Introduction and Objective. Objectives: To determine the effectiveness of LIA compared to ACB in providing pain relief and reducing opiates usage in hamstring graft ACL reconstructions. Materials and Methods. In a consecutive series of hamstring graft ACL reconstructions, patients received three different regional and/or anaesthetic techniques for pain relief. Three groups were studied: group 1: general anaesthetic (GA)+ ACB (n=38); group 2: GA + ACB + LIA (n=31) and group 3: GA+LIA (n=36). ACB was given under ultrasound guidance. LIA involved infiltration at skin incision site, capsule, periosteum and in the hamstring harvest tunnel. Analgesic medications were similar between the three groups as per standard multimodal analgesia (MMA). Patients were similar in demographics distribution and surgical technique. The postoperative pain and total morphine requirements were evaluated and recorded. The postoperative pain was assessed using the visual analogue scores (VAS) at 0hrs, 2hrs, 4hrs, weight bearing (WB) and discharge (DC). Results. There was no statistically significant difference in opiates intake amongst the three groups. When comparing VAS scores; there were no statistical difference between the groups at any of the time intervals that VAS was measured. However, the GA+LIA group hospital's LOS (m=2.31hrs, SD=0.75) was almost half that of GA+ACB group (m=4.24hrs, SD=1.08); (conditions t(72)=8.88; p=0.000). There was no statistical significance in the incidence of adverse effects amongst the groups. Conclusions. The LIA technique provided equally good pain relief following hamstring graft ACL reconstructions when compared to ACB, while allowing for earlier rehabilitation, mobilisation and discharge

To address the current challenge of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction, this study is the first to fabricate a braided collagen rope (BCR) which mimics native hamstring for ACL reconstruction. The study aims to evaluate the biological and biomechanical properties of BCR both in vivo and vitro. Rabbit ACL reconstruction model using collagen rope and autograft (hamstring tendon) was conducted. The histological and biomechanical evaluations were conducted at 6-, 12-, 18, 26-week post-operation. In vitro study included cell morphology analysis, cell function evaluation and RNA sequencing of the tenocytes cultured on BCR. A cadaver study was also conducted to verify the feasibility of BCR for ACL reconstruction. BCR displays satisfactory mechanical strength similar to hamstring graft for ACL reconstruction in rabbit. Histological assessment showed BCR restore ACL morphology at 26 weeks similar to native ACL. The superior dynamic ligamentization in BCR over autograft group was evidenced by assessment of cell and collagen morphology and orientation. The in vitro study showed that the natural collagen fibres within BCR enables to signal the morphology adaptation and orientation of human tenocytes in bioreactor. BCR enables to enhance cell proliferation and tenogenic expression of tenocytes as compared to hydrolysed collagen. We performed an RNA-Sequencing (RNA-seq) experiment where RNA was extracted from tenocyte seeded with BCR. Analysis of enriched pathways of the up-regulated genes revealed that the most enriched pathways were the Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF1A) regulated networks, implicating the possible mechanism BCR induced ACL regeneration. The subsequent cadaver study was conducted to proof the feasibility of BCR for ACL reconstruction. This study demonstrated the proof-of-concept of bio-textile braided collagen rope for ACL reconstruction, and the mechanism by which BCR induces natural collagen fibres that positively regulate morphology and function of tenocytes

Anterior cruciate ligament injury is the most common and economically costly sport injuries, frequently requiring expensive surgery and rehabilitation. Post-operative knee septic arthritis represents a serious complication with an incidence rate between 0.14% and 1.7%. A common practice to avoid septic arthritis is the “vancomycin wrap”, consisting in the soaking of the graft for 10–15 minutes within a sterile gauze swab previously saturated with 5 mg/mL vancomycin. Even though several studies have been conducted to investigate vancomycin toxicity on different musculoskeletal tissues or cells, little is known about the effect of such antimicrobial on tendon-derived cells. The aim of this study was to determine the in vitro toxicity of different concentrations of vancomycin at different time points on human primary tenocytes (hTCs). hTCs were isolated from hamstring grafts of patients undergoing anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. After expansion, cells were treated with different concentrations of vancomycin (2.5, 5, 10, 25, 50 and 100 mg/mL) for 10, 15, 30 and 60 minutes. In vitro toxicity was evaluated measuring: metabolic activity through the reduction of 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT Assay); cytotoxicity (Live/Dead assay); and cell apoptosis (Annexin V apoptosis kit). The metabolic activity of hTCs was affected by vancomycin treatment starting from 10 mg/mL at all time points (p < 0.05) and dropped down at 100 mg/mL at all time points (0.05 < p < 0.001). Cells viability resulted to be unaffected only by 2.5 mg/mL vancomycin at all time points. Vancomycin resulted to be cytotoxic starting from 10 mg/mL after 15 minutes of treatment and at all higher concentrations under study at all time points. Cells died when treated with vancomycin concentrations higher than 5 mg/mL but not through apoptosis, as confirmed by negative staining for Annexin V. In our experimental conditions, vancomycin resulted to be toxic on hTCs at concentrations higher than 5 mg/mL. The use of this antibiotic on tendons to prevent infections could be useful and safe for resident cells if used at a concentration of 2.5 mg/mL up to 1 hour of treatment

Introduction. Autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI) is contra-indicated in a joint rendered unstable by a ruptured anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). We present our experience of ACI repair with ACL reconstruction. Methods. Patients underwent arthroscopic examination and cartilage harvesting of the knee. A second operation was undertaken approximately six weeks later to repair the ruptured ACL with hamstring graft or Bone patella-Bone (BPB) and to implant the chondrocytes via formal arthrotomy. Three groups were assessed: Group 1: Simultaneous ACL Reconstruction and ACI; Group 2: Previous ACL Reconstruction with subsequent ACI repair; Group 3: Previously proven partial or complete ACL rupture, deemed stable and not treated with reconstruction with ACI procedure subsequently. Patients then underwent a graduated rehabilitation program and were reviewed using three functional measurements: Bentley functional scale, the modified Cincinnati rating system, and pain measured on a visual analogue scale. All patients also underwent formal clinical examination at review. Results. Those who underwent simultaneous ACL Reconstruction and ACI had a 47% improvement in Bentley functional scale, 36% improvement in visual analogue score and 38% improvement in the modified Cincinnati rating system. This is in contrast to only a 15% improvement in the modified Cincinnati rating system, 30% improvement in Bentley functional scale, and 32% improvement in visual analogue score in patients who had ACI repair after previous ACL reconstruction. 68% of patients who had the procedures simultaneously rated their outcome as excellent/good and 27% felt it was a failure. In contrast 38% of patients rated their outcome as a failure if they had ACI repair without reconstruction of ACL rupture. Conclusion. Symptomatic cartilage defects and ACL deficiency may co-exist in many patients and represent a treatment challenge. Our results suggest that a combined ACL and ACI repair is a viable option in this group of patients and should reduce the anaesthetic and operative risks of a two-stage repair. Patients with complete rupture of ACL despite being deemed stable performed poorly at review and our study suggests all complete ruptures regardless of stability should be treated with a reconstruction when performing an autologous chondrocyte implantation

The healing of a hamstring graft to bone is the weak link in the reconstruction of a cruciate ligament using this donor material. We therefore investigated the augmentation of healing at the tendon-bone interface using calcium-phosphate cement (CPC). We performed semitendinosus autograft reconstructions of the anterior cruciate ligament on both knees of 22 New Zealand white rabbits. The interface between the grafted tendon and the bone tunnel for one knee was filled with CPC. Six rabbits were killed at the end of the first and second post-operative weeks in order to evaluate the biomechanical changes. Two rabbits were then killed sequentially at the end of weeks 1, 3, 6, 12 and 24 after operation and tissue removed for serial histological observation. Histological examination showed that the use of CPC produced early, diffuse and massive bone ingrowth. By contrast, in the non-CPC group of rabbits only a thin layer of new bone was seen. Mechanical pull-out testing at one week showed that the mean maximal tensile strength was 6.505 ± 1.333 N for the CPC group and 2.048 ± 0.950 N for the non-CPC group. At two weeks the values were 11.491 ± 2.865 N and 5.452 ± 3.955 N, respectively. Our findings indicate that CPC is a potentially promising material in clinical practice as regards its ability to reinforce the fixation of the tendon attachment to bone and to augment the overall effectiveness of tendon healing to bone

The purpose of this anatomical study was to explore the morphological variations of the semitendinosus and gracilis tendons in length and cross-section and the statistical relationship between length, cross-section, and body height.

We studied the legs of 93 humans in 136 cadavers. In 43 specimens (46.2%) it was possible to harvest the tendons from both legs.

We found considerable differences in the length and cross-section of the semitendinosus and the gracilis tendons with a significant correlation between the two. A correlation between the length of the femur, reflecting height, and the length of the tendons was only observed in specimens harvested from women. The reason for this gender difference was unclear. Additionally, there was a correlation between the cross-sectional area of the tendons and the length of the femur. Surgeons should be aware of the possibility of encountering insufficient length of tendon when undertaking reconstructive surgery as a result of anatomical variations between patients.