Aims. This study examined windswept deformity (WSD) of the knee, comparing prevalence and contributing factors in healthy and osteoarthritic (OA) cohorts. Methods. A case-control radiological study was undertaken comparing 500 healthy knees (250 adults) with a consecutive sample of 710 OA knees (355 adults) undergoing bilateral total knee arthroplasty. The mechanical hip-knee-ankle angle (mHKA), medial proximal tibial angle (MPTA), and lateral distal femoral angle (LDFA) were determined for each knee, and the arithmetic hip-knee-ankle angle (aHKA), joint line obliquity, and Coronal Plane Alignment of the Knee (CPAK) types were calculated. WSD was defined as a varus mHKA of < -2° in one limb and a valgus mHKA of > 2° in the contralateral limb. The primary outcome was the proportional difference in WSD prevalence between healthy and OA groups. Secondary outcomes were the proportional difference in WSD prevalence between constitutional varus and valgus CPAK types, and to explore associations between predefined variables and WSD within the OA group. Results. WSD was more prevalent in the OA group compared to the healthy group (7.9% vs 0.4%; p < 0.001, relative risk (RR) 19.8). There was a significant difference in means and variance between the mHKA of the healthy and OA groups (mean -1.3° (SD 2.3°) vs mean -3.8°(SD 6.6°) respectively; p < 0.001). No significant differences existed in MPTA and LDFA between the groups, with a minimal difference in aHKA (mean -0.9° healthy vs -0.5° OA; p < 0.001). Backwards logistic regression identified meniscectomy, rheumatoid arthritis, and osteotomy as predictors of WSD (odds ratio (OR) 4.1 (95% CI 1.7 to 10.0), p = 0.002; OR 11.9 (95% CI 1.3 to 89.3); p = 0.016; OR 41.6 (95% CI 5.4 to 432.9), p ≤ 0.001, respectively). Conclusion. This study found a 20-fold greater prevalence of WSD in OA populations. The development of WSD is associated with meniscectomy, rheumatoid arthritis, and osteotomy. These findings support WSD being mostly an acquired condition following skeletal maturity. Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2024;5(10):879–885

Aims. This study aims to identify the top unanswered research priorities in the field of knee surgery using consensus-based methodology. Methods. Initial research questions were generated using an online survey sent to all 680 members of the British Association for Surgery of the Knee (BASK). Duplicates were removed and a longlist was generated from this scoping exercise by a panel of 13 experts from across the UK who provided oversight of the process. A modified Delphi process was used to refine the questions and determine a final list. To rank the final list of questions, each question was scored between one (low importance) and ten (high importance) in order to produce the final list. Results. This consensus exercise took place between December 2020 and April 2022. A total of 286 clinicians from the BASK membership provided input for the initial scoping exercise, which generated a list of 105 distinct research questions. Following review and prioritization, a longlist of 51 questions was sent out for two rounds of the Delphi process. A total of 42 clinicians responded to the first round and 24 responded to the second round. A final list of 24 research questions was then ranked by 36 clinicians. The topics included arthroplasty, infection, meniscus, osteotomy, patellofemoral, cartilage, and ligament pathologies. The management of early osteoarthritis was the highest-ranking question. Conclusion. A Delphi exercise involving the BASK membership has identified the future research priorities in knee surgery. This list of questions will allow clinicians, researchers, and funders to collaborate in order to deliver high-quality research in knee surgery and further advance the care provided to patients with knee pathology. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2024;106-B(7):662–668

Aims. A fracture of the medial tibial plateau is a serious complication of Oxford mobile-bearing unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (OUKA). The risk of these fractures is reportedly lower when using components with a longer keel-cortex distance (KCDs). The aim of this study was to examine how slight varus placement of the tibial component might affect the KCDs, and the rate of tibial plateau fracture, in a clinical setting. Methods. This retrospective study included 255 patients who underwent 305 OUKAs with cementless tibial components. There were 52 males and 203 females. Their mean age was 73.1 years (47 to 91), and the mean follow-up was 1.9 years (1.0 to 2.0). In 217 knees in 187 patients in the conventional group, tibial cuts were made orthogonally to the tibial axis. The varus group included 88 knees in 68 patients, and tibial cuts were made slightly varus using a new osteotomy guide. Anterior and posterior KCDs and the origins of fracture lines were assessed using 3D CT scans one week postoperatively. The KCDs and rate of fracture were compared between the two groups. Results. Medial tibial fractures occurred after surgery in 15 patients (15 OUKAs) in the conventional group, but only one patient (one OUKA) had a tibial fracture after surgery in the varus group. This difference was significant (6.9% vs 1.1%; p = 0.029). The mean posterior KCD was significantly shorter in the conventional group (5.0 mm (SD 1.7)) than in the varus group (6.1 mm (SD 2.1); p = 0.002). Conclusion. In OUKA, the distance between the keel and posterior tibial cortex was longer in our patients with slight varus alignment of the tibial component, which seems to decrease the risk of postoperative tibial fracture. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2022;104-B(10):1118–1125

Abstract. Introduction. Knee osteotomy, both high tibial and distal femoral osteotomy, is a well-recognised treatment for young, active patients with unicompartmental knee osteoarthritis. Osteotomy around the knee is usually performed as an inpatient procedure. The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness and patient satisfaction of our day-case protocol for knee osteotomy. Methodology. All patients who underwent day-case knee osteotomy at the study unit, over a three-year period, were reviewed to assess the success of ambulatory care for knee osteotomy. Patients were sent questionnaires to assess functional outcome and patient satisfaction with our day-case process. Results. Thirty-three knee osteotomies were performed as a day-case protocol, of which same day discharge was achieved in 24 patients (73%) and discharge within 24 hours achieved in 32 patients (97%). The mean post-operative Knee Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) was 67.1 and 79% of patients rated their care as good or excellent. Return to sporting activities was achieved in 75% of patients, and 88% of patients reported they would be happy to undergo day-case knee osteotomy again. Conclusion. Knee osteotomy, both high tibial and distal femoral osteotomy, can be successfully performed as a day-case procedure with similar improvements in functional outcomes and no increased complication rate, compared to in-patient osteotomy

Abstract. Introduction. Osteotomy is recognised treatment for osteoarthritis of the knee. Evidence suggests favourable outcomes when compared to arthroplasty, for younger and more active individuals[1]. Double level osteotomy (DLO) is considered when a single level is insufficient to restore both joint line obliquity and adequate realignment[2]. This paper aims to establish the functional outcomes up to two years post operatively for patients undergoing DLO, using patient reported outcome measures (PROMs). Methodology. All patients who underwent a DLO at either Lister Hospital, Stevenage, or One Hatfield Hospital, Hertfordshire, between 1st January 2018 and 1st October 2020 were identified. DLO were performed by two specialist consultants, independently or in combination. PROMs including pain scores, health score, Oxford knee score (OKS) and knee injury and osteoarthritis outcome score (KOOS) were recorded pre-operatively and at six month, one and two year post operative intervals. Results. 24 patients underwent DLO; a medial opening wedge high tibial osteotomy and lateral closing wedge distal femoral osteotomy. The cohort comprised 21 males, 3 females with an average age of 54.09 (38–77) years. Preoperative pain scores graded from 0–10 improved from 6.86 to 2.0 at 2 years. OKS improved from 23.94 to 47.88, as did KOOS 43.55 to 87.51, over the same duration. Conclusion. DLO was associated with improvements in pain and functional outcomes, compared to pre-operative levels. In patients for whom arthroplasty may be unfavourable, this provides an alternative to non-operative management, the options for which are frequently exhausted early in the disease process

Abstract. Introduction. Compared to the standard Tomofix plate, the anatomical Tomofix medial high tibial (MHT) plate has been shown to improve anatomical fit and post correction tibial contour, following high tibial osteotomy (HTO). Clinical data on surgical complications, osteotomy union rates and survivorship with the anatomical Tomofix MHT plate however remain limited. This study reports mid-term results of HTO surgery, using the anatomical Tomofix MHT plate. Methods. All patients undergoing HTO surgery using the anatomical Tomofix MHT plate between 2017 and 2022 were included in the study. Data on complications, osteotomy union rates and survivorship were collected prospectively and retrospectively analysed. Results. 78 HTO procedures were performed using the anatomical Tomofix plate in 68 patients. Follow-up ranged between 6 weeks and 5 years. Postoperative complications included 5 hinge fractures that united without further intervention, 1 deep vein thrombus and 1 subclinical pulmonary embolism. There were no wound problems and no returns to theatre, other than for planned removal of metalwork at 1 year. All osteotomies united with no loss of correction. Only 1 HTO was successfully revised to a partial medial knee replacement 2.5 years following osteotomy. The 5-year survivorship was 98.7%. Conclusion. The anatomical Tomofix MHT plate achieves excellent biomechanical stability and union rates in HTO surgery, with minimal complications and excellent mid-term HTO survivorship

Abstract. Introduction. To investigate the impact medial opening wedge high tibial osteotomy (MOWHTO) has on the progression of patellofemoral OA, patella height and contact pressure within the patellofemoral joint (PF). Methods. A systematic review was conducted in January 2022 according to PRISMA guidelines. Each study was graded as per the MINORS criteria for non-randomised trials. The ICRS cartilage grade of the PF joint at the initial MOWHTO surgery and at second look surgery was compared and relative risk of progression of PF OA was calculated. Evaluation of patella height was assessed by Caton-Deschamps index, Blackburne-Peel index or Insall-Salvati ratio pre and post MOWHTO. Cadaveric studies assessing contact pressures in the PF after MOWHTO were included. Results. Forty-two studies comparing 2,419 patients were included. The mean age was 53.1 years (16–84), 61.3% female. The risk of progression of PF OA was highest in the uniplanar and biplanar MOWHTO with proximal tubercle osteotomy groups (RR= 1.28-1.51, I2= 0%), compared to biplanar MOHWTO with distal tubercle osteotomy (RR= 0.96-1.04, I2 = 0%). Patella height was not affected after biplanar MOWHTO and distal tubercle osteotomy. (P<0.001). Cadaveric studies demonstrate that PF contact pressures increase with more severe corrections (10°) but suggest biplanar MWOHTO and distal tubercle osteotomy induces lower contact pressures within the PF joint than other OWHTO techniques. Conclusion. This novel systematic review demonstrates that biplanar MOWHTO and distal tubercle osteotomy causes lower contact pressures in the PF joint, less severe progression of PF OA and has minimal impact on patella height

Aims. Tibial tubercle osteotomy (TTO) facilitates surgical exposure and protects the extensor mechanism during revision total knee arthroplasty (rTKA). The purpose of this study was to determine the rates of bony union, complications, and reoperations following TTO during rTKA, to assess the functional outcomes of rTKA with TTO at two years’ minimum follow-up, and to identify the risk factors of failure. Methods. Between January 2010 and September 2020, 695 rTKAs were performed and data were entered into a prospective database. Inclusion criteria were rTKAs with concomitant TTO, without extensor mechanism allograft, and a minimum of two years’ follow-up. A total of 135 rTKAs were included, with a mean age of 65 years (SD 9.0) and a mean BMI of 29.8 kg/m. 2. (SD 5.7). The most frequent indications for revision were infection (50%; 68/135), aseptic loosening (25%; 34/135), and stiffness (13%; 18/135). Patients had standardized follow-up at six weeks, three months, six months, and annually thereafter. Complications and revisions were evaluated at the last follow-up. Functional outcomes were assessed using the Knee Society Score (KSS) and range of motion. Results. The mean follow-up was 51 months (SD 26; 24 to 121). Bony union was confirmed in 95% of patients (128/135) at a mean of 3.4 months (SD 2.7). The complication rate was 15% (20/135), consisting of nine tibial tubercle fracture displacements (6.7%), seven nonunions (5%), two delayed unions, one tibial fracture, and one wound dehiscence. Seven patients (5%) required eight revision procedures (6%): three bone grafts, three osteosyntheses, one extensor mechanism allograft, and one wound revision. The functional scores and flexion were significantly improved after surgery: mean KSS knee, 48.8 (SD 17) vs 79.6 (SD 20; p < 0.001); mean KSS function, 37.6 (SD 21) vs 70.2 (SD 30; p < 0.001); mean flexion, 81.5° (SD 33°) vs 93° (SD 29°; p = 0.004). Overall, 98% of patients (n = 132) had no extension deficit. The use of hinge implants was a significant risk factor for tibial tubercle fracture (p = 0.011). Conclusion. TTO during rTKA was an efficient procedure to improve knee exposure with a high union rate, but had significant specific complications. Functional outcomes were improved at mid term. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2023;105-B(10):1078–1085

We compared the results ten years after an inverted V-shaped high tibial osteotomy with those of a historical series of conventional closing-wedge osteotomies. The closing-wedge series consisted of 56 knees in 51 patients with a mean follow-up of 11 years (10 to 15). The inverted V-shaped osteotomy was evaluated in 48 knees in 43 patients at a mean follow-up of 14 years (10 to 19). All the patients were scored using the Japanese Orthopaedic Association rating scale for osteoarthritis of the knee and radiological assessment. The pre-operative grade of osteoarthritis was similar in both groups. Post-operatively, the knee function score was graded as satisfactory in 63% (35) of the closing-wedge group but in 89% (43) of the inverted V-shaped osteotomy group. Post-operative radiological examination showed that delayed union and loss of correction occurred more often after a closing-wedge osteotomy than after an inverted V-shaped procedure. Our study suggests that the inverted V-shaped osteotomy may offer more dependable long-term results than traditional closing-wedge osteotomy

Aims. To evaluate whether low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) accelerates bone healing at osteotomy sites and promotes functional recovery after open-wedge high tibial osteotomy (OWHTO). Methods. Overall, 90 patients who underwent OWHTO without bone grafting were enrolled in this nonrandomized retrospective study, and 45 patients treated with LIPUS were compared with 45 patients without LIPUS treatment in terms of bone healing and functional recovery postoperatively. Clinical evaluations, including the pain visual analogue scale (VAS) and Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) score, were performed preoperatively as well as six weeks and three, six, and 12 months postoperatively. The progression rate of gap filling was evaluated using anteroposterior radiographs at six weeks and three, six, and 12 months postoperatively. Results. The pain VAS and JOA scores significantly improved after OWHTO in both groups. Although the LIPUS group had better pain scores at six weeks and three months postoperatively, there were no significant differences in JOA score between the groups. The lateral hinge united at six weeks postoperatively in 34 (75.6%) knees in the control group and in 33 (73.3%) knees in the LIPUS group. The progression rates of gap filling in the LIPUS group were 8.0%, 15.0%, 27.2%, and 46.0% at six weeks and three, six, and 12 months postoperatively, respectively, whereas in the control group at the same time points they were 7.7%, 15.2%, 26.3%, and 44.0%, respectively. There were no significant differences in the progression rate of gap filling between the groups. Conclusion. The present study demonstrated that LIPUS did not promote bone healing and functional recovery after OWHTO with a locking plate. The routine use of LIPUS after OWHTO was not recommended from the results of our study. Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2022;3(11):885–893

Abstract. Introduction. Osteotomy is a recognised surgical option for the management of unicompartmental knee osteoarthritis. The effectiveness of the surgery is correlated with the accuracy of correction obtained. Overcorrection can potentially lead to excess load through the healthy cartilage resulting in accelerated wear and early failure of surgery. Despite this past studies report this accuracy to be as low as 20% in achieving planned corrections. Aim. Assess the effectiveness of adopting modern osteotomy techniques in improving surgical accuracy. Methodology. A prospective cohort study. Patients were identified who had undergone osteotomy surgery for unicompartmental knee OA using a standardised technique. The surgical techniques adopted to ensure accuracy included digital templating software (Orthoview), Precision saw(Stryker), bone wedge allograft and plate osteosynthesis (Tomofix). Pre and post operative analysis of standardised long leg X-rays was performed and the intended (I) and achieved(A) corrections were calculated. Results. A total of 94 (35F/59M) patients with a mean age of 52 years were identified who fulfilled the inclusion criteria for the study. 62 patients were treated with a tibial osteotomy, 21 with femoral and 11 with a double level osteotomy. Using a 10% acceptable range (AR) for error, in 89% of cases (84 of 94) the target Mikulicz point was achieved. Potential risk factors for overcorrection included female sex and osteotomy type, with a higher incidence of over correction observed with double level osteotomies (27%). Conclusion. This study demonstrates that meticulous digital software planning and surgical technique ensures accurate surgical correction in periarticular knee osteotomy surgery

Abstract. High tibial osteotomy (HTO) is a well-recognised procedure to address medial compartment osteoarthritis (OA). There remains dispute on the impact of pre-operative patient factors on patient related outcome measures (PROMS). Does BMI and age affect > 2 year and > 5 year oxford knee scores (OKS) and Knee injury and osteoarthritis outcome scores (KOOS). A retrospective review of a prospectively collected database was performed. Timeframe was 26/6/2014 and 25/8/2022. BMI and age were recorded. OKS and KOOS were collected at > 2 years and > 5 years. There were 81 procedures included, of these 50 had OKS and KOOS scores at > 2 years and 35 at > 5 years. Median BMI was 28.5kg/m. 2. , range was 18.6–40.8kg/m. 2. Spearman's rank for >2 year OKS was p(df)=−0.210 p=0.157, > 5 year OKS p(df)=−0.215 p=0.230. For > 2 year and > 5 year KOOS subscales there were no statistically significant associations on Spearman's rank. For age, median age was 52.5, range 26–71 years old. OKS at >2 year p(df)=0.068 p=0.664, OKS >5 years p(df)=0.065 p= 0.709. For >2 year and > 5 year KOOS subscales there were no statistically significant associations on Spearman's rank. There were no adverse outcome in patients up-to the age of 71. There were no statistically significant Spearman's rank correlations between PROMS and OKS/KOOS scores. This supports recent KOG consensus statement highlighting physiological age importance vs chronological age. Of note there were more negative associations in the BMI group compared with age

Aims. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether achieving medial joint opening, as measured by the change in the joint line convergence angle (∆JLCA), is a better predictor of clinical outcomes after high tibial osteotomy (HTO) compared with the mechanical axis deviation, and to find individualized targets for the redistribution of load that reflect bony alignment, joint laxity, and surgical technique. Methods. This retrospective study analyzed 121 knees in 101 patients. Patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) were collected preoperatively and one year postoperatively, and were analyzed according to the surgical technique (opening or closing wedge), postoperative mechanical axis deviation (deviations above and below 10% from the target), and achievement of medial joint opening (∆JLCA > 1°). Radiological parameters, including JLCA, mechanical axis deviation, and the difference in JLCA between preoperative standing and supine radiographs (JLCA. PD. ), an indicator of medial soft-tissue laxity, were measured. Cut-off points for parameters related to achieving medial joint opening were calculated from receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. Results. Patients in whom the medial joint opening was achieved had significantly better postoperative PROMs compared with those without medial opening (all p < 0.05). Patients who were outliers with deviation of > 10% from the target mechanical axis deviation had significantly similar PROMs compared with patients with an acceptable axis deviation (all p > 0.05). Medial joint opening was affected by postoperative mechanical axis deviation and JLCA. PD. The influence of JLCA. PD. on postoperative axis deviation was more pronounced in a closing wedge than in an opening wedge HTO. Conclusion. Medial joint opening rather than the mechanical axis deviation determined the clinical outcome in patients who underwent HTO. The JLCA. PD. identified the optimal postoperative axis deviation necessary to achieve medial joint opening. For patients with increased laxity, lowering the target axis deviation is recommended to achieve medial joint opening. The target axis deviation should also differ according to the technique of undergoing HTO. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2024;106-B(3):240–248

Abstract. Introduction. Double-level knee osteotomy (DLO) is a challenging procedure that requires precision in preoperative planning and intraoperative execution to achieve the desired correction. It is indicated in cases of severe varus or valgus deformities where a single-level osteotomy would yield significantly tilted joint line obliquity (JLO). Methods. A single-centre, retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data for 26 patients, who underwent DLO by PSCGs for valgus malaligned knees. Post-operative alignment was evaluated and the delta for different lower limb alignment parameters were calculated; HKA, MPTA, and LDFA. At the two-year follow-up, changes in KOOS sub-scores, UCLA scores, lower limb discrepancy, and mean time to return to work and sport were recorded. All intraoperative and postoperative complications were recorded. Results. The postoperative mean ΔHKA was 0.9 ± 0.9°, the mean ΔMPTA was 0.7 ± 0.7°, and the mean ΔLDFA was 0.7 ± 0.8° (all values with p > 0.05). All KOOS subscores’ mean values were improved to an extent two-fold superior to the reported MCID (all with p < 0.0001). There was a significant increase in the UCLA score at the final follow-up (5.4 ± 1.5 preoperatively versus 7.7 ± 1.4, p < 0.01). The mean time to return to sport and work was 4.7 ± 1.1 and 4.3 ± 2.1 months, respectively. There was an improvement in Lower-limb discrepancy preoperative (LLD = 1.3+/−2cm) to postoperative measures (LLD= 0.3 +/− 0.4 cm) p=0.02. Conclusion. DLO is effective and safe in achieving accurate correction in bifocal valgus malaligned knees with maintained lower limb length and low complication rate with no compromise of JLO

Aims. The use of high tibial osteotomy (HTO) to delay total knee arthroplasty (TKA) in young patients with osteoarthritis (OA) and constitutional deformity remains debated. The aim of this study was to compare the long-term outcomes of TKA after HTO compared to TKA without HTO, using the time from the index OA surgery as reference (HTO for the study group, TKA for the control group). Methods. This was a case-control study of consecutive patients receiving a posterior-stabilized TKA for OA between 1996 and 2010 with previous HTO. A total of 73 TKAs after HTO with minimum ten years’ follow-up were included. Cases were matched with a TKA without previous HTO for age at the time of the HTO. All revisions were recorded. Kaplan-Meier survivorship analysis was performed using revision of metal component as the endpoint. The Knee Society Score, range of motion, and patient satisfaction were assessed. Results. Mean follow-up was 13 years (SD 3) after TKA in both groups. The 20-year Kaplan-Meier survival estimate was 98.6% in TKA post-HTO group (HTO as timing reference) and 81.4% in control group (TKA as timing reference) (p = 0.030). There was no significant difference in clinical outcomes, radiological outcomes, and complications at the last follow-up. Conclusion. At the same delay from index surgery (HTO or TKA), a strategy of HTO followed by TKA had superior knee survivorship compared to early TKA at long term in young patients. Level of evidence: III. Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2023;4(2):62–71

Aims. To determine the relationship between articular cartilage status and clinical outcomes after medial opening-wedge high tibial osteotomy (MOHTO) for medial compartmental knee osteoarthritis at intermediate follow-up. Methods. We reviewed 155 patients (155 knees) who underwent MOHTO from January 2008 to December 2016 followed by second-look arthroscopy with a mean 5.3-year follow-up (2.0 to 11.7). Arthroscopic findings were assessed according to the International Cartilage Repair Society (ICRS) Cartilage Repair Assessment (CRA) grading system. Patients were divided into two groups based on the presence of normal or nearly normal quality cartilage in the medial femoral condyle: good (second-look arthroscopic) status (ICRS grade I or II; n = 70), and poor (second-look arthroscopic) status (ICRS grade III or IV; n = 85) groups at the time of second-look arthroscopy. Clinical outcomes were assessed using the International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) score, Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC), and 36-Item Short Form survey. Results. Significant improvements in all clinical outcome categories were found between the preoperative and second-look arthroscopic assessments in both groups (p < 0.001). At the latest follow-up, the mean IKDC and WOMAC scores in the good status group further improved compared with those at the time of second-look arthroscopic surgery (p < 0.001), which was not shown in the poor status group. The mean IKDC (good status, 72.8 (SD 12.5); poor status, 64.7 (SD 12.1); p = 0.002) and mean WOMAC scores (good status, 15.7 (SD 10.8); poor status, 21.8 (SD 13.6); p = 0.004) significantly differed between both groups at the latest follow-up. Moreover, significant correlations were observed between ICRS CRA grades and IKDC scores (negative correlation; p < 0.001) and WOMAC scores (positive correlation; p < 0.001) at the latest follow-up. Good cartilage status was found more frequently in knees with the desired range of 2° to 6° valgus correction than in those with corrections outside this range (p = 0.019). Conclusion. Second-look arthroscopic cartilage status correlated with clinical outcomes after MOHTO at intermediate-term follow-up, despite the relatively small clinical differences between groups. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2021;103-B(11):1686–1694

This animal study compares different methods of performing an osteotomy, including using an Erbium-doped Yttrium Aluminum Garnet laser, histologically, radiologically and biomechanically. A total of 24 New Zealand rabbits were divided into four groups (Group I: multihole-drilling; Group II: Gigli saw; Group III: electrical saw blade and Group IV: laser). A proximal transverse diaphyseal osteotomy was performed on the right tibias of the rabbits after the application of a circular external fixator. The rabbits were killed six weeks after the procedure, the operated tibias were resected and radiographs taken. . The specimens were tested biomechanically using three-point bending forces, and four tibias from each group were examined histologically. Outcome parameters were the biomechanical stability of the tibias as assessed by the failure to load and radiographic and histological examination of the osteotomy site. . The osteotomies healed in all specimens both radiographically and histologically. The differences in the mean radiographic (p = 0.568) and histological (p = 0.71) scores, and in the mean failure loads (p = 0.180) were not statistically significant between the groups. . Different methods of performing an osteotomy give similar quality of union. The laser osteotomy, which is not widely used in orthopaedics is an alternative to the current methods. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2015;97-B:1628–33

Abstract. Introduction. Tibial tubercle osteotomy (TTO) is a complex surgical procedure with a significant risk of complications, which include nonunion and tibial fracture. To determine whether an additional suture tape augmentation can provide better biomechanical stability compared with standard screw fixation. Methods. Five matched pairs of human cadaveric knees were divided into 2 groups: the first group underwent standard TTO fixation with 2 parallel screws. The second group underwent a novel fixation technique, in which a nonabsorbable suture tape (FiberTape) in a figure-of-8 construct was added to the standard screw fixation. Tubercular fragment migration of >50% of the initial distalization length was defined as clinical failure Tubercular fragment displacement during cyclic loading and pull-to-failure force were recorded and compared between the 2 groups. Results. The augmented group showed less cyclic tubercular fragment displacement after every load level compared with the standard group, with statistically significant differences starting from 500 N (P < .05; power > 0.8). Mean ± standard deviation tubercular fragment displacement at the end of cyclic loading was 2.56 ± 0.82 mm for the augmented group and 5.21 ± 0.51 mm for the standard group. Mean ultimate failure load after the pull-to-failure test was 2475 ± 554 N for the augmented group and 1475 ± 280 N for the standard group. Conclusion. The specimens that underwent suture tape augmentation showed less tubercular fragment displacement during cyclic loading and higher ultimate failure forces compared with those that underwent standard screw fixation

Aims. We aimed to investigate factors related to the technique of medial opening wedge high tibial osteotomy which might predispose to the development of a lateral hinge fracture. Patients and Methods. A total of 71 patients with 82 osteotomies were included in the study. Their mean age was 62.9 years (37 to 80). The classification of the type of osteotomy was based on whether it extended beyond the fibular head. The level of the osteotomy was classified according to the height of its endpoint. Results. At a mean follow-up of 20 months (6 to 52), a total of 15 lateral hinge fractures (18.3%) were identified. A sufficient osteotomy, in which both anterior and posterior tibial cortices were involved with extension into the lateral aspect of the plateau in relation to an anteroposterior line tangential to the medial edge of the fibular head in the CT axial plane, was seen in 48 knees (71.6%) in those without a lateral hinge fracture and in seven (46.7%) in those with a lateral hinge fracture. An osteotomy which ended above the level of the fibular head was seen in nine (13.4%) of the knees without a lateral hinge fracture and seven (46.7%) of the those with a lateral hinge fracture. There was a significant relationship between the absence of a lateral hinge fracture and both a sufficient osteotomy and one whose endpoint was at the level of the fibular head (p = 0.0451 and p = 0.0214, respectively). Conclusion. A sufficient osteotomy involving both the anterior and posterior cortices, whose endpoint is at the level of the fibular head, should be performed when undertaking a medial opening wedge high tibial osteotomy if a lateral hinge fracture is to be avoided as a complication. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2017;99-B:887–93

Abstract. Introduction. Surgery in patients with high body mass index (BMI) is more technically challenging and associated with increased complications post-operatively. Inferior clinical and functional mid-term results for high BMI patients undergoing high tibial osteotomy (HTO) relative to normal weight patients have been reported. This study discusses the clinical, radiological and functional outcomes of HTO surgery in patients with a high BMI. Method. This is a retrospective study on patients undergoing HTO surgery using the Tomofix anatomical MHT plate between 2017 and 2022, with follow-up period of up to 5 years. The cohort was divided: non-obese (BMI <30 kg/m2) and obese (BMI>30 kg/m2). Pre and post operative functional scores were collected: Oxford Knee Score (OKS), EuroQol-5D and Tegner. Complications, plate survivorship and Mikulicz point recorded. Results. 32 HTO procedures; 19 patients BMI <30 (average 27.0) and 14 patients BMI >30 (average 36.1). In BMI<30 cohort, one readmission for investigation of venous thromboembolism, doppler negative; two complications: hinge fracture and stitch abscess. The five year survivorship of the plate was 100%. In BMI>30 cohort, one readmission for pulmonary embolism; one complication: hinge fracture. The 5 year survivorship of the plate was 93%, 1 conversion to unicompartmental knee replacement. The average OKS improvement was 17 and 18 for BMI <30 and >30 respectively. Mikulicz point change was identical. Conclusion. The Tomofix anatomical MHT plate achieves good outcomes and minimal complications irrespective of BMI. Reduced plate survivorship, thus earlier conversion may be required in the obese, however higher cohort numbers are needed to confirm this