative follow up for the patients was 60 months. RESULTS. Patient rated wrist evaluation score improved from an average of preoperative score of 108 to a postoperative score of 33.8. The hand grip strength improved in 22 out of 25 patients. 21 (84%) patients were satisfied with the procedure and would undergo the operation again if required. CONCLUSION. This case series reaffirms the current literature regarding efficacy of modified Brunelli procedure in scapholunate instability. Early and midterm results suggest this procedure to be a useful option in carefully selected patients group

One hundred and sixty-two patients with a diagnosis of scapholunate instability underwent a modified Brunelli procedure over a 7 year period. One hundred and seventeen were assessed with the help of a questionnaire and, of these, 55 patients attended for clinical evaluation. The mean follow-up was 4 (1-8) years. There were 72 patients with dynamic scapholunate instability and 45 patients with static instability. The average age was 38 years. There were 50 males and 67 females. 77 (62%) patients had no to mild pain with a mean visual analogue score of 3.67 (SD=2.5)). The loss in the arc of flexion-extension was due to a reduced range of flexion (mean 31% loss), while 80% of extension was maintained, compared with the contralateral side. The grip strength on the operated side was reduced by 20% of the non-operated side. There was no statistically significant difference (p>0.05) in the range of movement or the grip strength between the static and dynamic group or the claims and non-claims group. Ninety (79%) patients were satisfied with the result of the surgery (good to excellent) and 88% of the patients felt that they would have the same surgery again. We feel that these results compare favourably with the early results published from this unit and recommend this procedure for dynamic and static scapholunate instability

Arthroscopic debridement and pinning is not considered to be effective in dynamic scapholunate (SL) instability treated more than three months post injury; open procedures (capsulodesis, tenondesis, SL ligament reconstruction, intercarpal fusions) are preferred for these patients. The best procedure for this problem is yet to be determined. A restrospective review of the senior author’s records produced thirteen patients with late presenting dynamic SL instability who were unwilling to undergo an open procedure and were treated initially with aggressive arthroscopic debridement and pinning. The mid-term results of this approach are presented. Eleven of the initial thirteen patients were available for follow-up. Their mean age was 36 years (range 23–50) and the mean time elapsed from injury was 7 months (range 4.5–10). The diagnosis of dynamic SL instability was based on a positive Watson’s test, SL gapping on grip view radiographs and arthroscopic findings of a Geissler type III (in 5 patients) or type IV (in 6 patients) SL tear. The SL angle was under 550 in all patients. The procedure included aggressive arthroscopic debridement of the torn portion of the SL ligament to bleeding bone in an effort to induce scar formation in the SL interval. The SL interval was subsequently reduced and pinned (with 2 pins through the SL and one pin in the scaphocapitate joint) under fluoroscopy. The pins were removed at a mean of 9.6 weeks (range 8–14). The mean follow-up was 36 months (range 12–76). Three patients were re-operated at 9, 10 and 11 months after the initial procedure. Re-operations included a dorsal capsulodesis, a four-corner fusion and a wrist arthrodesis. The eight remaining patients achieved two excellent, four good, one fair and one poor result with the Mayo wrist score. Patients diagnosed with Geissler III tears were found to be younger and achieved better final wrist score (mean 86 points versus 76 points in patients with Geissler IV tears). Two pin track infections were treated conservatively. Late (more than three months post injury) arthroscopic debridement and pinning was found to be only moderately successful for dynamic SL instability (6 out of 11 patients achieved a good or excellent result without re-operation). This approach, however, does not preclude subsequent open surgery. It is best suited for patients with Geissler type III tears (not a gross drive through sign) who are unwilling to undergo an extensive open procedure provided they understand the risks and benefits of this approach

The treatment of scapholunate (SL) ligament injuries is addressed by surgical procedures to stabilize the carpal joint. Open techniques include bone-ligament-bone transfers, tenodesis, partial fusions and carpectomies. Innovative procedures using wrist arthroscopy, offer minimally invasive fixation without full exposure of carpal bones; however, the success of the technique and its impact on the reduction on the range of carpal movement is as yet not well known. In this work, the performance of Corella tenodesis technique to repair the SL ligament is evaluated for a wrist type II by numerical methods. Human wrist can be classified based on the lunate morphology: type I for lunate that articulates with radius, scaphoid, capitate and triquetrum, and type II which has an extra surface to articulate with the hamate. A finite element model was constructed from CT-scan images, the model includes cortical and trabecular bones, articular cartilage and ligaments. Three scenarios were simulated representing healthy wrist, SL ligament sectioning and the Corella technique. The performance of the technique was assessed by measure the SL gap in dorsal and volar side as well as the SL angle to be compared to cadaveric studies. In intact position, the SL gap and the SL angle predicted by the numerical model is 2.8 mm and 44.8º, these values are consistent to the standard values reported in cadaveric experiments (2.0 ± 0.8 mm for SL gap and 45.8 ± 9.7 for SL angle). Virtual surgeries may help to understand and evaluate the performance of the techniques at clinical application.

We present an anatomical study and the description of a new surgical technique for the arthroscopic treatment of scapholunate ligament injuries.

Materials and Methods: 5 specimens were used to perform the new arthroscopic technique and prove with confidence it’s reproducibility. After arthroscopic surgery, anatomic dissection had been performed to measure the distances to the critical wrist structures such as the posterior interosseous nerve, the radial artery and the distance of the portals to the extensor compartments.

Surgical Technique: Ligamentoplasty was performed with the flexor carpi radialis to reconstruct the dorsal scapholunate ligament.

First, a standard wrist arthroscopy was performed, and two bone tunnels were made. One across the scaphoid, through the 3/4 portal from its dorsal face to the tubercle, and another through the 4/5 portal to the lunate, perpendicular to its axis.

The plasty of the FCR was obtained by a volar approach, and it was passed through the tunnel of the scaphoid.

Subsequently, the plasty was passed from the 3/4 portal to 4/5, through a small 3-cm arthrotomy on this site.

Finally, we introduced the plasty in the lunate tunnel with a biotenodesis screw. At this manner the tenodesis Bone (insertion of FRC) - Tendon (FRC) - Tenodesis (FRC in lunate) was completed.

Results: Tenodesis were obtained in all 5 cases with no mayor damage to the structures described. The average of distance to IP nerve was 12 mm; to radial artery 17 mm and to superficial radial artery 9 mm. The average of distances from the portals to different extensor compartments are 3/4 portal to the second 2,8 mm, to the third 3,2 mm and to the forth 5,2 mm. 4/5 portal to the fourth 1,8 mm and to the fifth 7,2 mm. Radial midcarpal portal to the second 2mm and to the fourth 5,6 mm. Cubital midcarpal portal to the fourth 2,2 mm and to the fifth 7,4 mm

Discussion: This is a revolutionary wrist arthroscopic technique, because usual reconstruction techniques of the scapholunate damage are done openly.

With this arthroscopic technique three objectives are achieved. First, it reduces soft tissue damage, scar tissue and the section of secondary stabilizers of the wrist. Secondly, it ensures that, without doing and arthrotomy, the injured of IP nerve is avoided maintaining proprioception of the wrist and the properly function of the dynamic stabilizers. And finally the use of a stronger implant will shorten the time of immobilization.

Conclusion: We have developed a new surgical technique for arthroscopic reconstruction of the scapholunate ligament that will improve the outcomes of standard open techniques, as long as it will gain mobility and maintain the proprioception of the wrist.

However clinical trials in patients are needed to confirm with scientific rigor the new technique described.

The August 2024 Wrist & Hand Roundup. 360. looks at: Methotrexate shows potential in reducing pain for hand osteoarthritis with synovitis; Circumferential casting versus plaster splinting in adult distal radius fractures: the CAST study findings; Surgery shows superior long-term success for Dupuytren contracture compared to needle fasciotomy and collagenase injection; Evolving trends in surgical management of wrist arthritis: a decade-long national analysis; Mid-term outcomes of three commonly used surgical reconstructions for scapholunate instability; SLAC and SNAC: what is the evidence for treatment?; Steroids for trapeziometacarpal osteoarthritis?; When is it safe to return to driving after distal radius fracture fixation? A prospective study

The December 2013 Wrist & Hand Roundup. 360 . looks at: Scapholunate instability; three-ligament tenodesis; Pronator quadratus; Proximal row carpectomy; FPL dysfunction after volar plate fixation; Locating the thenar branch of the median nerve; Metallosis CMCJ arthroplasties; and timing of flap reconstruction

The purpose of this study was to assess the clinical and radiological outcomes of dorsal intercarpal ligament capsulodesis for the treatment of static scapholunate instability at a minimum follow-up of four years. A total of 59 patients who underwent capsulodesis for this condition were included in a retrospective analysis after a mean of 8.25 years (4.3 to 12). A total of eight patients underwent a salvage procedure at a mean of 2.33 years (0.67 to 7.6) and were excluded. The mean range of extension/flexion was 88° (15° to 135°) and of ulnar/radial deviation was 38° (0° to 75°) at final follow-up. The mean Disabilities of the Arm Shoulder and Hand (DASH) score and Mayo wrist scores were 28 (0 to 85) and 61 (0 to 90), respectively. After significant improvement immediately post-operatively (p < 0.001 and p = 0.001, respectively), the mean scapholunate and radiolunate angles deteriorated to 70° (40° to 90°) and 8° (-15° to 25°), respectively, at final follow-up, which were not significantly different from their pre-operative values (p = 0.6 and p = 0.4, respectively). The mean carpal height index decreased significantly from 1.53 (1.38 to 1.65) to 1.48 (1.29 to 1.65) indicating progressive carpal collapse (p < 0.001); 40 patients (78%) had radiological evidence of degenerative arthritis. Capsulodesis did not maintain carpal reduction over time. Although the consequent ongoing scapholunate instability resulted in early arthritic degeneration, most patients had acceptable long-term function of the wrist

The August 2013 Wrist & Hand Roundup. 360 . looks at: random group therapy is no good at treating OA of the hand; salvaging failed CMCJ arthroplasty; scaphocapitate arthrodesis for instability in manual workers; Brunelli tenodesis and scapholunate instability; night splints for Dupytren’s revisited; the smallest IM nail?; early diagnosis of CRPS?; and endoscopic carpal tunnel release?

The ligamentous anatomy of the carpus has been well described in recent years. This presentation will review the most important fundamental aspects of carpal anatomy, the presentation and clinical evaluation of the injured wrist, and the management of the most common carpal abnormalities. Specifically, acute and chronic scapholunate instability, dynamic scapholunate instability, and perilunate dislocations will be reviewed. In addition, the characteristic sequence of scapholunate advanced collapse arthritis and its recommended treatment will be described

Aim. To evaluate the correlation between the clinical Kirk Watson test and arthroscopic Geissler classification in scapholunate instability. Methods. All patients undergoing wrist arthroscopy between April 2006 and April 2010 were evaluated. Patients were included in the study if they had a Kirk Watson test and a wrist arthroscopy with an assessment of the stability of the scapholunate joint using the Geissler classification. Patients who had a Kirk Watson test performed with subsequent normal scapholunate joint at arthroscopy were included as a control group. Geissler grades 1 and 2 and grades 3 and 4 were grouped for further analysis into low and high grade instability groups respectively. Results. 76 patients were included in the study. 62 had scapholunate pathology and 14 had normal arthroscopic examinations of the stability of the joint. A positive test was found in 30% (3) of patients with grade 1 instability, 29% (4) with grade 2, 60% (12) with grade 3 and 78% (14) with grade 4 instability demonstrated at arthroscopy. The test was positive more commonly in those with grade IV instability compared with others (78% vs. 43%; p=0.015). There was a higher number with a negative test in the low grade instability group (71% vs. 32%; p=0.01) and a higher number with a positive test in the high grade instability group (68% vs. 29%; p=0.006). The test was most sensitive (78%) and most specific (57%) for those classified with Geissler grade IV instability and sensitivity and specificity were also high for those with high grade instability (68% and 66% respectively). Conclusions. The Kirk Watson test is a sensitive and specific test for diagnosis of higher grade instability of the scapholunate joint. We found a positive correlation between increasing scapholunate instability when assessed using the Geissler classification and positivity of the test. This confirms that the Kirk Watson test can be a useful test in the assessment of those with symptomatic instability of the joint and may reflect damage not only to the scapholunate ligament but to the secondary stabilisers of the joint as well

Aims. The purpose was to evaluate early clinical, patient-reported, and radiological outcomes of the scapholunate ligament 360° tenodesis (SL 360) technique for treatment of scapholunate (SL) instability. Methods. We studied the results of nine patients (eight males and one female with a mean age of 44.7 years (26 to 55)) who underwent the SL 360 procedure for reducible SL instability between January 2016 and June 2019, and who were identified from retrospective review of electronic medical records. Final follow-up of any kind was a mean of 33.7 months (12.0 to 51.3). Clinical, radiological, and patient-reported outcome data included visual analogue scale (VAS) for pain, Quick Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (QuickDASH), Mayo Wrist Score (MWS), and Patient-Rated Wrist Examination (PRWE). Means were analyzed using paired t-test. Results. Before surgery, patients with SL instability were significantly impaired with respect to wrist flexion, extension, and grip strength (mean flexion, 51° (20° to 85°) vs 73° (45° to 90°); mean extension, 46° (15° to 70°) vs 66° (45° to 80°); mean grip strength, 25 kg (20 to 31) vs 50 kg (35 to 68) compared to the unaffected side). The mean SL gap (4.9 mm (2.3 to 7.3) vs 2.1 mm (1.6 to 2.9)) and mean SL angle (71° (59° to 105°) vs 50° (38° to 64°) were also significantly greater in the affected wrist. At final follow-up, there was mean improvement regarding clinical, radiological, and functional outcomes comparing preoperative to final postoperative values for the VAS for pain scale, QuickDASH, MWS, PRWE, and SL gap and SL angle. Conclusion. In our small series, the SL 360 procedure for reducible SL instability has favourable early clinical, patient-reported, and radiological outcomes at a mean of 33.7 months (12.0 to 51.3). The suture tape and tendon construct confers robust stability, permitting earlier mobilization without the inherent disadvantages of Kirschner wire stabilization. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2021;103-B(5):939–945

Aims

Patients with midcarpal instability are difficult to manage. It is a rare condition, and few studies have reported the outcomes of surgical treatment. No prospective or retrospective study has reported the results of arthroscopic palmar capsuloligamentous suturing. Our aim was to report the results of a prospective study of arthroscopic suture of this ligament complex in patients with midcarpal instability.