Aims. Despite multiple trials and case series on hip hemiarthroplasty designs, guidance is still lacking on which implant to use. One particularly deficient area is long-term outcomes. We present over 1,000 consecutive cemented Thompson’s hemiarthroplasties over a ten-year period, recording all accessible patient and implant outcomes. Methods. Patient identifiers for a consecutive cohort treated between 1 January 2003 and 31 December 2011 were linked to radiographs, surgical notes, clinic letters, and mortality data from a national dataset. This allowed charting of their postoperative course, complications, readmissions, returns to theatre, revisions, and deaths. We also identified all postoperative attendances at the Emergency and Outpatient Departments, and recorded any subsequent skeletal injuries. Results. In total, 1,312 Thompson’s hemiarthroplasties were analyzed (mean age at surgery 82.8 years); 125 complications were recorded, necessitating 82 returns to theatre. These included 14 patients undergoing aspiration or manipulation under anaesthesia, 68 reoperations (5.2%) for debridement and implant retention (n = 12), haematoma evacuation (n = 2), open reduction for dislocation (n = 1), fixation of periprosthetic fracture (n = 5), and 48 revised stems (3.7%), for infection (n = 13), dislocation (n = 12), aseptic loosening (n = 9), persistent pain (n = 6), periprosthetic fracture (n = 4), acetabular erosion (n = 3), and metastatic bone disease (n = 1). Their status at ten years is summarized as follows: 1,180 (89.9%) dead without revision, 34 (2.6%) dead having had revision, 84 (6.6%) alive with the stem unrevised, and 14 (1.1%) alive having had revision. Cumulative implant survivorship was 90.3% at ten years; patient survivorship was 7.4%. Conclusion. The Thompson’s stem demonstrates very low rates of complications requiring reoperation and revision, up to ten years after the index procedure. Fewer than one in ten patients live for ten years after fracture. This study supports the use of a cemented Thompson’s implant as a cost-effective option for frail hip fracture patients. Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2022;3(9):710–715

Aims. The aim of this study was to assess the association of mortality and reoperation when comparing cemented and uncemented hemiarthroplasty (HA) in hip fracture patients aged over 65 years. Methods. This was a population-based cohort study on hip fracture patients using prospectively gathered data from several national registries in Denmark from 2004 to 2015 with up to five years follow-up. The primary outcome was mortality and the secondary outcome was reoperation. Hazard ratios (HRs) for mortality and subdistributional hazard ratios (sHRs) for reoperations are shown with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results. A total of 17,671 patients with primary HA were identified (9,484 uncemented and 8,187 cemented HAs). Compared to uncemented HA, surgery with cemented HA was associated with an absolute risk difference of 0.4% for mortality within the period zero to one day after surgery and an adjusted HR of 1.70 (95% CI 1.22 to 2.38). After seven days, there was no longer any association, with an adjusted HR of 1.07 (95% CI 0.90 to 1.28). This continued until five years after surgery with a HR of 1.01 (95% CI 0.96 to 1.06). There was a higher proportion of reoperations due to any reason after five years in the uncemented group with 10.2% compared to the cemented group with 6.1%. This yielded an adjusted sHR of 0.65 (95% CI 0.57 to 0.75) and difference continued up until five years after the surgery, demonstrating a sHR of 0.70 (95% CI 0.59 to 0.83). Conclusion. In a non-selected cohort of hip fracture patients, surgery with cemented HA was associated with a higher relative mortality during the first postoperative day compared to surgery with uncemented HA, but there was no difference after seven days up until five years after. In contrast, surgery with cemented HA was associated with lower risk of reoperation up to five years postoperatively compared with surgery with uncemented HA. There was a higher relative mortality on the first postoperative day for cemented HA versus uncemented HA. There was no difference in mortality after seven days up until five years after surgery. There were 6.1% reoperations for cemented HA compared to 10.2% for uncemented HA after five years. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2022;104-B(1):127–133

Aims. Despite long-standing dogma, a clear relationship between the timing of surgical irrigation and debridement (I&D) and the development of subsequent deep infection has not been established in the literature. Traditionally, I&D of an open fracture has been recommended within six hours of injury based on animal studies from the 1970s, however the clinical basis for this remains unclear. Using data from a multicentre randomized controlled trial of 2,447 open fracture patients, the primary objective of this secondary analysis is to determine if a relationship exists between timing of wound I&D (within six hours of injury vs beyond six hours) and subsequent reoperation rate for infection or healing complications within one year for patients with open limb fractures requiring surgical treatment. Methods. To adjust for the influence of patient and injury characteristics on the timing of I&D, a propensity score was developed from the dataset. Propensity-adjusted regression allowed for a matched cohort analysis within the study population to determine if early irrigation put patients independently at risk for reoperation, while controlling for confounding factors. Results were reported as odds ratios (ORs), 95% confidence intervals (CIs), and p-values. All analyses were conducted using STATA 14. Results. In total, 2,286 of 2,447 patients randomized to the trial from 41 orthopaedic trauma centres across five countries had complete data regarding time to I&D. Prior to matching, the patients managed with early I&D had a higher proportion requiring reoperation for infection or healing complications (17% vs 13%; p = 0.019), however this does not account for selection bias of more severe injuries preferentially being treated earlier. When accounting for propensity matching, early irrigation was not associated with reoperation (OR 0.71 (95% CI 0.47 to 1.07); p = 0.73). Conclusion. When accounting for other variables, late irrigation does not independently increase risk of reoperation. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2021;103-B(6):1055–1062

Introduction. The Kaplan Meier estimator is widely used in orthopedics. In situations where another event prevents the occurrence of the event of interest, the Kaplan Meier estimator is not appropriate and a competing risks model has to be applied. We questioned how much bias is introduced by erroneous use of the Kaplan Meier estimator instead of a competing risks model in a hip revision surgery cohort. Methods. In our previously published cohort study, 62 acetabular revisions (58 patients) were performed between January 1979 and March 1986. Twenty to twenty-five years after surgery, no patients were lost to follow-up. Thirteen patients underwent revision surgery. During the 20 to 25 years follow-up, 30 patients (33 acetabular revisions) died of causes unrelated to their hip surgery. Results. In the data set analyzed, the Kaplan Meier method overestimates the probability of implant failure by 6.7%, 13.8%,26.8%,48.6% at 5, 10, 15 and 20 years respectively. Discussion. We have performed two different analyses for a hip revision surgery cohort and discussed the use of a competing risks model. Ignoring competing risks leads to biased estimations of the probability of having future revision surgery. Therefore we recommended the use of a competing risks model whenever there are competing risks present

Aims. The primary aim of this study was to determine if delayed clavicular fixation results in a greater risk of operative complications and revision surgery. Patients and Methods. A retrospective case series was undertaken of all displaced clavicular fractures that underwent plate fixation over a ten-year period (2007 to 2017). Patient demographics, time to surgery, complications, and mode of failure were collected. Logistic regression was used to identify independent risk factors contributing towards operative complications. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to determine if a potential ‘safe window’ exists from injury to delayed surgery. Propensity score matching was used to construct a case control study for comparison of risk. Results. A total of 259 patients were included in the analysis. Postoperative infection occurred in 3.9% of all patients (n = 10); the only variable associated was a greater time interval from injury to fixation (p = 0.001). Failed primary surgery requiring revision fixation was required in 7.7% of the cohort (n = 20), with smoking (p < 0.001), presence of a postoperative infection (p < 0.001), increasing age (p = 0.018), and greater time delay from injury to surgery (p = 0.015) identified as significant independent predictors on regression analysis. ROC analysis revealed that surgery beyond 96 days from injury increased the rate of major complications and revision surgery. Using a matched case cohort of cases before (n = 67) and after (n = 77) the ‘safe window’, the risk of postoperative infection increased (odds ratio (OR) 7.7, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.9 to 62.9; p = 0.028), fixation failure (OR 3.8, 95% CI 1.2 to 12.1; p = 0.017) and revision surgery (OR 4.8, 95% CI 1.5 to 15.0; p = 0.004). Conclusion. A delay to primary fixation of up to three months following injury may be acceptable, beyond which there is an increased risk of major operative complications and revision surgery. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2019;101-B:1385–1391

Introduction. We implemented an exhaustive operative and supervision algorithm for surgical treatment of hip fractures primarily based on own previously published literature. The purpose was to improve supervision and reduce the rate of reoperations. Materials and methods. 2000 consecutive unselected patients above 50 years admitted with a hip fracture were included, 1000 of these prospectively after implementation of the algorithm. Demographic parameters, hospital treatment and reoperations within the first postoperative year were assessed from patient records. The algorithm dictated the surgical treatment based on three objective patient parameters: age, new mobility score and fracture classification on pre-operative anterior-posterior and axial radiographs. Intra capsular fractures were treated with two parallel implants, a sliding hip screw, an arthroplasty or resection of the femoral head. Extra capsular fractures were treated with a sliding hip screw or an intramedullary nail. Supervision of junior registrars was mandatory for the prosthesis and intramedullary nail procedures. Results. 931/1000 operative procedures were operated according to the algorithm, compared to only 726/1000 prior to its introduction (p<0.001). Retrospectively we found that 13% (208/1657) of operative procedures performed as the algorithm dictated were reoperated compared to 28% (96/343) of operative procedures performed with other methods (p<0.001). In logistic regression analysis combining sex, age, ASA score, cognitive function, new mobility score and level of surgeon's experience, not following the algorithm was a predictor for re-operation (p<0.001 log. reg.). After implementing the algorithm, junior registrars still performed half of the operations, but unsupervised procedures declined from 192/1000 to 105/1000 (p=0.039). The rate of reoperations declined from 18% to 12% (p<0.001, log. reg.), with a 24% (112/467) to 18% (87/482) decline for intra capsular fractures (p=0.025) and a 13% (68/533) to 7% (37/518) decline for extra capsular fractures (p=0.002). The extra bed-days caused by reoperations were hereby reduced from 24% to 18% of total hospitalization. Conclusion. An exhaustive algorithm for hip fracture treatment can be implemented. In our case, the algorithm both raised the rate of supervision and reduced the rate of reoperations, the latter saving many hospital bed-days

Revision operations after fracture of the hip are costly, in both monetary and personal terms. We have assessed whether these costs applied equally to all complications after the primary procedure. We studied 3154 consecutive patients with fracture of the hip and analysed the complications and financial implications related to reoperation within one year of injury. The results showed that revision surgery is not always associated with a significant increase in morbidity, financial cost or mortality, but is directly related to the underlying complication

Aims. The aim of this study was to investigate the potentially increased risk of dislocation in patients with neurological disease who sustain a femoral neck fracture, as it is unclear whether they should undergo total hip arthroplasty (THA) or hemiarthroplasty (HA). A secondary aim was to investgate whether dual-mobility components confer a reduced risk of dislocation in these patients. Methods. We undertook a longitudinal cohort study linking the Swedish Hip Arthroplasty Register with the National Patient Register, including patients with a neurological disease presenting with a femoral neck fracture and treated with HA, a conventional THA (cTHA) with femoral head size of ≤ 32 mm, or a dual-mobility component THA (DMC-THA) between 2005 and 2014. The dislocation rate at one- and three-year revision, reoperation, and mortality rates were recorded. Cox multivariate regression models were fitted to calculate adjusted hazard ratios (HRs). Results. A total of 9,638 patients with a neurological disease who also underwent unilateral arthroplasty for a femoral neck fracture were included in the study. The one-year dislocation rate was 3.7% after HA, 8.8% after cTHA < 32 mm), 5.9% after cTHA (= 32 mm), and 2.7% after DMC-THA. A higher risk of dislocation was associated with cTHA (< 32 mm) compared with HA (HR 1.90 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.26 to 2.86); p = 0.002). There was no difference in the risk of dislocation with DMC-THA (HR 0.68 (95% CI 0.26 to 1.84); p = 0.451) or cTHA (= 32 mm) (HR 1.54 (95% CI 0.94 to 2.51); p = 0.083). There were no differences in the rate of reoperation and revision-free survival between the different types of prosthesis and sizes of femoral head. Conclusion. Patients with a neurological disease who sustain a femoral neck fracture have similar rates of dislocation after undergoing HA or DMC-THA. Most patients with a neurological disease are not eligible for THA and should thus undergo HA, whereas those eligible for THA could benefit from a DMC-THA. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2022;104-B(1):134–141

INTRODUCTION. The advantages of large diameter metal on metal total hip arthroplasty (MoM THA) and hip resurfacing arthroplasty are decreased wear rate, preservation of bone stock, anatomical restoration and enhanced stability. Large amounts of metal wear particles and metal ions are released which may induce adverse reactions including local soft tissue toxicity, hypersensitivity reactions, bone loss and risk of carcinogenesis. Aseptic loosening can be the result of a peri-prosthetic osteolysis generated as a result of a biological response to particulate wear debris. No reports in the literature exist as to whether circulating levels of Chromium (Cr) and Cobalt (Co) decrease upon removal of a symptomatic large diameter MoM implant or whether levels remain high due to the effect of metal ions debris left behind in the soft tissues after revision surgery. PATIENTS AND METHODS. Between June 2006 and June 2009 we undertook 44 revision surgeries of both large head MoM THAs (femoral head diameter 38mm) and metal-on-metal hip resurfacings for suspected metallosis. Mean time from original implant to revision was 4 years, 8 months (1yr 4mo–7yr 9mo). The mean follow up evaluation was 2 years and 2 months (1yr 2mo–4 years). Blood samples were taken for whole blood Cr and serum Co according to a recognised protocol and compared with reference levels indicated by the Medicines and Healthcare Regulatory Agency recommendation of less than 7ppb for Cr (130nM/L) and Co (119nM/L). RESULTS. 42 patients were found to have histological evidence of either metal allergy, metal toxicity or foreign body reaction. 2 patients had evidence of infection with no features of metal reaction. 3 patients suffered early dislocation requiring closed reduction. 1 patient had infective complications necessitating Girdlestones. 11 patients were lost to follow up, 8 patients were diagnosed pre operatively on Co and Cr levels in urine or synovial fluid aspirate alone. 23 patients had pre revision blood or serum metal ion level results available for direct comparison. Median serum Co level pre revision was 176.6nM/L, falling post revision to 5.1nM/L (p=<0.001∗). The median whole blood Cr level pre revision was 117nM/L and 19nm/L post revision (p=<0.001∗). Mean Oxford Hip Score was 23.7. DISCUSSION. This study demonstrates that at greater than one year post removal of a large diameter MoM hip implant for the indication of symptomatic metallosis or metal hypersensitivity, metal ion levels fall to almost normal levels and that outcome of revision surgery in terms of patient satisfaction is not adversely affected

Aims. The aim of this study was to describe services available to patients with periprosthetic femoral fracture (PPFF) in England and Wales, with focus on variation between centres and areas for care improvement. Methods. This work used data freely available from the National Hip Fracture Database (NHFD) facilities survey in 2021, which asked 21 questions about the care of patients with PPFFs, and nine relating to clinical decision-making around a hypothetical case. Results. Of 174 centres contributing data to the NHFD, 161 provided full responses and 139 submitted data on PPFF. Lack of resources was cited as the main reason for not submitting data. Surgeon (44.6%) and theatre (29.7%) availability were reported as the primary reasons for surgical delay beyond 36 hours. Less than half had a formal process for a specialist surgeon to operate on PPFF at least every other day. The median number of specialist surgeons at each centre was four (interquartile range (IQR) 3 to 6) for PPFF around both hips and knees. Around one-third of centres reported having one dedicated theatre list per week. The routine discussion of patients with PPFF at local and regional multidisciplinary team meetings was lower than that for all-cause revision arthroplasties. Six centres reported transferring all patients with PPFF around a hip joint to another centre for surgery, and this was an occasional practice for a further 34. The management of the hypothetical clinical scenario was varied, with 75 centres proposing ORIF, 35 suggested revision surgery and 48 proposed a combination of both revision and fixation. Conclusion. There is considerable variation in both the organization of PPFF services England and Wales, and in the approach taken to an individual case. The rising incidence of PPFF and complexity of these patients highlight the need for pathway development. The adoption of networks may reduce variability and improve outcomes for patients with PPFF. Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2023;4(5):378–384

Aims. The aim of this study was to report the three-year follow-up for a series of 400 patients with a displaced intracapsular fracture of the hip, who were randomized to be treated with either a cemented polished tapered hemiarthroplasty or an uncemented hydroxyapatite-coated hemiarthroplasty. Methods. The mean age of the patients was 85 years (58 to 102) and 273 (68%) were female. Follow-up was undertaken by a nurse who was blinded to the hemiarthroplasty that was used, at intervals for up to three years from surgery. The short-term follow-up of these patients at a mean of one year has previously been reported. Results. A total of 210 patients (52.5%) died within three years of surgery. One patient was lost to follow-up. Recovery of mobility was initially significantly better in those treated with a cemented hemiarthroplasty, although by three years after surgery this difference became statistically insignificant. The mortality was significantly lower in those treated with a cemented hemiarthroplasty (p = 0.029). There was no significant difference in pain scores, or in the incidence of implant-related complications or revision surgery, between the two groups. Conclusion. These results further support the use of a cemented hemiarthroplasty for the routine management of elderly patients with a displaced intracapsular fracture of the hip. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2023;105-B(11):1196–1200

Understanding the cause of failure of total knee arthroplasties (TKA) is essential in guiding clinical decision making and adjusting treatment concepts for revision surgery. The purpose of the study was to determine current mechanisms of failure of TKA and to describe changes and trends in revision surgery over the last 10 years. A retrospective review was done on all patients who had revision total knee arthroplasty during a 10-year period (2000–2009) at one institution. The preoperative evaluation in conjunction with the intraoperative findings was used to determine causes of failure. All procedures were categorizes as Sharkey et al. described previously. The data was analyzed regarding the cause of failure and displaying the incidence and trends over the last 10 years. 1225 surgeries were done in the time period with a steady increase of procedures per year (34 procedures in 2000 to 196 in 2009). The most common cause of revision TKA was aseptic failure in 65% and septic failure in 31% of the reviewed cases. However, we could observe a steady proportional increase of the septic classified revisions over the time. Both categories could be subdivided to specific causes of failure including aseptic loosening (24%), anterior knee pain (20%), instability (6,4%), arthrofibrosis (4,9%), PE wear (3,6%), malpositioning/malrotation (2,7%) periprosthetic fracture (2,0%) and other (4,6%), or in early (12,9%), late (15,4%) or low-grade infection (3,3%), respectively. Complementary to the classification Sharkey et al. described in 2002 we identified new subcategories of failure: malrotation (since 2003), Low-Grade-Infection (since 2006), allergic failure/loosening (since 2006), Mid-Flexion-Instability (since 2007), soft tissue impingement (since 2009). The incidence of the classic aseptic loosening due to PE wear shows a clear decrease in the last 10 years whereas we could observe an increase of the new diagnosis of instability, malrotation or low-grade-infection as determined cause of failure. The detailed analysis of the failure mechanism in total knee arthroplasty is important to understand the clinical problem and to adjust treatment strategies. We were able to complement present classifications and give a first overview on the incidence for specific causes of failure. Our data shows changes in the indication for surgery over the time and compared to the collective of Sharkey et al. from 1997–2000. This might be due to new diagnostic methods and better implant materials as well as to a generally increased awareness of the specific mechanism of TKA failure

Introduction. Total femur implantation is a rare and challenging procedure in final revision surgery of hip and knee arthroplasties. Reports of this operation technique are even rare in literature. In this study we retrospectively analyse our patients with total femur implants. Material and Methods. Between October 2002 and February 2009 we implanted 27 total femurs in hip and knee revision surgery cases. We used the modular prosthesis system–Megasystem C® by Waldemar Link–in all cases. Our 22 female and 5 male patients had a mean age of 76 years (range 45–88). Indications for the procedure were loosening of megaprosthesis of the hip in 12 cases; 2 with massive distal migration, 1 with penetration into the knee joint and 1 after two step revision procedure. In 13 cases a periprosthetic indicated a total femur implanatation due to massive bone loss; 1 breakage of a long femoral stem, 5 fracture of osteosynthesis materials, 3 after prosthesis revisions and 1 pseudoarhrosis of femur and tibia after knee arthroplasty. We analysed perioperative complications, clinical status and result and further revision within follow up time. Results. We were able to examine 16 patients at follow up time. Eight patients were lost to follow up and 2 have been died; 1 after fulminant pulmonal embolia after operation and 1 four years postoperatively. One total femur had to be exchanged due to infection after 1 year. Perioperative complications occurred as follows: 1 massive blood transfusion, 1 peroneal palsy, 1 ulcus ventriculis bleeding, 1 thrombosis of vena suclavia and vena jugularis, 1 sigmaresection due to diverticulosis, 1 luxations of the hip, and 2 wound necrosis. In 3 caese a revision operation swas performed; 1multiple luxtion of the hip and due to infection of the total femur implant. The range of motion of the hip was 85 degrees (range 30–90) and knee 92 degrees (range 30–110). In nearly all cases we found a lengthening of the revised limb. The general outcome of the patients was. Ten patient were very satisfied, 2 statisfied and 2 fair due to pain persistence. Two patient were mobile with one crutch, 3 used two crutches and one was able to walk with a rollator. One patient was unable to walk due to diplegia after spine fracture. Conclusion. Total femur procedure in final revision arthroplasty has a high potential of perioperative risks but has shown good clinical and mobility results in our patient group. With the Megasystem C® by Link we had a save and good performance while operation of this difficult patient group

Between July 2000 and December 2002, 263 consecutive patients across 5 surgical centers underwent to a revision surgery of a failed acetabular component in which TM acetabular components were used. There were 150 women and 113 men with a mean age of 69.5 years. The indication for acetabular revision was aseptic loosening in 186 cases (70.7%). Clinical evaluations were performed using the Harris hip score, the WOMAC and UCLA activity scale. Implant and screw position, polyethylene wear, radiolucent lines, gaps, and osteolysis were assessed. Preoperatively, acetabular bone deficiency was categorized using the classification of Paprosky et al. Statistical analysis was performed using nonparametric correlations. Standard life table was constructed, and the survival rate was calculated by means of Kaplan-Meier method. The overall mean follow-up was 73.6 months (range, 60–84 months), and no patient was lost to follow-up. The preoperative HHS rating improved from a mean of 43.6 ± 11.4 before revision, to a mean of 82.1 ± 10.7. None of the patients was re-revised for loosening. The cumulative prosthesis survival was 99.2% at 5 years. There was no correlation found between the various degrees of acetabular bony defect and the magnitude of clinical results (independent of pre-revision Paprosky grade). The use of component augments allowed us to minimize the volume of morsellized allograft used for defect repair. TM acetabular component demonstrates promising midterm results similar to those reported by other authors

Aim of this study was to identify reoperation rates in patients with short oblique and transverse fractures around a well fixed cemented polished taper slip stem and to determine any associations with treatment failure. Retrospective cohort study of 31 patients with AO transverse or short oblique Vancouver B1 PFFs around THA (total hip arthroplasty) cemented taper slip stems: 12 male (39%); mean age 74±11.9 (range 44–91); mean BMI 28.5±1.4 (range 16–48); and median ASA 3. Patient journeys were assessed, re-interventions reviewed. The primary outcome measure was reoperation. Time from primary THA to fracture was 11.3±7.8yrs (0.5–26yrs). Primary surgical management was fixation in 27/31 and rTHA (revision total hip arthroplasty) in 4/31. 10 of 31 (32%) patients required reoperation, 9 within 2 years of fracture: 1 following rTHA and 8 following ORIF. The commonest mode of failure was non-union (n=6). No significant associations with reoperation requirement were identified. Kaplan-Meier free from reoperation was 67.4% (49.8–85.0 95% CI) at 2 years and this was unaffected by initial management with ORIF or rTHA (Log rank 0.898). Of those reoperated, 6/10 required multiple reoperations to obtain either bony union or a stable revision construct and 13% ultimately required proximal femoral endoprostheses. The relative risk of 1 year mortality was 1.6 (0.25 to 10.1 95%CI) among patients who required reoperation compared to those who did not. These are difficult fractures to manage, should not be underestimated and patients should be counselled that there is a 30% risk of reoperation and 20% of requiring multiple reoperations

Aims. The aim of this study was to investigate if there are differences in outcome between sliding hip screws (SHSs) and intramedullary nails (IMNs) with regard to fracture stability. Methods. We assessed data from 17,341 patients with trochanteric or subtrochanteric fractures treated with SHS or IMN in the Norwegian Hip Fracture Register from 2013 to 2019. Primary outcome measures were reoperations for stable fractures (AO Foundation/Orthopaedic Trauma Association (AO/OTA) type A1) and unstable fractures (AO/OTA type A2, A3, and subtrochanteric fractures). Secondary outcome measures were reoperations for A2, A3, and subtrochanteric fractures individually, one-year mortality, quality of life (EuroQol five-dimension three-level index score), pain (visual analogue scale (VAS)), and satisfaction (VAS) for stable and unstable fractures. Hazard rate ratios (HRRs) for reoperation were calculated using Cox regression analysis with adjustments for age, sex, and American Society of Anesthesiologists score. Results. Reoperation rate was lower after surgery with IMN for unstable fractures one year (HRR 0.82, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.70 to 0.97; p = 0.022) and three years postoperatively (HRR 0.86, 95% CI 0.74 to 0.99; p = 0.036), compared with SHS. For individual fracture types, no clinically significant differences were found. Lower one-year mortality was found for IMN compared with SHS for stable fractures (HRR 0.87; 95% CI 0.78 to 0.96; p = 0.007), and unstable fractures (HRR 0.91, 95% CI 0.84 to 0.98; p = 0.014). Conclusion. This national register-based study indicates a lower reoperation rate for IMN than SHS for unstable trochanteric and subtrochanteric fractures, but not for stable fractures or individual fracture types. The choice of implant may not be decisive to the outcome of treatment for stable trochanteric fractures in terms of reoperation rate. One-year mortality rate for unstable and stable fractures was lower in patients treated with IMN. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2022;104-B(2):274–282

The aim of the study was to report the survival of open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) of Vancouver B fractures associated with the Exeter Stem (ES) at a minimum of 5 years. This retrospective cohort study assessed 129 consecutive patients with Vancouver B type fractures treated with ORIF from 2008-2016 at a minimum of 5 years. Patient records were examined, and the following recorded: details of primary prosthesis, details of injury, Vancouver classification, details of operative management, complications, and requirement for reoperation. Data was analysed using SPSS. Survival analysis was undertaken using the endpoint ‘reoperation for any reason’. Mean age at fracture was 78.2 (SD10.6, 46-96) and 54 (43%) were female. Vancouver subclassifications were: 24% B1, 70.5% B2 and 5.5% B3. For all Vancouver B fractures, Kaplan Meier analysis demonstrated a 5 year survival free from reoperation of 88.8% (82.0-94.7 95%CI). Fourteen patients required reoperation, most commonly within the first year for non-union and plate fracture (5.4%). Five-year survival for any reoperation differed significantly according to fracture type (p=0.016) and was worst in B1s: B1 76.6% (61.3-91.9); B2 92.6% 986.9-98.3); and 100% of B3. Univariate analysis identified B1 type (p=0.008) and a transverse fracture pattern (p=0.003) to be significantly associated with the need for reoperation. Adopting a strategy of fixation of all Vancouver B fractures involving the ES where the fracture was anatomically reducible and the bone cement interface was well-fixed was associated with a 5 year survival, free from reoperation of 88.8%

Aims. The aim of this study was to describe the management and associated outcomes of patients sustaining a femoral hip periprosthetic fracture (PPF) in the UK population. Methods. This was a multicentre retrospective cohort study including adult patients who presented to 27 NHS hospitals with 539 new PPFs between 1 January 2018 and 31 December 2018. Data collected included: management strategy (operative and nonoperative), length of stay, discharge destination, and details of post-treatment outcomes (reoperation, readmission, and 30-day and 12-month mortality). Descriptive analysis by fracture type was performed, and predictors of PPF management and outcomes were assessed using mixed-effects logistic regression. Results. In all, 417 fractures (77%) were managed operatively and 122 (23%) conservatively. The median time to surgery was four days (interquartile range (IQR) 2 to 7). Of those undergoing surgery, 246 (59%) underwent revision and/or fixation and 169 (41%) fixation alone. The surgical strategy used differed by Unified Classification System for PPF type, with the highest rate of revision in B2/B3 fractures (both 77%, 176/228 and 24/31, respectively) and the highest rate of fixation alone in B1- (55/78; 71%) and C-type (49/65; 75%) fractures. Cemented stem fixation (odds ratio (OR) 2.66 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.42 to 4.99); p = 0.002) and B2/B3 fracture type (OR 7.56 (95% CI 4.14 to 13.78); p < 0.001) were predictors of operative management. The median length of stay was 15 days (IQR 9 to 23), 12-month reoperation rate was 5.6% (n = 30), and 30-day readmission rate was 8.4% (n = 45). The 30-day and 12-month mortality rates were 5.2% (n = 28) and 21.0% (n = 113). Nonoperative treatment, older age, male sex, admission from residential or nursing care, and sustaining the PPF around a revision prosthesis were significant predictors of an increased 12-month mortality. Conclusion. Femoral hip PPFs have mortality, reoperation, and readmission rates comparable with hip fracture patients. However, they have a longer wait for surgery, and surgical treatment is more complex. There is a need to create a national framework for data collection for this heterogeneous group of patients in order to understand the outcomes of different approaches to treatment. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2022;104-B(8):997–1008

Aims. Postoperative malalignment of the femur is one of the main complications in distal femur fractures. Few papers have investigated the impact of intraoperative malalignment on postoperative function and bone healing outcomes. The aim of this study was to investigate how intraoperative fracture malalignment affects postoperative bone healing and functional outcomes. Methods. In total, 140 patients were retrospectively identified from data obtained from a database of hospitals participating in a trauma research group. We divided them into two groups according to coronal plane malalignment of more than 5°: 108 had satisfactory fracture alignment (< 5°, group S), and 32 had unsatisfactory alignment (> 5°, group U). Patient characteristics and injury-related factors were recorded. We compared the rates of nonunion, implant failure, and reoperation as healing outcomes and Knee Society Score (KSS) at three, six, and 12 months as functional outcomes. We also performed a sub-analysis to assess the effect of fracture malalignment by plates and nails on postoperative outcomes. Results. The rates of nonunion and reoperation in group U were worse than those in group S (25.0% vs 14.3%; 15.6% vs 5.6%), but the differences were not significant (p = 0.180 and p = 0.126, respectively). Mean KSS in group U at all follow-up periods was significantly worse that in group S (75.7 (SD 18.8) vs 86.0 (SD 8.7); p < 0.001; 78.9 (SD 17.2) vs 89.1 (SD 9.8); p < 0.001; 85.0 (SD 11.9) vs 91.1 (SD 7.2); p = 0.002, respectively). In the sub-analysis of plates, mean KSS was significantly worse in group U at three and six months. In the sub-analysis of nails, the rate of reoperation was significantly higher in group U (28.6% vs 5.8%; p = 0.025), and mean KSS at six and 12 months was significantly worse in Group U. Conclusion. To obtain good postoperative functional results, intraoperative alignment of the coronal plane should be accurately restored to less than 5°. Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2022;3(2):165–172

There is a longstanding presumed association between obesity, complications, and revision surgery in primary knee arthroplasty. This has more recently been called into question, particularly in centres where a high volume of arthroplasty is performed. We investigated the correlation between Body Mass Index (BMI), mortality, and revision surgery. This was a cohort study of at least 10 years following primary knee arthroplasty from a single high volume arthroplasty unit. Mortality and revision rates were collected from all patients who underwent primary knee arthroplasty between 2009 and 2010. Kaplan Meier analysis was performed. There were 1161 female and 948 male patients with a mean age of 69 (21 to 97). All cause survivorship excluding mortality was 97.2% up to 13yrs with a minimum of 10 years. The revision rate in this series was 2.8% with no significant difference in revision rates after 10 year between patients with BMI above and below 40 (p=0.438). There was no significant difference in 10–year mortality between patients above and below a BMI of 40 (p=0.238). This study shows no significant difference in the long term survival of total knee replacement between patients with normal and high BMI. Careful consideration should be given before rationing surgery based on BMI alone