Aims. The aim of this study was to characterize the relationship between pre- and postoperative opioid use among patients undergoing common elective orthopaedic procedures. Patients and Methods. Pre- and postoperative opioid use were studied among patients from a national insurance database undergoing seven common orthopaedic procedures using univariate log-rank tests and multivariate Cox proportional hazards analyses. Results. A total of 98 769 patients were included; 35 701 patients were opioid-naïve, 11 621 used opioids continuously for six months before surgery, and 4558 used opioids continuously for at least six months but did not obtain any prescriptions in the three months before surgery. Among opioid-naïve patients, between 0.76% and 4.53% used opioids chronically postoperatively. Among chronic preoperative users, between 42% and 62% ceased chronic opioids postoperatively. A three-month opioid-free period preoperatively led to a rate of cessation of chronic opioid use between 82% and 93%, as compared with between 31% and 50% with continuous preoperative use (p < 0.001 for significant changes in opioid use before and after surgery in each procedure). Between 5.6 and 20.0 preoperative chronic users ceased chronic use for every new chronic opioid user. Risk factors for chronic postoperative use included chronic preoperative opioid use (odds ratio (OR) 4.84 to 39.75; p < 0.0001) and depression (OR 1.14 to 1.55; p < 0.05 except total hip arthroplasty). With a three-month opioid-free period before surgery, chronic preoperative opioids elevated the risk of chronic opioid use only mildly, if at all (OR 0.47 to 1.75; p < 0.05 for total shoulder arthroplasty, rotator cuff repair, and carpal tunnel release). Conclusion. Chronic preoperative opioid use increases the risk of chronic postoperative use, but an opioid-free period before surgery decreases this risk compared with continuous preoperative use. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2019;101-B:1570–1577

Emerging evidence suggests preoperative opioid use may increase the risk of negative outcomes following orthopedic procedures. This systematic review evaluated the impact of preoperative opioid use in patients undergoing shoulder surgery with respect to preoperative clinical outcomes, postoperative complications, and postoperative dependence on opioids. EMBASE, MEDLINE, CENTRAL, and CINAHL were searched from inception to April, 2021 for studies reporting preoperative opioid use and its effect on postoperative outcomes or opioid use. The search, data extraction and methodologic assessment were performed in duplicate for all included studies. Twenty-one studies with a total of 257,301 patients were included in the final synthesis. Of which, 17 were level III evidence. Of those, 51.5% of the patients reported pre-operative opioid use. Fourteen studies (66.7%) reported a higher likelihood of opioid use at follow-up among those used opioids preoperatively compared to preoperative opioid-naïve patients. Eight studies (38.1%) showed lower functional measurements and range of motion in opioid group compared to the non-opioid group post-operatively. Preoperative opioid use in patients undergoing shoulder surgeries is associated with lower functional scores and post-operative range of motion. Most concerning is preoperative opioid use may predict increased post-operative opioid requirements and potential for misuse in patients

Aims. The increase in prescription opioid misuse and dependence is now a public health crisis in the UK. It is recognized as a whole-person problem that involves both the medical and the psychosocial needs of patients. Analyzing aspects of pathophysiology, emotional health, and social wellbeing associated with persistent opioid use after injury may inform safe and effective alleviation of pain while minimizing risk of misuse or dependence. Our objectives were to investigate patient factors associated with opioid use two to four weeks and six to nine months after an upper limb fracture. Methods. A total of 734 patients recovering from an isolated upper limb fracture were recruited in this study. Opioid prescription was documented retrospectively for the period preceding the injury, and prospectively at the two- to four-week post-injury visit and six- to nine-month post-injury visit. Bivariate and multivariate analysis sought factors associated with opioid prescription from demographics, injury-specific data, Patient Reported Outcome Measurement Instrumentation System (PROMIS), Depression computer adaptive test (CAT), PROMIS Anxiety CAT, PROMIS Instrumental Support CAT, the Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS), the Pain Self-efficacy Questionnaire (PSEQ-2), Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia (TSK-11), and measures that investigate levels of social support. Results. A new prescription of opioids two to four weeks after injury was independently associated with less social support (odds ratio (OR) 0.26, p < 0.001), less instrumental support (OR 0.91, p < 0.001), and greater symptoms of anxiety (OR 1.1, p < 0.001). A new prescription of opioids six to nine months after injury was independently associated with less instrumental support (OR 0.9, p < 0.001) and greater symptoms of anxiety (OR 1.1, p < 0.001). Conclusion. This study demonstrates that potentially modifiable psychosocial factors are associated with increased acute and chronic opioid prescriptions following upper limb fracture. Surgeons prescribing opioids for upper limb fractures should be made aware of the screening and management of emotional and social health. Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2021;2(2):119–124

Aims. Currently, there is no single, comprehensive national guideline for analgesic strategies for total joint replacement. We compared inpatient and outpatient opioid requirements following total hip arthroplasty (THA) versus total knee arthroplasty (TKA) in order to determine risk factors for increased inpatient and outpatient opioid requirements following total hip or knee arthroplasty. Methods. Outcomes after 92 primary total knee (n = 49) and hip (n = 43) arthroplasties were analyzed. Patients with repeat surgery within 90 days were excluded. Opioid use was recorded while inpatient and 90 days postoperatively. Outcomes included total opioid use, refills, use beyond 90 days, and unplanned clinical encounters for uncontrolled pain. Multivariate modelling determined the effect of surgery, regional nerve block (RNB) or neuraxial anesthesia (NA), and non-opioid medications after adjusting for demographics, ength of stay, and baseline opioid use. Results. TKAs had higher daily inpatient opioid use than THAs (in 5 mg oxycodone pill equivalents: median 12.0 vs 7.0; p < 0.001), and greater 90 day use (median 224.0 vs 100.5; p < 0.001). Opioid refills were more likely in TKA (84% vs 33%; p < 0.001). Patient who underwent TKA had higher independent risk of opioid use beyond 90 days than THA (adjusted OR 7.64; 95% SE 1.23 to 47.5; p = 0.01). Inpatient opioid use 24 hours before discharge was the strongest independent predictor of 90-day opioid use (p < 0.001). Surgical procedure, demographics, and baseline opioid use have greater influence on in/outpatient opioid demand than RNB, NA, or non-opioid analgesics. Conclusion. Opioid use following TKA and THA is most strongly predicted by surgical and patient factors. TKA was associated with higher postoperative opioid requirements than THA. RNB and NA did not diminish total inpatient or 90-day postoperative opioid consumption. The use of acetaminophen, gabapentin, or NSAIDs did not significantly alter inpatient opioid requirements. Cite this article: Bone Joint Open 2020;1-7:398–404

Excessive postoperative opioid prescribing is a significant contributor to the opioid crisis. Prescribing in orthopaedic surgery is often further complicated by high use of opioid-based preoperative analgesia. ‘Opioid PrEscRiptions and usage After Surgery’ (OPERAS) is an international multicentre prospective student- and trainee-led collaborative study which aims to quantify the amount of opioids prescribed at discharge after common orthopaedic surgeries against what is consumed by patients at 7-days, and assess the impact of opioids on patient-reported outcomes. Data is being collected over 6 14-day periods on consecutive adult patients undergoing shoulder arthroplasty, rotator cuff repair, shoulder labral repair, anterior cruciate ligament repair, hip arthroplasty, and knee arthroplasty, with follow-up via telephone call at 7-days after discharge. The primary outcome is the proportion of oral morphine equivalents (OME) of prescribed opioids versus consumed opioids at 7-days post-discharge. This ongoing study is actively recruiting in over 20 countries. Globally, 65 centres are collecting orthopaedic, including 10 New Zealand centres and 17 Australian centres. To date, 284 orthopaedic patients have been prospectively enrolled with complete data (mean age 59.6 ± 16.7 years; 51.6% female). Overall, 77% and 89% of patients were prescribed opioids on discharge in New Zealand and Australia respectively. On average, 60% of prescribed opioids were consumed at 7-days post-discharge globally (150 OME (75-500) vs. 90 OME (15-200); p<0.01). In New Zealand and Australia, 42.1% (285 OME (150-584) vs. 120 OME (6-210); p<0.01) and 63.3% (150 OME (86-503) vs. 95 OME (28-221); p<0.01) of prescribed opioids were consumed at 7-days, respectively. OPERAS will provide the first high-quality global data on opioid prescription and consumption patterns with patient perspectives. These data can inform prescribing practice and inform guidelines. The growing interest in New Zealand and Australia in student- and trainee-led orthopaedic collaborative research, as evidenced by this study should be actively encouraged and fostered

There have been no studies assessing the acceptability of opioid tapering in the pre-arthroplasty setting. This qualitative study aimed to (1) explore barriers and facilitators to opioid tapering amongst patients with chronic non-cancer pain (CNCP), and (2) explore the similarities and differences in acceptability of opioid tapering between pre-arthroplasty patients and those participating in a biopsychosocial pain management program. From January 2021, adult participants diagnosed with CNCP and taking opioids daily (any dose at time of screening for a period of 3 months) were recruited from either Fairfield Orthopaedic Hip and Knee Service (FOHKS) or Liverpool Hospital Pain Clinic (LHPC). Semi-structured interviews underwent thematic analysis using the framework method. 17 participants were recruited (FOHKS, n=9, mean age 67, female 77%, LHPC, n=8, mean age 54, female 63%). Both groups had participants who; (i) were reluctant to use opioid medications and used them out of “necessity”, (ii) were reluctant to taper due to concerns of worsening pain, quality of life, (iii) believed opioids were “toxins” causing bodily harm. Some FOHKS participants believed tapering should be a post-operative focus, whilst others believed tapering opioids pre-operatively will assist in post-op pain management. Few LHPC participants felt dependent/addicted to opioids, thus driving their intention to taper opioids. The belief of tapering opioids causing worse pain was based on either previous experiences or concerns alone. Some FOHKS participants were more inclined to taper opioids if they were educated on the chronic and peri-operative risks associated with using opioids at time of arthroplasty. Opioid users recognise the harms associated with chronic opioid use and believe they are used out of desperation for adequate analgesia, function, and quality of life. Tapering opioids in the pre-arthroplasty context may need coupling with patient education highlighting the importance of opioid tapering pre-operatively

Up to 40% of patients are using opioids at the time of joint replacement surgery in the USA despite emerging evidence suggesting opioids are ineffective for chronic non-cancer pain. Our primary objective was to determine if preoperative opioid use among patient awaiting total knee arthroplasty (TKA) was associated with worse patient-reported outcomes (PRO) measures at one-year follow-up when compared to non-opioid users, after adjusting for age, gender, and comorbidities. The study linked Alberta's Pharmacy Information Network (PIN) data with prospectively collected Alberta Bone and Joint Health Repository administrative data (medical and PRO data) for patients who underwent primary TKA in Alberta from 2013–2015. The PIN contains prescribing information from physician offices and pharmacies across Alberta. Preoperative ‘opioid users’ were defined as having 90-days of consistent opioid use in the 180-days prior TKA, and ‘opioid-exposed’ subjects had recorded opioid prescriptions in the 180-days prior to TKA, but did not meet the definition of an opioid user. Those with no opioid-exposure in the 180-days pre-TKA were deemed a ‘non-opioid user’. We used multiple linear regression to examine how preoperative opioid use (opioid user, opioid-exposed, non-opioid user) impacted Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) pain and function scores at one year after TKA after adjusting for confounding variables. These included age, sex, preoperative WOMAC scores, comorbidities including depression, diabetes, obesity, stroke, pulmonary disease, renal disease, cardiac disease, liver disease, and overall comorbid burden. Of the 2182 unique cases identified, 151 (7%) were opioid users, 527 (24%) opioid-exposed and 1504 (69%) non-opioid user. Opioid users were more likely to be prescribed strong opioids (e.g., hydromorphone, oxycodone) compared to with opioid-exposed subjects (p < 0 .001) and had a median morphine equivalent dose of 30.7 mg/day compared with the opioid-exposed group (2.2 mg/day, p < 0 .001) in the 180-days prior to TKA. Opioid users, in the 180-days prior to TKA had an active opioid prescription for a mean duration of 153 days (95CI 149, 157) within the 180-days prior to TKA, compared to 34 days (95CI 32, 37) for opioid-exposed (p < 0 .001). In the parsimonious pain and function models, opioid use, lower preoperative WOMAC score, depression, and obesity were associated with worse one-year pain and function. Patients prescribed preoperative opioids had worse WOMAC scores one-year after TKA respectively when compared to non-opioid users, after adjusting for other factors (opioid user pain score: −9.5, function score: −9.4, opioid exposed pain score: −2.6, function score: −3.6, p < 0 .001 for all). Further, opioid users with a concomitant diagnosis of depression had significantly worse one-year postoperative WOMAC scores when compared to non-depressed non-opioid users (scores −14, p < 0 .001 for both pain and function). In Alberta, 31% of patients were prescribed opioids within 180-days before TKA, preoperative opioid use was associated with worse one-year postoperative WOMAC pain and function scores relative to non-opioid users. Our results suggest that strategies to reduce preoperative opioid use could improve patient outcomes after TKA, and support the most recent Canadian opioid prescribing guidelines that attempt to minimize opioid use for chronic conditions such as arthritis

In the Unites States, approximately 24% of people undergoing primary total knee or total hip arthroplasty (TKA, THA) are chronic opioid users pre-operatively. Few studies have examined the incidence of opioid use prior to TKA/THA and whether it predicts outcomes post-surgery in the Australian context. The aim was to determine: (i) the proportion of TKA and THA patients who use opioids regularly (daily) pre-surgery; (ii) if opioid use pre-surgery predicts (a) complication and readmission rates to 6-months post-surgery, (b) patient-reported outcomes to 6-months post-surgery. A retrospective cohort study was undertaken utilising linked individual patient-level data from two independent databases comprising approximately 3500 people. Patients had surgery between January 2013 and June 2018, inclusive at Fairfield and Bowral Hospitals. Following data linkage, analysis was completed on 1185 study participants (64% female, 69% TKA, mean age 67 (9.9)). 30% were using regular opioids pre-operatively. Unadjusted analyses resulted in the following rates in those who . were. vs . were not. using opioids pre-operatively (respectively); acute adverse events (39.1% vs 38.6%), acute significant adverse events (5.3% vs 5.7%), late adverse events: (6.9% vs 6.6%), total significant adverse events: (12.5% vs 12.4%), discharge to inpatient rehab (86.4% vs 88.6%), length of hospital stay (5.9 (3.0) vs 5.6 (3.0) days), 6-month post-op Oxford Score (38.8 (8.9) vs 39.5 (7.9)), 6 months post-op EQ-VAS (71.7 (20.2) vs 76.7 (18.2), p<0.001), success post-op described as “much better” (80.2% vs 81.3%). Adjusted regression analyses controlling for multiple co-variates indicated no significant association between pre-op opioid use and adverse events/patient-reported outcomes. Pre-operative opioid use was high amongst this Australian arthroplasty cohort and was not associated with increased risk of adverse events post-operatively. Further research is needed in assessing the relationship between the amount of pre-op opioid use and the risk of post-operative adverse events

Canada is second only to the United States worldwide in the number of opioid prescriptions per capita. Despite this, little is known about prescription patterns for patients undergoing total joint arthroplasty (TJA). The purpose of this study was to detail preoperative opioid use patterns and investigate the effect it has on perioperative quality outcomes in patients undergoing elective total hip and total knee arthroplasty surgery (THA and TKA). The study cohort was constructed from hospital Discharge Abstract Data (DAD) and National Ambulatory Care Reporting System (NACRS) data, using Canadian Classification of Health Intervention codes to select all primary THA and TKA procedures from 2017-2020 in Nova Scotia. Opioid use was defined as any prescription filled at discharge as identified in the Nova Scotia Drug Information System (DIS). Emergency Department (ED) and Family Doctor (FD) visits for pain were ascertained from Physician Claims data. Multivariate logistic regression was used to test for associations controlling for confounders. Chi-squared statistics at 95% confidence level used to test for statistical significance. In total, 14,819 TJA patients were analysed and 4306 patients (29.0%) had at least one opioid prescription in the year prior to surgery. Overall, there was no significant difference noted in preoperative opiate use between patients undergoing TKA vs THA (28.8% vs 29.4%). During the period 2017-2019 we observed a declining year-on-year trend in preoperative opiate use. Interestingly, this trend failed to continue into 2020, where preoperative opiate use was observed to increase by 15% and exceeded 2017 levels. Within the first 90 days of discharge, 22.9% of TKA and 20.9% of THA patients presented to the ED or their FD with pain related issues. Preoperative opiate use was found to be a statistically significant predictor for these presentations (TKA: odds ratio [OR], 1.45; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.29 to 1.62; THA: OR, 1.46; 95% CI, 1.28 to 1.65). Preoperative opioid consumption in TJA remains high, and is independently associated with a higher risk of 90 day return to the FD or ED. The widespread dissemination of opioid reduction strategies introduced during the middle of the last decade may have reduced preoperative opiate utilisation. Access barriers and practice changes due to the COVID-19 pandemic may now have annulled this effect

The incidence of total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA) in increasing. Evidence in primary hip and knee arthroplasty suggest that preoperative opioid use is a risk factor for postoperative complication. This relationship in TSA is unknown. The purpose of this study was to investigate this relationship. The Truven Marketscan claims database was used to identify patients who underwent a TSA and were enrolled for 1-year pre- and post-operatively. Preoperative opioid use status was used to divide patients into cohorts based on the number of preoperative prescriptions received. An ‘opioid holiday’ group (patients with a preoperative, 6-month opioid naïve period after chronic use) was also included. Patient information and complication data was collected. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression were then performed. Fifty-six percent of identified patients received preoperative opioids. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that patients on continuous preoperative opioids (compared to opioid naïve) had higher odds of: infection (OR 2.34, 95%CI 1.62–3.36, p<0.001), wound complication (OR 1.97, 95%CI 1.18–3.27, p=0.009), any prosthetic complication (OR 2.62, 95%CI 2.2–3.13, p<0.001), and thromboembolic event (OR 1.42, 95%CI 1.11–1.83, p=0.006). The same group had higher healthcare utilization including extended length of stay, non-home discharge, readmission, and emergency department visits (p<0.001). This risk was reduced by a preoperative opioid holiday. Opioid use prior to TSA is common and is associated with increased complications and healthcare utilization. This increased risk is modifiable, as a preoperative opioid holiday significantly reduced postoperative risk. Therefore, preoperative opioid use represents a modifiable risk factor

The United States is in the midst of an opioid epidemic, with the World Health Organization reporting that American's consume 99% of the world's supply of hydrocodone and 83% of the world's oxycodone. Additionally, pre-operative opioid use has been associated with worse clinical outcomes and higher rates of complications following TKA. This is especially important in the TKA population given that approximately 15% of patients are either dissatisfied or very dissatisfied at least one year after their TKA procedure. Given the concerning rise is opioid use the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS) has recently released an information statement with practice recommendations for combating this excessive and inappropriate opiate use. However, little is known regarding peri-operative opioid use for TKA patients. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to: 1) identify rates of opioid use prior to primary TKA, 2) evaluate post-operative trends in opioid use throughout the year following TKA and 3) identify risk factors for prolonged opioid use following TKA. Overall, 31% of TKA patients are prescribed opioids within 3-months prior to TKA; this percentage has increased over 9% during the years included in this study. Pre-operative opioid use was most predictive of increased refills of opioids following TKA, however, other intrinsic patient characteristics were also predictive of prolonged opioid use. These characteristics remained predictive after controlling for opioid user status. The increasing rates of opioid prescribing prior to TKA are concerning, especially given literature concluding opioids have minimal effect on pain or function in patients with osteoarthritis and pre-operative opioid use is associated with poor outcomes and more complications following TKA. This data provides an important baseline for opioid use trends following TKA that can be used for future comparison and identifies risk factors for prolonged use that will be helpful to prescribers as the AAOS works to decreased opioid use, misuse and abuse within the United States. Our data on THA and unicompartmental arthroplasty is similar with an increase in pre-THA use of 9% with 38% receiving narcotics within 3 months of surgery and continued use in opioid users (9 times non-opioid users at 12 months)

Up to 40% of patients are using opioids at the time of joint replacement surgery in the USA despite emerging evidence suggesting opioids are ineffective for chronic non-cancer pain. Our primary objective was to determine if preoperative opioid use among patient awaiting total knee arthroplasty (TKA) was associated with worse patient-reported outcomes (PRO) measures at one-year follow-up when compared to non-opioid users, after adjusting for age, gender, and comorbidities. The study linked Alberta's Pharmacy Information Network (PIN) data with prospectively collected Alberta Bone and Joint Health Repository administrative data (medical and PRO data) for patients who underwent primary TKA in Alberta from 2013–2015. The PIN contains prescribing information from physician offices and pharmacies across Alberta. Preoperative ‘opioid users’ were defined as having 90-days of consistent opioid use in the 180-days prior TKA, and ‘opioid-exposed’ subjects had recorded opioid prescriptions in the 180-days prior to TKA, but did not meet the definition of an opioid user. Those with no opioid-exposure in the 180-days pre-TKA were deemed a ‘non-opioid user’. We used multiple linear regression to examine how preoperative opioid use (opioid user, opioid-exposed, non-opioid user) impacted Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) pain and function scores at one year after TKA after adjusting for confounding variables. These included age, sex, preoperative WOMAC scores, comorbidities including depression, diabetes, obesity, stroke, pulmonary disease, renal disease, cardiac disease, liver disease, and overall comorbid burden. Of the 2182 unique cases identified, 151 (7%) were opioid users, 527 (24%) opioid-exposed and 1504 (69%) non-opioid user. Opioid users were more likely to be prescribed strong opioids (e.g., hydromorphone, oxycodone) compared to with opioid-exposed subjects (p < 0 .001) and had a median morphine equivalent dose of 30.7 mg/day compared with the opioid-exposed group (2.2 mg/day, p < 0 .001) in the 180-days prior to TKA. Opioid users, in the 180-days prior to TKA had an active opioid prescription for a mean duration of 153 days (95CI 149, 157) within the 180-days prior to TKA, compared to 34 days (95CI 32, 37) for opioid-exposed (p < 0 .001). In the parsimonious pain and function models, opioid use, lower preoperative WOMAC score, depression, and obesity were associated with worse one-year pain and function. Patients prescribed preoperative opioids had worse WOMAC scores one-year after TKA respectively when compared to non-opioid users, after adjusting for other factors (opioid user pain score: −9.5, function score: −9.4, opioid exposed pain score: −2.6, function score: −3.6, p < 0 .001 for all). Further, opioid users with a concomitant diagnosis of depression had significantly worse one-year postoperative WOMAC scores when compared to non-depressed non-opioid users (scores −14, p < 0 .001 for both pain and function). In Alberta, 31% of patients were prescribed opioids within 180-days before TKA, preoperative opioid use was associated with worse one-year postoperative WOMAC pain and function scores relative to non-opioid users. Our results suggest that strategies to reduce preoperative opioid use could improve patient outcomes after TKA, and support the most recent Canadian opioid prescribing guidelines that attempt to minimize opioid use for chronic conditions such as arthritis

The United States is in the midst of an opioid epidemic, with the World Health Organization reporting that American's consume 99% of the world's supply of hydrocodone and 83% of the world's oxycodone. Additionally, pre-operative opioid use has been associated with worse clinical outcomes and higher rates of complications following total knee arthroplasty (TKA). This is especially important in the TKA population given that approximately 15% of patients are either dissatisfied or very dissatisfied at least one year after their TKA procedure. Given the concerning rise in opioid use the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS) has recently released an information statement with practice recommendations for combating this excessive and inappropriate opiate use. However, little is known regarding peri-operative opioid use for TKA patients. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to: 1) identify rates of opioid use prior to primary TKA, 2) evaluate post-operative trends in opioid use throughout the year following TKA and 3) identify risk factors for prolonged opioid use following TKA. Overall, 31% of TKA patients are prescribed opioids within 3-months prior to TKA; this percentage has increased over 9% during the years included in this study. Pre-operative opioid use was most predictive of increased refills of opioids following TKA, however, other intrinsic patient characteristics were also predictive of prolonged opioid use. These characteristics remained predictive after controlling for opioid user status. The increasing rates of opioid prescribing prior to TKA are concerning, especially given literature concluding opioids have minimal effect on pain or function in patients with osteoarthritis and pre-operative opioid use is associated with poor outcomes and more complications following TKA. This data provides an important baseline for opioid use trends following TKA that can be used for future comparison and identifies risk factors for prolonged use that will be helpful to prescribers as the AAOS works to decreased opioid use, misuse and abuse within the United States

Despite the widespread success of total hip arthroplasty (THA), postoperative pain management remains a concern. Opioids have classically been administered for pain relief after THA, but their side effect profile, in addition to the cognizance of the growing opioid epidemic, has incited a shift toward alternative pain modalities. Although the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) diclofenac is a promising addition, its impact on immediate THA outcomes has not previously been investigated. Thus, in the present study, we evaluate the effects of adjunctive diclofenac on: 1) postoperative pain intensity, 2) opioid consumption, 3) discharge destination, 4) length of stay, and 5) patient satisfaction in primary THA patients. A retrospective review was performed to identify all patients who underwent primary THA by a single surgeon between May 1 and September 31, 2017. Patients were stratified into a study group (n=25), who were treated with postoperative diclofenac in addition to the standard pain control regimen, and a control group (n=88), who did not receive adjunctive diclofenac. Repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA)/analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) and chi-square/logistic regression analysis were used for continuous and categorical variables, respectively. Patients receiving adjunctive diclofenac were more likely to be discharged home than to inpatient facilities (O.R. 4.02, p=0.049). In addition, patient satisfaction with respect to how well and how often pain was controlled (p= 0.0436 and p=0.0217, respectively) was significantly greater in the diclofenac group. Finally, patients who received diclofenac had lower opioid consumption on postoperative days one and two (−67.2 and −129 mg, respectively, p=0.001 for both). The rapid growth of THA as an outpatient procedure has intensified the urgency of improving postoperative pain management. The present study demonstrates that THA patients receiving adjunctive diclofenac were more likely to be discharged home, had reduced opioid consumption, and experienced greater satisfaction. This will, in turn, decrease complications and total hospital costs, leading to a more cost-effective pain control regimen. In order to further investigate the optimal regimen, future studies comprising larger cohort, as well as a comparison of diclofenac to other NSAIDs, are warranted

Orthopaedic surgeons prescribe more opioids than any other surgical speciality. Opioids remain the analgesic of choice following arthroscopic knee and shoulder surgery. There is growing evidence that opioid-sparing protocols may reduce postoperative opioid consumption while adequately addressing patients’ pain. However, there are a lack of prospective, comparative trials evaluating their effectiveness. The objective of the current randomized controlled trial (RCT) was to evaluate the efficacy of a multi-modal, opioid-sparing approach to postoperative pain management in patients undergoing arthroscopic shoulder and knee surgery. The NO PAin trial is a pragmatic, definitive RCT (NCT04566250) enrolling 200 adult patients undergoing outpatient shoulder or knee arthroscopy. Patients are randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to an opioid-sparing group or standard of care. The opioid-sparing group receives a three-pronged prescription package consisting of 1) a non-opioid prescription: naproxen, acetaminophen and pantoprazole, 2) a limited opioid “rescue prescription” of hydromorphone, and 3) a patient education infographic. The control group is the current standard of care as per the treating surgeon, which consists of an opioid analgesic. The primary outcome of interest is oral morphine equivalent (OME) consumption up to 6 weeks postoperatively. The secondary outcomes are postoperative pain scores, patient satisfaction, quantity of OMEs prescribed and number of opioid refills. Patients are followed at both 2 and 6 weeks postoperatively. Data analysts and outcome assessors are blinded to the treatment groups. As of December 1, 2021 we have enrolled 166 patients, reaching 83% of target enrolment. Based on the current recruitment rate, we anticipate that enrolment will be completed by the end of January 2022 with final follow-up and study close out completed by March of 2022. The final results will be released at the Canadian Orthopaedic Association Meeting in June 2022 and be presented as follows. The mean difference in OME consumption was XX (95%CI: YY-YY, p=X). The mean difference in OMEs prescribed was XX (95%CI: YY-YY, p=X). The mean difference in Visual Analogue Pain Scores (VAS) and patient satisfaction are XX (95%CI: YY-YY, p=X). The absolute difference in opioid refills was XX (95%CI: YY-YY, p=X). The results of the current study will demonstrate whether an opioid sparing approach to postoperative outpatient pain management is effective at reducing opioid consumption while adequately addressing postoperative pain in patients undergoing outpatient shoulder and knee arthroscopy. This study is novel in the field of arthroscopic surgery, and its results will help to guide appropriate postoperative analgesic management following these widely performed procedures

Orthopaedic surgeons prescribe more opioids than any other surgical speciality. Opioids remain the analgesic of choice following arthroscopic knee and shoulder surgery. There is growing evidence that opioid-sparing protocols may reduce postoperative opioid consumption while adequately addressing patients’ pain. However, there are a lack of prospective, comparative trials evaluating their effectiveness. The objective of the current randomized controlled trial (RCT) was to evaluate the efficacy of a multi-modal, opioid-sparing approach to postoperative pain management in patients undergoing arthroscopic shoulder and knee surgery. The NO PAin trial is a pragmatic, definitive RCT (NCT04566250) enrolling 200 adult patients undergoing outpatient shoulder or knee arthroscopy. Patients are randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to an opioid-sparing group or standard of care. The opioid-sparing group receives a three-pronged prescription package consisting of 1) a non-opioid prescription: naproxen, acetaminophen and pantoprazole, 2) a limited opioid “rescue prescription” of hydromorphone, and 3) a patient education infographic. The control group is the current standard of care as per the treating surgeon, which consists of an opioid analgesic. The primary outcome of interest is oral morphine equivalent (OME) consumption up to 6 weeks postoperatively. The secondary outcomes are postoperative pain scores, patient satisfaction, quantity of OMEs prescribed and number of opioid refills. Patients are followed at both 2 and 6 weeks postoperatively. Data analysts and outcome assessors are blinded to the treatment groups. As of December 1, 2021 we have enrolled 166 patients, reaching 83% of target enrolment. Based on the current recruitment rate, we anticipate that enrolment will be completed by the end of January 2022 with final follow-up and study close out completed by March of 2022. The final results will be released at the Canadian Orthopaedic Association Meeting in June 2022 and be presented as follows. The mean difference in OME consumption was XX (95%CI: YY-YY, p=X). The mean difference in OMEs prescribed was XX (95%CI: YY-YY, p=X). The mean difference in Visual Analogue Pain Scores (VAS) and patient satisfaction are XX (95%CI: YY-YY, p=X). The absolute difference in opioid refills was XX (95%CI: YY-YY, p=X). The results of the current study will demonstrate whether an opioid sparing approach to postoperative outpatient pain management is effective at reducing opioid consumption while adequately addressing postoperative pain in patients undergoing outpatient shoulder and knee arthroscopy. This study is novel in the field of arthroscopic surgery, and its results will help to guide appropriate postoperative analgesic management following these widely performed procedures

Ankle fractures are common orthopedic injuries, often requiring operative intervention to restore joint stability, improve alignment, and reduce the risk of post-traumatic ankle arthritis. However, ankle fracture surgeries (AFSs) are associated with significant postoperative pain, typically requiring postoperative opioid analgesics. In addition to putting patients at risk of opioid dependence, the adverse effects of opioids include nausea, vomiting, and altered mental status which may delay recovery. Peripheral nerve blocks (PNBs) offer notable benefits to the postoperative pain profile when compared to general or spinal anaesthesia alone and may help improve recovery. The primary objective of this quality improvement (QI) study was to increase PNB administration for AFS at our institution to above 50% by January 2021. A root cause analysis was performed by a multidisciplinary team to identify barriers for PNB administration. Four interventions were chosen & implemented: recruitment and training of expert anesthesiologists in regional anesthesia techniques, procurement of additional ultrasound machines, implementation of a dedicated block room with training to create an enhanced learning environment, and the development of an educational pamphlet for patients outlining strategies to manage rebound pain, instructions around the use of oral multimodal analgesia, and the potential for transient motor block of the leg. The primary outcome was the percentage of patients who received PNB for AFS. Secondary outcome measures included total hospitalization length of stay (LOS), post-anesthesia care unit (PACU) and 24-hour postoperative opioid consumption (mean oral morphine equivalent [OME]), proportion of patients requiring opioid analgesic in PACU, and proportion of patients experiencing post-operative nausea and/or vomiting (PONV) requiring antiemetic in PACU. Thirty-day post-operative emergency department (ED) visits were collected as a balance measure. The groups receiving PNB and not receiving PNB included 78 & 157 patients, respectively, with no significant differences in age, gender, or ASA class between groups. PNB administration increased from less than 10% to 53% following implementation of the improvement bundle. Mean total hospital LOS did not vary significantly across the PNB and no PNB groups (1.04 days vs. 1.42 days, P = 0.410). Both mean PACU and mean 24-hour postoperative opioid analgesic consumption was significantly lower in the PNB group compared to the no PNB group (OME in PACU 38.96mg vs. 55.42mg [P = 0.001]; 24-hour OME 44.74mg vs. 37.71mg [P = .008]). A greater proportion of patients in the PNB group did not require any PACU opioid analgesics compared to those in the no PNB group (62.8% vs. 27.4%, P < 0.001). The proportion of patients experiencing PONV and requiring antiemetic both in the PACU did not vary significantly across groups. Thirty-day postoperative ED visits did not vary significantly across groups. By performing a root cause analysis and implementing a multidisciplinary, patient-centered QI bundle, we achieved significant increases in PNB administration for AFS. As a result, there were significant improvements in the recovery of patients following AFS, specifically reduced use of postoperative opioid analgesia. This multi-faceted approach provides a framework for an individualized QI approach to increase PNB administration and achieve improved patient outcomes following AFS

Cryocompression therapy is a non-invasive and non-pharmacological modality used in managing acute post-operative inflammation and pain. A prospective, randomised controlled trial (RCT) was undertaken to evaluate the effectiveness of a post-operative cryocompression protocol using the Game Ready™ (GR) device versus usual care on recovery following total knee arthroplasty (TKA). A single centre RCT was conducted with 70 TKAs (68 patients) randomised to a 2-week intervention period consisting of treatment with GR cryocompression (n=33, 33.3% males) or a usual care protocol of ice with static compression using tubigrip (n=35, 54.3% males). Knee range of movement (ROM) (flexion and extension), a visual analogue pain score (VAS) and limb circumference were documented at day 1, 2 and 14, as well as 6 and 12 weeks post-surgery. ROM was also recorded at day 90, while medication use and length of hospital stay were documented. Patient reported outcome measures (PROMs) including the KOOS and patient satisfaction questionnaire were employed. The GR group demonstrated 2.3° more (p=0.05) knee extension ROM overall, as well as 2. 8° more at day 1 (p=0.048), 3.8° at day 14 (p=0.007) and 5.4° at 3 months (p=0.017). There were no group differences (p>0.05) observed in pain (VAS), flexion ROM, limb circumference, opioid use or other PROMs. Across the full cohort, higher pain levels resulted in increased opioid intake (p=0.002), older patients used significantly less opioids (p<0.001) and males reported significantly less pain (VAS) than females (p=0.048). Using GR following TKA is a safe, non-invasive tool that can be used to aid in the post-operative recovery period. Patients using the GR cryocompression device gained significantly more extension ROM compared to the conventional ice with compression group, despite no other group differences

Regional anaesthesia is integral to best practice analgesia for patients with neck of femur fractures (NOFFs). These patients are generally frail and are vulnerable to side effects of opioid analgesia. Femoral nerve block (FNB) or fascia-iliaca block (FIB) can reduce opioid requirement. Literature supports good efficacy for extra-capsular NOFFs however it is acknowledged to be suboptimal for intracapsular fractures. We present a novel technique, using point of care ultrasound guidance to perform hip ultrasound guided haematoma (HUSH) aspiration, and injection of local anaesthetic (block) for intracapsular NOFFs. This a case control series. A consecutive series of cognitively intact patients, with an isolated intra-capsular NOFF, received a HUSH block using 10mls of 0.75% Ropivicaine. Haematoma was aspirated and volume recorded. This was performed in addition to standard NOFF pathway analgesia that includes a FIB and multimodal analgesia including opioids. Visual Analogue Scale (VAS)pain scores at rest and on movement were recorded pre and post procedure as well as combined morphine equivalent units administered post HUSH block. The control arm was a retrospective group of similar patients who followed the routine care pathway including a FIB. VAS pain scores from observation charts and usage of morphine equivalent units were calculated. Ten patients consented to receive HUSH blocks and we included thirty-eight patients in our control series. The HUSH block group showed mean VAS pain score of 4.2/10 at rest and 8.6 on movement prior to block. In the time after the block, VAS pain scores reduced to 1.5 at rest (p=0.007) and 3.1 on movement (p=0.0001) with a mean total morphine equivalent use of 8.75mg. This is significantly different from the control group's mean VAS pain at rest score 6.9 (p=0.0001) and 24.1mg total morphine equivalent (p=0.07). HUSH Block in addition to fascia iliaca block appears to significantly better pain relief in intracapsular neck of femur fracture patients when compared to fascia iliaca block alone. We believe it is relatively easy to perform with readily available ultrasound scanners in emergency departments

Introduction. Despite the widespread use of opioids for pain control in post-operative joint arthroplasty patients, data regarding actual opioid consumption in opioid-naive patients during the recovery period are limited. We sought to determine postoperative opioid consumption for opioid-naïve patients undergoing total knee and hip arthroplasty (THA and TKA) procedures. Methods. The study cohort consisted of 55 patients (29 females, 26 males) who underwent either primary unilateral TKA (n=28) or THA (n=27). Prior to discharge, patients were provided with a medication log on which to track daily consumption of pain medicine. Patients were asked to provide details regarding the type of pain medication, quantity and frequency of use, and pain score at the time of use. Patients were contacted weekly by a member of the study team to monitor compliance. Specific opioid prescription information was acquired for each subject using their electronic medical record. Subjects returned the completed logs once they ceased opioid use post-operatively. Daily quantity was converted to daily Morphine Equivalent Dose (MED). Average daily, weekly, and total post-operative use was calculated for all opioid data variables. Descriptive statistics (mean, frequency, deviation) were used to analyze opioid data. All dependent variables were compared between TKA and THA patients using separate independent samples t-tests or Chi-square tests. Results. Overall, patients undergoing joint arthroplasty procedures were prescribed an average of 66.8±44.6 opioid pills during the post-operative period, with higher prescribed amounts for TKA patients compared to THA patients (42.5±8.7 vs. 86.6±51.9; p=0.01). However, patients reported consuming only an average of 31.1±36.8 pills for a total of 214.1±259.5 MED during the post-operative period, with higher consumption for TKA versus THA patients (100.5±112.2 vs. 323.6±311.8;p=0.005). The median number of unused pills was 32 for TKA patients and 27.5 for THA patients. Patients reported an average pain score of 4.3 at the time of consumption and stated that pain relief lasted an average of 4.9 hours. TKA patients reported higher pain scores compared to THA patients (p=0.032). On average, patients ceased opioid usage at 14.5±7.5 days post-operatively, with no patients requiring opioids past 31 days post-surgery. There were 13 patients (8 THA, 5 TKA) who utilized only acetaminophen for pain control, stating that they did not require opioids for pain management. Conclusion. Following total joint arthroplasty, patients consume an average of 31 opioid pills postoperatively, which is less than half of the average prescription quantity. Given the current opioid crisis in society, reducing the number of unused opioids is imperative. Our data show that opioid requirements for pain management following arthroplasty procedures are well below prescription rates. Our results can be used to help develop standardized opioid prescribing guidelines following joint replacement and help educate patients on proper pain control