Infection is still a major problem in implant surgery. Most infections are caused by bacteria that enter the wound at the time of the operation. Although prophylactic antibiotics given intravenously have been shown to be effective if given during the correct time frame, the concentration of local antibiotics in the knee in response to intravenous antibiotics is about 1/3 that achieved in the serum, and the level is transient. The concentration of antibiotics in the joint fluid achieved with antibiotics applied locally during surgery is 1000 times higher, and can be maintained throughout the procedure. High concentration persists in drainage fluid for 24 hours after surgery. Studies done with use of local antibiotics in spinal implant surgery indicate a major reduction in the rate of infection, and costs analysis shows a remarkable monetary benefit to this effect. Local antibiotic irrigation during implant surgery is inexpensive, easy, and effective

Infection is still a major problem in implant surgery. Most infections are caused by bacteria that enter the wound at the time of the operation. Although prophylactic antibiotics given intravenously have been shown to be effective if given during the correct time frame, the concentration of local antibiotics in the knee in response to intravenous antibiotics is about 1/3 that achieved in the serum, and the level is transient. The concentration of antibiotics in the joint fluid achieved with antibiotics applied locally during surgery is 1000 times higher, and can be maintained throughout the procedure. High concentration persists in drainage fluid for 24 hours after surgery. Studies done with use of local antibiotics in spinal implant surgery indicate a major reduction in the rate of infection, and costs analysis shows a remarkable monetary benefit to this effect. Local antibiotic irrigation during implant surgery is inexpensive, easy, and effective

Our study sought to establish the necessity of prolonged pre-operative antibiotic prophylaxis in patients presenting with zone II and zone V acute flexor tendon injuries (FTI). We hypothesized that a single dose of prophylactic antibiotic was adequate in prevention of post-operative wound infection in acute zone II and V FTI. This was a prospective study of 116 patients who presented with zone II and zone V acute FTI. The study included patients who were 18 years and older. Those with macroscopic contamination, immunocompromised, open fractures, bite injuries, and crush injuries were excluded. Patients were randomised into a group receiving a single dose of prophylactic antibiotic and another group receiving a continuous 8 hourly antibiotic doses until the day of surgery. Each group was subdivided into occupational and non-occupational injuries. Their post-operative wound outcomes were documented 10 – 14 days after surgery. The wound outcome was reported as no infection, superficial infection (treated with wound dressings), and deep infection (requiring surgical debridement). There was 0.9% rate of deep post-operative wound infections, which was a single zone V acute FTI case in a single dose prophylactic antibiotic group. There was a 7.8% superficial post-operative wound infection rate, which was mainly zone II acute FTI in both antibiotic groups. There was a strong association between zone II acute FTI and post-operative wound infection (p < 0.05). There was no association between (antibiotic dosage or place of injury) with post-operative wound infection (p > 0.05). There is no benefit in prescribing prolonged pre-operative antibiotic in patients with acute, simple lacerations to zone II and zone V FTI if there is no macroscopic wound contamination

Aim. One of the most severe complications of primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is periprosthetic joint infection (PJI). Nowadays, the use of antibiotic-loaded cement for prevention of infection is still controversial. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the use of an antibiotic-loaded cement to reduce the infection rate in primary total knee arthroplasty. Method. Prospective randomized study, with 2893 cemented total knee arthroplasties performed between 2005 and 2010 in our institution. Two different groups were formed depending on which bone cement was used, without antibiotic (the control group) or loaded with erythromycin and colistin (the study group). All patients received the same systemic prophylactic antibiotics. The patients were followed for a minimum of twelve months. The rate of infection was analyzed according to the criteria of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Results. In 1452 patients the prosthetic components were fixed using bone cement without antibiotic and in 1441 patients bone cement loaded with erythromycin and colistin was used. There were no differences between both groups in terms of demographic data (age, sex and BMI), either in operating time (p>0,05). The rate of infection was similar in both groups, being 2,0% (n=29) in the control group and 1,7% in the study group (p=0,58) at 8,7 years (SD 5,1) of follow up. In terms of prosthetic revision due to any cause (infected or aseptic), there wasn't differences between groups, performing a total of 61 revision arthroplasties in control group and 68 in study group (p>0,05). Moreover, we analyzed the erythromycin resistance rate, being no differences between both groups (p=0.6). Conclusions. The use of erythromycin and colistin-loaded bone cement in total knee arthroplasty did not lead to a decrease in the rate of infection when systemic prophylactic antibiotics were used, a finding that suggests that its use would not be indicated in the general population

Functional outcomes are important for patients with bone tumors undergoing lower extremity endoprosthetic reconstruction; however, there is limited empirical evidence evaluating function longitudinally. The objective of this study was to determine the changes in function over time in patients undergoing endoprosthetic reconstructions of the proximal femur, distal femur and proximal tibia. We conducted a secondary analysis of functional outcome data from the Prophylactic Antibiotic Regimens in Tumor Surgery (PARITY) trial. Patient function was assessed with the Musculoskeletal Tumor Society Score 93 (MSTS) and the Toronto Extremity Salvage Score (TESS), which were administered preoperatively and at 3, 6 and 12 months postoperatively. Both instruments are scored from 0-100, with higher scores indicated greater function. Mean functional scores were evaluated over time and we explored for differences among patients undergoing proximal femur reconstructions (PFR), distal femur reconstructions (DFR) and proximal tibia reconstructions (PTR). The patient-importance of statistically significant differences in function was evaluated utilizing the minimally important difference (MID) of 12 for the MSTS and 11 for the TESS. We explored for differences in change scores between each time interval with paired t-tests. Differences based on endoprosthetic reconstruction undertaken were evaluated by analysis of variance and post-hoc comparisons using the Tukey test. A total of 573 patients were included. The overall mean MSTS and TESS scores were 77.1(SD±21) and 80.2(SD±20) respectively at 1-year post-surgery, demonstrating approximately a 20-point improvement from baseline for both instruments. When evaluating change scores over time by type of reconstruction, PFR patients experienced significant functional improvement during the 3-6 and 6-12 month follow-up intervals, DFR patients demonstrated significant improvements in function at each follow-up interval, and PTR patients reported a significant decrease in function from baseline to 3 months, and subsequent improvements during the 3-6 and 6-12 month intervals. On average, patients undergoing endoprosthetic reconstruction of the lower extremity experience important improvements in function from baseline within the first year. Patterns of functional recovery varied significantly based on type of reconstruction performed. The results of this study will inform both clinicians and patients about the expected rehabilitation course and functional outcomes following endoprosthetic reconstruction of the lower extremity

Laminar flow theatres were first introduced in the United Kingdom in the 1960s and 1970s and have become standard in orthopaedic surgery involving implants. A study from 1982 showed a 50% reduction in infections with joint arthroplasties when compared to conventional theatres and laminar flow became standard in the following decades. Recent evidence including a meta-analysis from 2017 questions the effectiveness of these theatre systems. Most of the evidence for Laminar flow use is based on arthroplasty surgery. We aimed to determine the effect of using non-laminar flow theatres on our trauma patients. A total of 1809 patients who had trauma surgery were identified from 2019 to 2021. 917 patients were operated on in a laminar theatre and 892 in a non-laminar theatre across two operating sites. We identified the surgical site infections as reported through our surveillance program within the first 90 days of infection. Patient co-morbidities were noted through patient records and procedure length was also noted. Of the 1809 trauma patients identified between the years of 2019 and 2021, 917 patients had operations in a laminar flow theatre and 892 in a non-laminar theatre. Of the 892 operated in non-laminar flow theatres, 543 were operated in the University Hospital of Wales (UHW) and 349 at the University Hospital of Llandough (UHL). An analysis of soft tissue infections and hospital acquired infections post-operatively demonstrated 15/543 and 71/543 respectively for non-laminar UHW infections and 4/349 and 21/349 for non-laminar UHL infections. A look at laminar flow patients showed 25/917 with soft tissue infections and 86/917 hospital acquired infections. There was no difference between laminar and non-laminar flow theatre infection rates showing rates of 12.1% and 12.2% respectively. In our trauma patients we noticed no significant advantage of using laminar flow theatres when compared to non-laminar flow theatres. This is in keeping with some recently published literature. Laminar flow theatres have been shown to decrease airborne pathogen counts under controlled conditions, but we conclude in the day to day environment of trauma theatres these conditions are either not met or that the theoretical advantage of laminar flow does not translate to a direct advantage of reduction of infections which may be achieved by standard prophylactic antibiotics

Aim. Deadspace is the tissue and bony defect in a surgical wound after closure. This space is presumably poorly perfused favouring bacterial proliferation and biofilm formation. In arthroplasty surgery, an obligate deadspace surrounding the prosthesis is introduced and deadspace management, in combination with obtaining therapeutic prophylactic antibiotic concentrations, is important for limiting the risk of acquiring a periprosthetic joint infection (PJI). This study aimed to investigate cefuroxime distribution to an orthopaedic surgical deadspace in comparison with plasma and bone concentrations during two dosing intervals (8 h × 2). Method. In a setup imitating shoulder arthroplasty surgery, but without insertion of a prosthesis, microdialysis catheters were placed for cefuroxime sampling in a deadspace in the glenohumeral joint and in cancellous bone of the scapular neck in eighteen pigs. Blood samples were collected from a central venous catheter as a reference. Cefuroxime was administered according to weight (20 mg/kg). The primary endpoint was time above the cefuroxime minimal inhibitory concentration of the free fraction of cefuroxime for Staphylococcus aureus (fT > MIC (4 µg/mL)). Results. During the two dosing intervals, mean fT > MIC (4 µg/mL) was significantly longer in deadspace (605 min) compared with plasma (284 min) and bone (334 min). For deadspace, the mean time to reach 4 µg/mL was prolonged from the first dosing interval (8 min) to the second dosing interval (21 min), while the peak drug concentration was lower and half-life was longer in the second dosing interval. Conclusions. In conclusion, weight-adjusted cefuroxime fT > MIC (4 µg/mL) and elimination from the deadspace was longer in comparison to plasma and bone. Our results suggest a deadspace consolidation and a longer diffusions distance, resulting in a low cefuroxime turn-over. Based on theoretical targets, cefuroxime appears to be an appropriate prophylactic drug for the prevention of PJI. Acknowledgments. We would like to thank Department of Clinical Medicine, the surgical research laboratories, Aarhus University Hospital and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Lillebaelt Hospital, Vejle, Denmark, for supporting this study. This research was funded by Novo Nordisk Foundation, grant number [NNF20OC0062032, 2020]

Aim. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) aggravates an already difficult treatment of periprosthetic joint infections (PJI). The prevalence of drug-resistant pathogens varies across countries and increases over time. Regular monitoring of bacteriological analyses should be performed. Due to many factors influencing the AMR, the correct choice of antimicrobial management remains arguable. The primary purpose of this retrospective study was to identify and compare causative bacteria and to compare the incidence of antibiotic resistance between the septic revision total knee arthroplasty (TKA) and septic revision total hip arthroplasty (THA). Method. A review of all revision TKAs and revision THAs, undertaken between 2007 and 2020 in a tertiary referral centre, was performed. Included were cases meeting the consensus criteria for PJI, in which an organism has been identified. There were no major differences in tissue sampling between revision TKAs and revision THAs over time. Results. A total of 228 bacterial strains, isolated after revision TKA and THA, were analysed for their resistance to 20 different antibiotics. There was a statistically significant higher occurrence of Gram-negative bacteria (p=0.002) and Enterococcus species (p=0.026) identified after revision THAs compared to TKA. The comparison of antibiotic resistance between revision TKAs and revision THAs was statistically significant in 9 of 20 analysed antibiotics. Pathogens isolated after revision THA were much more resistant compared to pathogens isolated after revision TKA. Resistance in revision THAs was significantly higher to oxacillin (p=0.03), ciprofloxacin (p<0.001), levofloxacin (p<0.001), moxifloxacin (p=0.005), clindamycin (p<0.001), co-trimoxazole (p<0.001), imipenem (p=0.01), rifampicin (p=0.005) and tetracycline (p=0.009). There was no significantly higher resistance of pathogens isolated after revision TKAs detected. No statistically significant difference in antibiotic resistance of Gram-negative bacteria between revision TKA and revision THA was observed. Conclusions. The occurrence and the resistance of bacteria to antibiotics differs significantly between revision TKAs and revision THAs. This has implications on of the choice of empirical antibiotic in revision surgery as well as prophylactic antibiotic in primary surgery, depending on the joint that is to be replaced

Aim. The duration of systemic antibiotic therapy following first-stage surgery is contentious. Our Institution's philosophy is to perform an aggressive debridement, use high concentration targeted antibiotics through cement beads and systemic prophylactic antibiotics alone. In the presence of significant soft tissue infection or microbiological diagnostic uncertainty; systemic antibiotics may be prescribed for 5 days whilst awaiting tissue culture results. The aim of this study was to assess the success of our philosophy in the management of PJI of the hip using our two-stage protocol. Method. A retrospective review of our Institution's prospectively-collected database was performed to identify those patients who were planned to undergo a two-stage hip revision procedure for PJI. All patients had a confirmed diagnosis of PJI as per the major criteria of MSIS 2013, a minimum 5-years follow up and were assessed at the time of review using the MSIS working group outcome-reporting tool (2018). They were then grouped into “successful” or “unsuccessful” (suppressive antibiotics, further revision for infection, death within 1 year). Results. 299 intended two-stage hip revisions in 289 patients (6 repeat ipsilateral two-stage, 4 bilateral two-stage) met our inclusion criteria. 258 (86%) patients proceeded to 2. nd. stage surgery. Median follow up was 10.7 years. 91% success rate was observed for those patients who underwent reimplantation; dropping to 86% when including the patients who did not proceed to second stage surgery. The median duration of post-operative systemic antibiotics following first stage surgery was 5 days (IQR 5–9). No significant difference in outcome was observed in patients who received either; < / = 48 hours (86%; n=70) compared to > 48 hours antibiotics (86%; n=229; p=0.96) or </= 5 days of antibiotics (88%; n=202) compared to > 5 days antibiotics (82%; p=0.38). A significant majority had gram-positive (88%) infection with 30% being polymicrobial. Greater success rates were observed for gram-positive PJI (87%); than for gram-negative PJI (84%) and mixed Gram infection (72%; p=0.098). Conclusion. Aggressive surgical debridement with high concentration, targeted local antibiotic delivery at time of first stage hip surgery, without prolonged systemic antibiotics, provides a high rate of success, responsible antibiotic stewardship and reduced hospital costs

Aim. The aim of the present work was (i) to survey the situation of healthcare regarding the use of antibiotics in orthopaedics and trauma surgery in Germany, (ii) to determine which empiric antibiotic regimens are preferred in the treatment of periprosthethic joint infections (PJI) and (iii) to evaluate the hypothetical antibiotic adequacy of the applied empirical antibiotic therapy regimens based on a patient collective of a German university hospital. Method. A survey on empirical and prophylactic antibiotic therapy was conducted at German university and occupational health clinics (BG clinics), each in the specialties of orthopedics and trauma surgery. A total of 71 clinics were contacted by email. The questionnaire sent included open-ended questions on systemic antibiotic prophylaxis in primary hip arthroplasty; a distinction was made between hip arthroplasty due to femoral fractures and elective hip arthroplasty. In addition, the empirical antibiotic therapy used in PJIs was surveyed. To determine the success rate of prophylaxis and therapy according to sensitivity to the antibiotics applied, the survey results were compared with previously published data on antimicrobial treatment in n=81 PJI patients treated in our department between 2017 and 2020. Results. In 93.2% (elective) and 88.6% (fracture care) of the hospitals, 1st- and 2nd-generation cephalosporins are administered perioperatively for infection prophylaxis in primary hip arthroplasty. In contrast, empiric antibiotic treatment for PJI showed a clearly inhomogeneous therapeutic picture. Monotherapy with an aminopenicillin/betalactamase inhibitor is most frequently used (38.7%); 1st- and 2nd-generation cephalosporins are second most frequently used as monotherapy (18.2%). In addition, dual combination therapies have become established, mostly aminopenicillin/betalactamase inhibitor or 1st- and 2nd-generation cephalosporins, whose administration is supplemented with another antibiotic. The most common combination in PJI is aminopenicillin/betalactamase inhibitor + vancomycin (11.4%). The most widely used therapy (monotherapy with aminopenicillin/betalactamase inhibitor) would have covered 69.0% of PJI patients. Monotherapy with 1st- and 2nd-generation cephalosporins would have been susceptible to 57.8% of PJI patients. In contrast, a combination of vancomycin + 1st- and 2nd-generation cephalosporins would have been most effective, with an efficacy of 91.5% according to the resistograms, but this was used by only two hospitals. Conclusions. Empirical antibiotic therapy for the treatment of PJI is applied in more than half of the clinics with a single broad-spectrum beta-lactamase inhibitor antibiotic. This discrepancy between the everyday care in the clinics and the administration of clearly more effective combination therapies underlines the need for recommendation guidelines

Despite modern surgical techniques, reported rates of deep infection following Total Knee Replacement (TKR) persist between 1–2.5%. Coagulase-negative staphylococcus (CNS) has become the most common causative organism, and while growth of CNS is more indolent thanstaphylococcus aureus, it has a relatively higher minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against cephalosporins. Tissue concentrations of prophylactic antibiotics may fall below this level during TKR with conventional ‘systemic’ dosing. Regional administration of prophylactic antibiotics via a foot vein following tourniquet inflation has been shown to provide tissue concentrations approximately 10 times higher than systemic dosing, however cannulation of a foot vein is difficult, time consuming, and may compromise sterility. Intraosseous cannulation offers an alternative method of accessing the vascular system, and the aim of this study was to assess its effectiveness in administration of prophylactic antibiotics. 22 patients undergoing primary total knee arthroplasty were randomised into two groups. Group 1 received 1g of cephazolin systemically 10 minutes prior to tourniquet inflation. In Group 2 the EZ-IO tibial cannulation system was used, and 1g of cephazolin was administered intraosseously in 200ml of normal saline following tourniquet inflation and prior to skin incision. Subcutaneous fat and femoral bone samples were taken at set intervals during the procedure, and antibiotic concentrations measured using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). There were no significant differences in patient demographics, comorbidities, or physical parameters between groups. The overall mean tissue concentration of cephazolin in subcutaneous fat was 185.9μg/g in the intraosseous group and 10.6μg/g in the systemic group (p<0.01). The mean tissue concentration in bone was 129.9 μg/g in the intraosseous group and 11.4μg/g in the systemic group (p<0.01). These differences were consistent across all sample time points throughout the procedure. No complications occurred in either group. Intraosseous regional administration can achieve tissue levels of antibiotic over an order of magnitude higher than systemic administration. Further work is required to determine if there is clinical benefit in preventing infection, particularly against CNS. This novel mode of drug administration may also have other applications, allowing ‘surgical site delivery’ of medication while minimising systemic side effects

Perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis remains one of the most important strategies for prevention of periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) with current guideline recommending a first or second generation cephalosporin. Penicillin (PCN) allergy is often reported by patients, which often results in avoidance of administration of cephalosporins due to fear of cross-reactivity. Alternative medications, such as vancomyin, are often used despite reduced antimicrobial coverage. The purpose of this study was to determine if PCN allergic patients who received vancomycin alone prior to elective primary total joint arthroplasty were at increased risk of developing a subsequent PJI. A retrospective review of 7,602 primary total joint arthroplasties (TJAs) performed between 2005 and 2013 in two institutions were identified using a prospective institutional database. Patient reported PCN or cephalosporin allergy was electronically queried from the anesthesia note. Patients who recieved multiple prophylactic antibiotics, or had unavailable perioperative antibiotic information, or those who received medication other than cefazolin and vancomycin were excluded. PJI was determined using a cross-match with an institutional PJI database constructed from International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-9 codes. Logistic regression analysis was then performed to evaluate the risk of subsequent PJI. The rate of PJI was 1.4% (32/2296) in patients with a reported PCN allergy that received vancomycin alone versus 1.1% (59/5306) in non-PCN allergic patients that received cefazolin alone. The multivariate analysis, with the given sample size, did not detect a statistically significant increased risk of PJI when vancomycin was administered alone (adjusted odds ratio: 1.23, 95% CI 0.6–3.1, p=0.35). While there was no significant differences in the organism profile between PJIs in both groups, the rate of PJI caused by resistant organisms was higher in patients who received vancomycin alone (11.9%, 7/59) compared to those who received cefazolin (3.1%, 1/32). While administration of perioperative prophylactic vancomycin alone during elective primary arthroplasty does not seem to result in a higher rate of subsequent PJI, patients who received vancomycin alone and developed a PJI were more likely to develop an infection with an antibiotic resistant organism. Future studies are needed to determine the most appropriate prophylactic antibiotic for patients who undergo elective arthroplasty and report PCN allergy

In September 2011 our departmental protocol for peri-operative prophylactic antibiotic administration was altered from cefuroxime to gentamicin/flucloxacillin, in response to reported links between cephalosporin use and Clostridium difficile (C. diff) infection. As both gentamicin and flucloxacillin are known to be nephrotoxic in some patients, we investigated whether the new regimen increases the risk of Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) in patients undergoing elective and trauma hip and knee surgery, classified by severity (AKI Network criteria). The incidence of C. diff was noted. 10 out of 202 (5%) patients receiving cefuroxime (group A) developed AKI, compared with 23 of 210 (11%) patients receiving gentamicin and flucloxacillin (group B) (p=0.012). The severity of the renal injury was higher in the group B patients with 16 sustaining stage II/III AKI, whereas in Group A only one patient sustained a stage II injury and none stage III. The increased AKI rate in group B was observed equally in hip fracture patients and elective hip/knee replacement patients. However, 3 of 80 (4%) patients with hip fractures who received doses of cefuroxime developed C. diff, with none in the other groups (p=0.04). The choice of prophylactic antibiotics depends on a careful assessment of benefits and risks. Our data suggests that whereas hip fracture patients may have benefitted from the protocol change with reduced C. diff incidence, elective hip and knee replacement patients sustained additional harm. Different antibiotic regimens may be appropriate for these two groups

Our Trust's prophylactic antibiotic regime for elective hip and knee replacements recently changed, following the publication of Department of Health guidelines aimed at reducing the incidence of Clostridium Difficile associated diarrhoea (CDAD). We aimed to assess whether this change has reduced the incidence of post-operative CDAD. We reviewed all primary and revision total hip and knee replacements performed in Gloucestershire Royal Hospital between April 2007 and March 2010. Up to August 2008, patients received prophylaxis with cefuroxime (Group A). This subsequently changed to flucloxacillin and gentamicin (Group B). All patients who developed CDAD within one month of surgery were identified and their case-notes were reviewed for the presence of CDAD risk factors, such as concomitant use of broad-spectrum antibiotics. 3117 patients were included and 15 developed CDAD (0.48%); 12 patients (0.77%) from Group A and 3 from Group B (0.19%), representing a four-fold decrease. Analysis of a 2×2 contingency table with Fisher's exact test showed that the difference between the two groups was statistically significant (P=0.0347). Case-note analysis revealed that 8/12 patients in Group A and 1/3 patients in Group B had other risk factors for developing CDAD. Excluding these patients, the difference between the two groups was not statistically significant (P=0.218). CDAD is exceedingly rare following total joint replacement surgery, especially when the only antibiotics given are prophylactic. Our figures are in line with a general decline in CDAD nationally from 2007. This decline is most likely due to multiple factors, such as hand-washing, barrier nursing and restrictive antibiotic policies. The effect of the change in prophylaxis is therefore difficult to quantify. Choice of prophylactic antibiotics should be based upon their efficacy alone, not their potential to reduce CDAD

Despite the routine use of systemic antibiotic prophylaxis, postoperative infection following fracture surgery remains a persistent issue with substantial morbidity. The use of additional local antibiotic prophylaxis may have a protective effect and some orthopaedic surgeons have adopted their use in recent years, despite limited evidence of its beneficial effect. The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to evaluate the current literature regarding the effect of prophylactic local antibiotics on the rate of infection in fracture surgery in both open and closed fractures. A comprehensive search of Medline, EMBASE, and PubMed was performed. Cohort studies were eligible if they investigated the effect on infection rate of additional local antibiotic prophylaxis compared with systemic prophylaxis alone following fracture surgery. The data were pooled in a meta-analysis. In total, four randomized controlled trials and 11 retrospective cohort studies with a total of 6161 fractures from various anatomical locations were eligible for inclusion. The majority of the included studies were Level 3 evidence and had a moderate risk of bias. When all fractures were pooled, the risk of infection was significantly reduced when local antibiotics were applied compared with the control group receiving systemic prophylaxis only (OR = 0.39; 95%CI: 0.26 to 0.53, P < 0.001). In particular, there was a significant reduction in deep infections (OR = 0.59; 95%CI: 0.38 to 0.91, P = 0.017). The beneficial effect of local antibiotics for preventing total infection was seen in both open fractures (OR = 0.35; 95%CI: 0.23 to 0.53, P < 0.001) and closed fractures (OR = 0.58; 95%CI: 0.35 to 0.95, P = 0.029) when analyzed separately. This meta-analysis suggests a significant risk reduction for postoperative infection following fracture surgery when local antibiotics were added to standard systemic prophylaxis, with a protective effect present in both open and closed fractures

Introduction. The purpose of this study was to introduce our perioperative prophylaxis method for infection and clarify surgical site infection rate in our patients performed total hip arthroplasty (THA). Method. Two hundred and eighty four THA (including revision 18 cases) performed by single surgeon between Oct. 2007 and Jan. 2013 were evaluated. The mean age of patients was 65.7 years old. The male to female ratio was 46 to 238. BMI was 23.6. Ninety patients (32%) were compromised host suffering from diabetes mellitus, rheumatoid arthritis, autoimmune disease, history of malignant tumor, hemodialysis or skin disease at surgical site respectively. At preoperative period, we checked decayed tooth, alveolar pyorrhea, hemorrhoids, and leg skin condition. In addition, we examined culture of nasal cavity. At the day of surgery, patient took a shower just before entering surgical room. All of THA was performed in clean room NASA class 100. Surgeons and assistant nurse put on nonwoven fabric gown, space suit and double rubber gloves. We wiped surgical site leg by gauze impregnated by 0.5% chlorhexidine alchohol to eliminate skin bacteria twice just before surgeons scrubbing hands. Surgical site was covered by povidone iodine containing drape. Surgeons or nurse changed gloves when glove was broken at each time. We cleaned surgical field by pulse washer whenever necessary. We did not use drain except for 5 revision THAs. Regarding to prophylactic antibiotics usage, we administered cefcapene pivoxil orally the day before surgery. Drip infusion antibiotics (PIPC: until Oct. 2008, CEZ: after Oct. 2008) was administered at the period of 30 min. before surgery and 4 hours after surgery in case of prolonged surgical time (4 hours >). Skin closure was performed by staple and covered by gauze until May 2010. After that, we used surgical tape and transparent water proof sheet. After finishing surgery, antibiotic was administered 8 hours interval at surgery day and 12 hours interval for additional two days. In case multi-drug resistant bacteria (MRSA, MRSE) was positive in nasal culture, we applied mupirocin ointment to nasal cavity for 3 days before surgery and administered vancomycin (from Aug. 2011) or linezolid (from 2012) for prophylactic antibiotics in perioperative period. Results. Multi-drug resistant bacteria was detected from nasal cavity in 23 patients (8%). The mean operation time was 194 min (due to education for young surgeon). Intraoperative bleeding was 598g. Length of skin incision was 13.6 cm. Intraoperative wash volume was 4500 ml. The infection rate were 0 % in early period and 0.7 % (two case) in late period respectively. One infected case was 75 years old female. Deep infection was occurred 3 years after surgery. She was administered steroid and immunosuppressive drug due to metal allergy after total knee arthroplasty. The other case was 64 years old female. Superficial infection happened 3 months after THA. The patient was suffered from collagen disease and diabetes. Conclusion. Our prophylaxis method for surgical site infection of THA achieved 0 % in early infection and 0.7% late chronic infection respectively

Aim. The primary aim of this study was to examine whether the use of iodine impregnated incision drape (IIID) decreased the risk of periprosthetic joint infections (PJIs). The secondary aim was to investigate whether intraoperative contamination could predict postoperative infection. PJI is a devastating incident for the patients and in a population that is getting older and the incidence of arthroplasty surgery is rising it is vital to keep the infection rate as low as possible. Despite prophylactic measures as pre-operative decontamination, antisepsis and prophylactic antibiotics the infection rate has been constant at 1–2%. Method. We performed a transregional, prospective, randomized two arm study (IIID vs control group) of 1187 patients undergoing primary knee arthroplasty surgery. A database with patient demographics and surgical observations was established with the purpose of following the patients for ten years. Patients, who developed an infection within the first year of surgery were analyzed for correlation with the intraoperative bacterial findings and the use of IIID. Results. 31/1187 (3.6%) patients were re-operated during the follow-up period. 18/1187 (1.5%) patients were deemed infected and received antibiotic treatment. 9/18 patients deemed infected were male. Of the 18 infected patients 2 were contaminated at the primary surgery. Chi square test showed no correlation between contamination and infection (OR 0.97, 95% CI 0.38–2.46, p=0.95). 9 of the 18 infected patients were operated with IIID at the primary surgery. No correlation was found between the use of IIID at primary surgery and subsequent infection (OR 0.86, 95% CI 0.20–3.79, p=1). Conclusions. We found no effect of the use of IIID and subsequent development of PJI. Nor did we find a correlation between the intraoperative contamination and development of PJI within the first year of follow-up. Acknowledgements. University of Copenhagen and 3M Health Care (St. Paul, Minnesota) funded the study. 3M did not participate in the design of the study, data collection, data analysis or data interpretation

The administration of prophylactic antibiotics is essential in the prevention of surgical site infection, particularly when metalwork is implanted. Intravenous Cefuroxime has been the antibiotic of choice for prophylaxis in our unit over the last few years. Unfortunately this has been linked to an increased rate of Clostridium Difficile infection. Our departmental antibiotic prophylaxis guidelines, based on the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN), were therefore revised, such that intravenous Flucloxacillin and Gentamicin became the first line agents. We primarily aimed to assess whether prophylactic antibiotics were being administered according to our revised local guidelines. Steps were then taken to improve adherence to the guidelines, and the audit repeated. Data was collected prospectively between 1. st. November 2010 and 28. th. November 2010 (cycle 1). Demographic data, type of surgery, details of choice, dose and timing of antibiotic administration were compiled. The quality of documentation was also reviewed. Interventions to improve adherence to the guidelines were commenced between 1. st. January 2011 and 28. th. February 2011. This included a departmental presentation, supplementary distribution of the guidelines and email communication to all orthopaedic surgeons and anaesthetists to increase awareness. A repeat audit cycle was performed between 1. st. March 2011 and 28. th. March 2011 (cycle 2). All data was stored and statistically analysed using SPSS for Windows 17.0. A total of 130 patients were included, with 65 patients in each cycle. Demographic data and type of surgery were reasonably similar in both cycles. Intravenous antibiotics, when required, were administered within 30 minutes of the surgical incision in most cases in both cycles of the audit. In the first cycle of the audit only 9 out of 65 patients (14%) received the correct antibiotics as suggested by our updated guidelines. This improved significantly to 46 out of 57 patients (81%) in the second cycle. Documentation of antibiotic prescribing in the anaesthetic record, operation note and drug charts also improved in the second cycle. We observed poor initial adherence to our updated guidelines as most patients received incorrect antibiotic prophylaxis. However, following our audit interventions to increase awareness of the new guidelines, we witnessed a significant improvement in compliance. Our next step will be to ensure that the new policy of using intravenous Flucloxacillin and Gentamicin does indeed reduce the rate of Clostridium Difficile infection while maintaining a low rate of deep and superficial wound infection

Aim. Patients reporting penicillin allergy do often receive clindamycin as systemic antibiotic prophylaxis. The effect of clindamycin has however not been compared to antibiotics with proven effect in joint arthroplasty surgery. The aim of the study was to reveal if there were differences in the rate of revision due to infection after total knee arthroplasty (TKA) depending on which antibiotic was used as systemic prophylaxis. Method. Patients reported to the Swedish Knee Arthroplasty Register having a TKA performed due to osteoarthritis (OA) during the years 2009 – 2015 were included in the study. The type of prophylactic antibiotic is individually registered. For 80,018 operations survival statistics were used to calculate the rate of revision due to infection until the end of 2015, comparing the group of patients receiving the beta-lactam cloxacillin with those receiving clindamycin as systemic prophylaxis. Results. Cloxacillin was used in 90% of the cases, clindamycin in 7% and cephalosporins in 2%. The risk of becoming revised due to infection was higher when using clindamycin than cloxacillin, RR 1.51 (95% CI: 1.18–1.95, p=0.001). There was no significant difference in revision rate due to other causes, (p=0.21). Conclusions. We advise that patients reporting allergic reaction to penicillin have their allergic history explored. In the absence of clear history of type 1 allergic reaction we suggest the use of a cephalosporin instead of clindamycin as a perioperative prophylaxis when undergoing a TKR. No recommendation can be given regarding patients with type 1 allergy

Infection is still a major problem in implant surgery. Most infections are caused by bacteria that enter the wound at the time of the operation. Although prophylactic antibiotics given intravenously have been shown to be effective if given during the correct time frame, the concentration of local antibiotics in the knee in response to intravenous antibiotics is about 1/3 that achieved in the serum, and the level is transient. The concentration of antibiotics in the joint fluid achieved with antibiotics applied locally during surgery is 1000 times higher, and can be maintained throughout the procedure. High concentration persists in drainage fluid for 24 hours after surgery. Studies done with use of local antibiotics in spinal implant surgery indicate a major reduction in the rate of infection, and cost analysis shows a remarkable monetary benefit to this effect. Local antibiotic irrigation during implant surgery is inexpensive, easy, and effective