The rate of peri-prosthetic infection following total joint replacement continues to rise, and attempts to curb this trend have included the use of antibiotic-loaded bone cement at the time of primary surgery. We have investigated the clinical- and cost-effectiveness of the use of antibiotic-loaded cement for primary total knee replacement (TKR) by comparing the rate of infection in 3048 TKRs performed without loaded cement over a three-year period versus the incidence of infection after 4830 TKRs performed with tobramycin-loaded cement over a later period of time of a similar duration. In order to adjust for confounding factors, the rate of infection in 3347 and 4702 uncemented total hip replacements (THR) performed during the same time periods, respectively, was also examined. There were no significant differences in the characteristics of the patients in the different cohorts.

The absolute rate of infection increased when antibiotic-loaded cement was used in TKR. However, this rate of increase was less than the rate of increase in infection following uncemented THR during the same period. If the rise in the rate of infection observed in THR were extrapolated to the TKR cohort, 18 additional cases of infection would have been expected to occur in the cohort receiving antibiotic-loaded cement, compared with the number observed. Depending on the type of antibiotic-loaded cement that is used, its cost in all primary TKRs ranges between USD $2112.72 and USD $112 606.67 per case of infection that is prevented.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2014;96-B:65–9.

Aims. The management of periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) after total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is challenging. The correct antibiotic management remains elusive due to differences in epidemiology and resistance between countries, and reports in the literature. Before the efficacy of surgical treatment is investigated, it is crucial to analyze the bacterial strains causing PJI, especially for patients in whom no organisms are grown. Methods. A review of all revision TKAs which were undertaken between 2006 and 2018 in a tertiary referral centre was performed, including all those meeting the consensus criteria for PJI, in which organisms were identified. Using a cluster analysis, three chronological time periods were created. We then evaluated the antibiotic resistance of the identified bacteria between these three clusters and the effectiveness of our antibiotic regime. Results. We identified 129 PJIs with 161 culture identified bacteria in 97 patients. Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) were identified in 46.6% cultures, followed by Staphylococcus aureus in 19.8%. The overall resistance to antibiotics did not increase significantly during the study period (p = 0.454). However, CNS resistance to teicoplanin (p < 0.001), fosfomycin (p = 0.016), and tetracycline (p = 0.014) increased significantly. Vancomycin had an 84.4% overall sensitivity and 100% CNS sensitivity and was the most effective agent. Conclusion. Although we were unable to show an overall increase in antibiotic resistance in organisms that cause PJI after TKA during the study period, this was not true for CNS. It is concerning that resistance of CNS to new antibiotics, but not vancomycin, has increased in a little more than a decade. Our findings suggest that referral centres should continuously monitor their bacteriological analyses, as these have significant implications for prophylactic treatment in both primary arthroplasty and revision arthroplasty for PJI. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2021;103-B(6 Supple A):171–176

Aims. Infection complicating primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is a common reason for revision surgery, hospital readmission, patient morbidity, and mortality. Increasing incidence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a particular concern. The use of vancomycin as prophylactic agent alone or in combination with cephalosporin has not demonstrated lower periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) rates, partly due to timing and dosing of intravenous (IV) vancomycin administration, which have proven important factors in effectiveness. This is a retrospective review of a consecutive series of primary TKAs examining incidence of PJI, adverse reactions, and complications using IV versus intraosseous (IO) vancomycin at 30-day, 90-day, and one-year follow-up. Methods. A retrospective review of 1,060 patients who underwent TKA between May 2016 to July 2020 was performed. There were 572 patients in the IV group and 488 in the IO group, with minimal 30 days of follow-up. Patients were followed up at regularly scheduled intervals (two, six, and 12 weeks). No differences between groups for age, sex, BMI, or baseline comorbidities existed. The IV group received an IV dose of 15 mg/kg vancomycin given over an hour preceding skin incision. The IO group received a 500 mg dose of vancomycin mixed in 150 ml of normal saline, injected into proximal tibia after tourniquet inflation, before skin incision. All patients received an additional dose of first generation cephalosporin. Evaluation included preoperative and postoperative serum creatinine values, tourniquet time, and adverse reactions attributable to vancomycin. Results. Incidence of PJI with minimum 90-day follow-up was 1.4% (eight knees) in the IV group and 0.22% (one knee) in IO group (p = 0.047). This preliminary report demonstrated an reduction in the incidence of infection in TKA using IO vancomycin combined with a first-generation cephalosporin. While the study suffers from limitations of a retrospective, multi-surgeon investigation, early findings are encouraging. Conclusion. IO delivery of vancomycin after tourniquet inflation is a safe and effective alternative to IV administration, eliminating the logistical challenges of timely dosing. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2021;103-B(6 Supple A):13–17

Introduction. Management of periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) after total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is a challenging task. Antibiotic management remains elusive due to differences in epidemiology and resistance between countries and reports. Increasing resistance of bacteria is a concern. The aim of this study was to investigate the development of antibiotic resistance of main causative bacteria in a single center. Methods. A retrospective review of all revision TKA between 2006 and 2018 in a tertiary referral center was performed. Included were cases meeting the consensus criteria for PJI with at least two positive cultures. Three chronological groups were created using a two-step cluster analysis. Results. In 129 cases of PJI there were 161 different bacteria identified by growth in culture. Of all bacteria 76.4% were gram positive, 23.6% were gram negative. Coagulase-negative Staphylococci (CNS) were diagnosed in 46.6% cultures, followed by Staphylococcus aureus in 19.8% of cultures. Overall antibiotic resistance (p=0.454) and Staphylococcus aureus resistance (p=0.788) have not increased during the study period. CNS resistance to teicoplanin (4% to 44%; p<0.001), fosfomycin (16% to 44%, p=0.016) and tetracycline (0% to 28%, p=0.014) increased significantly. Vancomycin had an 84.4% overall sensitivity and 100% CNS sensitivity and remained the most effective agent. Conclusion. The increasing resistance to several antibiotics over a little more than a decade is concerning. This study suggests that referral centres should continuously monitor obtained cultures as this has significant implications for both prophylactic treatment in primary as well as empirical antibiotic treatment in PJI. Resistance profiles may differ between centres and are subject to dynamic changes

Introduction. Antibiotic-impregnated bone cement (AIBC) has been used for decades to treat and prevent post-operative infections in joint arthroplasty. Local delivery of antibiotics may theoretically have a bactericidal effect, however evidence supporting this is controversial and literature suggests its prophylactic use in primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is seldom justified. With evolving standards of care, historical data is no longer relevant in addressing the efficacy of AIBC in the contemporary TKA. The purpose of this study was to evaluate outcomes following primary TKA using AIBC and regular non-AIBC by comparing rates of surgical site infection (SSI) and prosthetic joint infection (PJI). Methods. A retrospective review was conducted of all cemented primary TKA procedures from a large institutional database between January 1, 2015 and December 31st, 2016. This identified 6,073 cases, n=2,613 in which AIBC was used and n=3,460 cases using bone cement without antibiotics. Patients were stratified into low risk and high-risk groups based on age (>65 years), BMI (>40), and Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI; >3). Medical records were reviewed for diagnoses of SSI (skin and superficial wound infections) and PJI (deep joint infections requiring surgery) over a 2-year postoperative period. Univariate analysis and multivariate regression models were used to ascertain the effects of cement type, patient factors (age, gender, BMI, CCI), operative time, and length of stay on infection rates. Additionally, mixed models (adjusted for gender, age, race, BMI, and CCI) were built to account for surgeon variability. Results. The use of AIBC and risk group distributions were equal across the study period and no collinearity was found between the study variables. The SSI rate was 3.0% and the PJI rate was 0.8% in the total study population. Univariate analysis showed there was no significant difference in SSI rates with AIBC compared to non-AIBC (3.3% vs. 2.8%, p=0.278) or in PJI rates (1.0% vs. 0.7%, p=0.203). Multivariate logistic regression analysis adjusted for patient factors, operative time, and length of stay showed no significant difference in SSI rates with a procedure using AIBC compared to non-AIBC (OR=0.90; 95% CI, 0.66–1.23; p=0.515) and no significant difference in PJI rates (OR=1.01; 95% CI, 0.55–1.84; p=0.984). Mixed models also showed no difference in PJI rates with AIBC use after adjusting for surgeon variability as well as patient factors (gender, race, age, BMI, and CCI). Discussion. Prophylactic use of AIBC in primary TKA is not without consequence when considering the significant increase in cost and its potential side effects, namely organism specific antibiotic resistance and mechanical loosening. This study shows that even when adjusted for patient factors, procedure-related factors, and length of stay, there is no clinically significant decrease in infection rates with the use of AIBC in primary TKAs

Introduction. Vancomycin is a commonly used antibiotic for prophylaxis in total joint replacement surgery. Several studies have reported superior local tissue concentration of vancomycin using intraosseous (IO) infusion compared with standard intravenous (IV) administration in total knee arthroplasty (TKA). We reviewed patients undergoing primary TKA who received IO vancomycin to a group receiving IV vancomycin. Methods. A retrospective review of 1038 patient who underwent primary TKA at our institution was performed from May 1, 2016 to May 1, 2019. This was a consecutive series of patients before and after we adopted this technique. IO vancomycin administration technique has been previously reported from our institution (500mg vancomycin in 200mL solution). Comparisons included preoperative and postoperative creatinine values, adverse reaction to vancomycin, tourniquet time, re-operation rates, periprosthetic joint infection rate at 1 year. Results. There were 482 patients in IO vancomycin group and 572 patients in IV vancomycin group. No differences between groups were present for patient age, sex, or BMI. No differences in creatinine values or tourniquet time were present and there were no adverse reactions to vancomycin in either group. Eight periprosthetic joint infections (1.4%) were reported in the IV group, and 1 (0.2%) periprosthetic joint infection was reported in the IO group at 1 year follow up, and this was statistically significant (p = 0.04, Fishers exact test). The overall reoperation rate was 1.7% (10 patients) in the IV group and 1.1% (5 patients), however, this was not statistically significant (p = 0.4371). The additional reoperations were for retained suture or small areas of poor superficial wound healing and were considered minor. Conclusion. Our study demonstrated that IO vancomycin in primary TKA reduced periprosthetic joint infection and is a safe and effective alternative to IV administration. Furthermore, IO infusion also eliminates the logistical challenges of timely prophylactic antibiotic administration before TKA

Introduction. Intraosseous administration of low dose vancomycin has been proven to produce 6 to 20 times higher tissue concentrations compared to intravenous administration in both primary and revision knee replacement. However, these superior levels are achieved when the antibiotic given intraosseously is administered distal to a tourniquet that is inflated for the majority of the case. With increasing interest in limited, or no, tourniquet use during TKA we sought to study the tissue concentrations achieved with limited tourniquet use and intraosseously administered vancomycin compared to weight-based, time optimized intravenous administration. Methods. Twenty-four patients undergoing primary TKA were randomized to two groups. The Intravenous (IV) Group received weight based (15mg/kg) vancomycin timed to finish before incision. The Intraosseous (IO) Group received 500 mg of vancomycin injected as a bolus through a needle into the proximal tibia distal to an inflated tourniquet prior to skin incision. In the IO group, the tourniquet was deflated 10 minutes following the injection and re-inflated only for cementation. In the IV group, the tourniquet was only inflated for cementation. During the procedure, fat and bone samples were taken at regular intervals. Tissue antibiotic concentrations were measured using a validated technique involving high performance liquid chromatography. Results. Mean tissue concentrations of vancomycin in fat and bone samples from all time points were 3–10 times greater in the IO group (all results, p<0.01). At closure, mean vancomycin levels in fat were 6.0ug/g in the IV group vs 40.5ug/g in the IO group (p<0.001). Final bone levels were 8.3ug/g in the IV group vs 26.9ug/g in the IO group (p=0.009). Conclusion. In total knee replacement, IO administration of prophylactic vancomycin achieves significantly higher tissue concentrations versus IV administration given under ideal conditions despite limited tourniquet use. For figures, tables, or references, please contact authors directly

Introduction. Vancomycin is a prophylactic antibiotic used to protect against methicillin resistant staph aureus. Recent literature has suggested that using intraosseus (IO) infusions are capable of providing improved local tissue concentrations compared to intravenous (IV) access. The purpose of this study is to evaluate clinical outcomes of patients who received pre-operative IO vancomycin for total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Methods. Patients who received IO vancomycin (500mg vancomycin in 200ml NS) as standard of care from September 1, 2018 to March 1, 2019 were retrospectively evaluated. This data was compared to primary and revision TKAs performed immediately prior to the initiation of IO administration. Evaluation included pre and post-op creatinine values, tourniquet time (TT), and knee-related 30 and 90-day complications. Data for primary and revision TKA cases were analyzed independently. Results. Final analysis had 100 primaries and 29 revisions in the control (IV) and 100 primaries and 19 revisions in the intervention (IO) arm. 30 and 90-day complications were not significantly different in primaries, while decreased 30–day complications for revisions approached significance (control=17.2%, intervention=10.5%). 90-day complications were decreased in the revision group receiving IO (Control=27.6%, Intervention = 0%; p=0.015). No cases of Redman Syndrome were identified. No increase in post-operative creatinine values occurred. TT was increased by 1.87min in the PI, which was not statistically significant (p=0.10). Discussion / Conclusion. We've demonstrated IO vancomycin is a safe and effective alternative to using pre-operative IV vancomycin. This is one of the largest series to date evaluating the clinical outcomes while using IO antibiotics pre-operatively in TKA. Patients who receive IO vancomycin have equivalent or improved 30 and 90-day complication rates, significantly so in revision TKAs. In addition, this study evaluated longer-term outcomes of revision TKAs that are provided IO vancomycin, proving it may be appropriate to extend indications. For figures, tables, or references, please contact authors directly

Introduction. Patients who undergo total joint arthroplasty (TJA) are at a high risk for the development of thromboembolic complications. The rate at which venous thromboembolism occurs following TJA has been reported to be between 1.3–9.4%. As a result, the utilization of prophylactic therapies is considered standard of care in this patient population. The primary purpose of the current study was to 1) evaluate patient satisfaction with the use of intermittent compression devices 2) evaluate the risk of self-reported falls secondary to the use of these devices following TJA. Methods. This is a single institution, prospective study on patients who underwent TJA at an urban, academic orthopedic specialty hospital. Patients were surveyed using an electronic patient rehabilitation application regarding their use and satisfaction with their home intermittent compression devices with a battery and power cord attachment that the patient must wear while using the devices. They were also asked if any falls or near-falls they may have experienced. Surveys were administered on postoperative Day 14, and patients were given 10 days to submit their responses. Using our institutions data warehouse, patient demographics were also collected (Table 1). Results. Survey responses were collected from 479 patients who underwent TJA between August 2018 and October 2018. Of the respondents, 278 were female and 201 were male. Approximately 79% of patients in the cohort were satisfied with their use of their compression devices compared to 21% of patients who were unsatisfied. During this time, 16% of patients (75 pts) also reported at least one tripping episode at home and 11 patients (2.3%) had at least one fall at home. Conclusion. These results suggest that patients are generally satisfied with their home intermittent compression devices. There are a significant number of trips or falls after surgery and further study examining the potential role of these devices and their cords in these falls is needed. For figures, tables, or references, please contact authors directly

Introduction. Periprosthetic infection (PJI) after primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA) remains a challenging issue affecting 1–2% of cases. Locally delivered prophylactic antibiotics, including tobramycin or gentamicin mixed in polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) bone cement and vancomycin powder, are increasingly used despite a lack of high quality evidence for either practice. In this study, we report the antibiotic susceptibility of organisms recovered in culture from patients with acute prosthetic joint infection after primary TKA to gentamicin, tobramycin and vancomycin. Methods. Using a retrospective database of all primary TKA performed at a single institution between January, 1 2014 and July 1, 2018, we identified 18 cases of acute PJI after primary TKA, as defined by the Musculoskeletal Infection Society 2011 guidelines as less than 3 months from symptoms or index surgery to presentation. The use of antibiotic bone cement during the index procedure and time to surgical management of the infection were recorded. Fluid cultures and tissue cultures were obtained intraoperatively at the time of revision. The organisms from positive cultures underwent MIC testing to gentamicin, tobramycin and vancomycin using a gradient diffusion method (ETEST). MIC breakpoints for susceptibility were based on Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute definitions. Results. 18 cases of PJI after TKA were identified, including 4 polymicrobial infections (22.2%) (Table 1). Average time to revision for infection was 38 days (range: 6–84 days). 34.8% of bacterial isolates were resistant to gentamicin, 39.1% were resistant to tobramycin and 17.4% were resistant to vancomycin. Of the 8 bacterial isolates resistant to gentamicin, 7 (87.5%) were susceptible tobramycin. Of the 9 bacterial isolates resistant to tobramycin, (88.9%) were susceptible to vancomycin. One bacterial isolate, a Fusobacterium nucleatum from a polymicrobial infection was resistant to gentamicin, tobramycin and vancomycin. Conclusion. Over one third of bacteria causing acute PJI after primary TKA were resistant to the aminoglycosides pre-mixed in commercially available bone cements. All but one of the bacteria resistant to gentamicin and tobramycin were susceptible to vancomycin. The addition of vancomycin to bone cement or as powder in the surgical field has the potential to expand antibiotic coverage to include most organisms responsible for acute PJI after TKA. For figures, tables, or references, please contact authors directly

Aims

The aim of this study was to evaluate medium- to long-term outcomes and complications of the Stanmore Modular Individualised Lower Extremity System (SMILES) rotating hinge implant in revision total knee arthroplasty (rTKA) at a tertiary unit. It is hypothesized that this fully cemented construct leads to satisfactory clinical outcomes.

Aims

The tibial component of total knee arthroplasty can either be an all-polyethylene (AP) implant or a metal-backed (MB) implant. This study aims to compare the five-year functional outcomes of AP tibial components to MB components in patients aged over 70 years. Secondary aims are to compare quality of life, implant survivorship, and cost-effectiveness.

Aims

The purpose of this study was to compare reoperation and revision rates of double plating (DP), single plating using a lateral locking plate (SP), or distal femoral arthroplasty (DFA) for the treatment of periprosthetic distal femur fractures (PDFFs).

Aims

Micromotion of the polyethylene (PE) inlay may contribute to backside PE wear in addition to articulate wear of total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Using radiostereometric analysis (RSA) with tantalum beads in the PE inlay, we evaluated PE micromotion and its relationship to PE wear.

Aims

The aim of this study was to evaluate medium-term outcomes and complications of the S-ROM NOILES Rotating Hinge Knee System (DePuy, USA) in revision total knee arthroplasty (rTKA) at a tertiary unit.

Aims

The success of total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is usually measured using functional outcome scores and revision-free survivorship. However, reporting the lifetime risk of revision may be more meaningful to patients when gauging risks, especially in younger patients. We aimed to assess the lifetime risk of revision for patients in different age categories at the time of undergoing primary TKA.

Aims

Despite recent literature questioning their use, vancomycin and clindamycin often substitute cefazolin as the preoperative antibiotic prophylaxis in primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA), especially in the setting of documented allergy to penicillin. Topical povidone-iodine lavage and vancomycin powder (VIP) are adjuncts that may further broaden antimicrobial coverage, and have shown some promise in recent investigations. The purpose of this study, therefore, is to compare the risk of acute periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) in primary TKA patients who received cefazolin and VIP to those who received a non-cephalosporin alternative and VIP.

Aims

To describe the risk of periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) and reoperation in patients who have an acute, traumatic wound dehiscence following total knee arthroplasty (TKA).

Aims

The optimal management of an infrapopliteal deep venous thrombosis (IDVT) following total knee arthroplasty (TKA) remains unknown. The risk of DVT propagation and symptom progression must be balanced against potential haemorrhagic complications associated with administration of anticoagulation therapy. The current study reports on a cohort of patients diagnosed with IDVT following TKA who were treated with aspirin, followed closely for development of symptoms, and scanned with ultrasound to determine resolution of IDVT.

Aims

Although total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is a highly successful procedure, about 20% of patients remain dissatisfied postoperatively. This proportion is derived from dichotomous models of the assessment of surgical success or failure, which may not reflect the spectrum of outcomes. The aim of this study was to explore differing responses to surgery, and assess whether there are distinct groups of patients with differing patterns of outcome.