Aims. The aims of this study were to determine the diagnostic yield of image-guided biopsy in providing a final diagnosis in patients with suspected infectious spondylodiscitis, to report the diagnostic accuracy of various microbiological tests and histological examinations in these patients, and to report the epidemiology of infectious spondylodiscitis from a country where tuberculosis (TB) is endemic, including the incidence of drug-resistant TB. Methods. A total of 284 patients with clinically and radiologically suspected infectious spondylodiscitis were prospectively recruited into the study. Image-guided biopsy of the vertebral lesion was performed and specimens were sent for various microbiological tests and histological examinations. The final diagnosis was determined using a composite reference standard based on clinical, radiological, serological, microbiological, and histological findings. The overall diagnostic yield of the biopsy, and that for each test, was calculated in light of the final diagnosis. Results. The final diagnosis was tuberculous spondylodiscitis in 250 patients (88%) and pyogenic spondylodiscitis in 22 (7.8%). Six (2.1%) had a noninfectious condition-mimicking infectious spondylodiscitis, and six (2.1%) had no definite diagnosis and improved without specific treatment. The diagnosis was made by image-guided biopsy in 152 patients (56%) with infectious spondylodiscitis. Biopsy was contributory in identifying 132/250 patients (53%) with tuberculous spondylodiscitis, and 20/22 patients (91%) with pyogenic spondylodiscitis. Histological examination was the most sensitive diagnostic modality, followed by Xpert MTB/RIF assay. Conclusion. Image-guided biopsy has a reasonably high diagnostic yield in patients with suspected infectious spondylodiscitis. A combination of histological examination, Xpert MTB/RIF assay, bacterial culture, and sensitivity provides high diagnostic accuracy in a country in which TB is endemic. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2022;104-B(1):120–126

To determine factors such as age, sex and curve severity in patients with idiopathic scoliosis presenting for the first time to a spine deformity clinic.

A prospective study at a regional spine clinic.

Patients with idiopathic scoliosis presenting for the first time to the scoliosis clinic were entered into a database recording information such as age, symptoms, severity of scoliosis as measured by the Cobb angle (CA), spine rotation measured by Scoliometer, geographical region, person detecting the curve, neurological findings etc. The study period was from June 2008 to September 2009 inclusive.

Fifty consecutive patients with all required information in the database were included in the analysis. All eligible patients were not entered due to logistical reasons.

13 males and 37 females, average age 13.96 (range 1 to 23). 68% were unhappy with the shape of their back, 48% presented with significant pain and 32% had both. The mother first saw the scoliosis in 52%, the rest were seen by either the patient, friends or doctors.

36 were single curves with a mean CA of 34 degrees ranging from 10 to 80 degrees. 52% of patients presented with a curve of 40 degrees or more. 14 had double curves. None of the patients were found to have any abnormal neurological findings.

There are few epidemiological studies in the recent literature. This data was not previously available in our region and initial presentation with a severe curve is a worrying trend which triggered this study.

Back pain affects 70% of the population in developed countries and accounts for 13% of sickness absence in the United Kingdom¹. The clinical presentation might be taken less seriously and could result in significant morbidity and mortality. We did a retrospective observational study of patients admitted on an “acute” basis in our unit. Our aim was to identify the epidemiological proportion of patients who had significant life changing spinal conditions.

239 patients were admitted between January 2004 to December 2008 who presented with non traumatic back pain and related symptoms. The group of patients who had osteoporotic compression fractures were excluded. The mean age was 53.6 and patients were predominantly females. Disc protrusions and degenerative conditions accounted for majority of the patients. Cauda Equina Syndrome (CES) and Cord compressions together contributed to 7.9% and 8.7% respectively. The mean length of stay was 10.4 days and the average wait for MRI scan was 2.4 days.

Among the patients who present with back pain in the primary care setting, 3% have disc protrusions and 1% neoplastic lesions¹. But the epidemiological distribution among the back pain admissions in the hospital setting is not very clear. Medico legal costs especially with CES are quite substantial² and hence it would be useful to know the volume of patients with potential disabling lesions.

Our study reveals that a significant proportion of patients who had to be admitted with back pain and especially those having red flag signs have serious spinal pathologies. Early diagnosis and timely intervention could prevent unwarranted morbidity and mortality.

Purpose. Back pain is the primary cause of disability worldwide yet surprisingly little is known of the underlying pathobiology. We conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) meta-analysis of chronic back pain (CBP). Adults of European ancestry from 15 cohorts in the Cohorts for Heart and Aging Research in Genomic Epidemiology (CHARGE) consortium, and UK Biobank were studied. Methods. CBP cases were defined as reporting back pain present for ≥3–6 months; non-cases were included as comparisons (“controls”). Each cohort conducted genotyping followed by imputation. GWAS used logistic regression with additive genetic effects adjusting for age, sex, study-specific covariates, and population substructure. Suggestive (p<5×10. –7. ) & genome-wide significant (p<5×10. –8. ) variants were carried forward for replication in an independent sample of UK Biobank participants. Discovery sample n = 158,025 individuals, including 29,531 CBP cases. Results. Genome-wide significant association was found for intron variant rs12310519 in SOX5 (OR=1.08, p=7.2×10. −10. ). This was replicated in the independent sample n = 283,752, comprising 50,915 cases (OR 1.06, p=5.3×10. −11. ); in joint meta-analysis OR=1.07, p=4.5×10. −19. exceeding genome-wide significance. We found three other suggestive associations in discovery, two of which exceeded genome-wide significance in joint meta-analysis: an intergenic variant rs7833174 located between CCDC26 and GSDMC (OR 1.05, p=4.4×10. −13. ), and an intron variant, rs4384683, in DCC (OR 0.97, p=2.4×10. −10. ). Conclusion. We have identified and replicated a genetic locus associated with CBP (SOX5). We also identified 2 other loci that reached genome-wide significance in a 2-stage joint meta-analysis (CCDC26/GSDMC and DCC) which will shed light on the pathogenic mechanisms underlying CBP. Conflicts of interest: YA and LK are owners of Maatschap PolyOmica. This study was supported by the European Community's Seventh Framework Programme funded project PainOmics (Grant agreement n. 602736) and conducted using the UK Biobank Resource (project # 18219). CHARGE and other cohort-specific funding sources to be submitted- see below

Aims

Surgical approaches to cervical ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL) remain controversial. The purpose of the present study was to analyze and compare the long-term neurological recovery following anterior decompression with fusion (ADF) and posterior laminectomy and fusion with bone graft and internal fixation (PLF) based on > ten-year follow-up outcomes in a single centre.

Aims

The number of patients undergoing surgery for degenerative cervical radiculopathy has increased. In many countries, public hospitals have limited capacity. This has resulted in long waiting times for elective treatment and a need for supplementary private healthcare. It is uncertain whether the management of patients and the outcome of treatment are equivalent in public and private hospitals. The aim of this study was to compare the management and patient-reported outcomes among patients who underwent surgery for degenerative cervical radiculopathy in public and private hospitals in Norway, and to assess whether the effectiveness of the treatment was equivalent.

Aims

Repeated lumbar spine surgery has been associated with inferior clinical outcomes. This study aimed to examine and quantify the impact of this association in a national clinical register cohort.

In order to determine the epidemiology of adult scoliosis in the elderly and to analyse the radiological parameters and symptoms related to adult scoliosis, we carried out a prospective cross-sectional radiological study on 1347 adult volunteers. There were 615 men and 732 women with a mean age of 73.3 years (60 to 94), and a mean Cobb angle of 7.55° (. sd. 5.95). In our study, 478 subjects met the definition of scoliosis (Cobb angle ≥10°) showing a prevalence of 35.5%. There was a significant difference in the epidemiological distribution and prevalence between the age and gender groups. The older adults showed a larger prevalence and more severe scoliosis, more prominent in women (p = 0.004). Women were more affected by adult scoliosis and showed more linear correlation with age (p < 0.001). Symptoms were more severe in those with scoliosis than in the normal group, but were similar between the mild, moderate and severe scoliosis groups (p = 0.224) and between men and women (p = 0.231). Adult scoliosis showed a significant relationship with lateral listhesis, vertebral rotation, lumbar hypolordosis, sagittal imbalance and a high level of the L4–5 disc (p < 0.0001, p < 0.0001, p = 0.002, p = 0.002, p < 0.0001 respectively). Lateral listhesis, lumbar hypolordosis and sagittal imbalance were related to symptoms (p < 0.0001, p = 0.001, p < 0.0001 respectively)

Background and aims:. T2D is postulated to be an important aetiological factor for lumbar disc degeneration (LDD), which itself has a well documented relationship with low back pain. Obesity increases risk of both T2D, low back pain and LDD. Connective tissue modification has been reported in hyperglycaemia, but the epidemiology of LDD in T2D has not been described to date. Methods and results:. A population sample of unselected same-sex adult twin pairs was studied who had attended a spine MR study and completed general health questionnaires defining T2D by self-report. LDD had been coded as the sum of five lumbar discs coded (0–3) for each of height, signal intensity, disc bulge and anterior osteophytes. Risk factors for LDD included age, body-mass index (BMI), sex, alcohol consumption and smoking. Mean age of the 1011 participants = 54 years (sd=8), mean BMI=25 kg/m. 2. (sd=4), 95% female. The prevalence of T2D was 6%. Twins with T2D had increased BMI (27 vs 25 kg/m. 2. , p<0.001) and were older (59 vs 54 years, p<0.001). LDD score in T2D was significantly higher in diabetic cases than controls (14.9 vs 13.1, p=0.04) in univariable analysis. In multivariable analysis inclusion of age and BMI abrogated the effect of T2D. Conclusions:. We did not find evidence that T2D is an independent risk factor for LDD. This study had 0.8 power at 0.05 significance level to detect a difference of 2.1 LDD units. Age and BMI accounted for the increased LDD observed in T2D

Several human conditions have a tendency to affect one side of the body over the other. Do lumbar disc prolapses have such a tendency? We sought to answer this question by an analysis of operated cases. Primary lumbar microdiscectomy cases were identified using the coding system. 1286 cases were identified and in 764 the laterality was not recorded. Electronic records were then examined to establish, where possible, the side of the procedure from the clinic letter or discharge summary. 22 cases were eliminated due to miscoding (laminectomy, instrumentation, revision) and in 24 the side of the operation could not be established. In the remaining 1240 cases (96.4%) the laterality was determined. Patients who underwent primary lumbar microdiscectomy in a single neurosurgical unit over a 5-year period (2002-2007). Procedures were bilateral, left or right. 126 cases were bilateral. There were 1114 defined lateral cases. 618 (55.5%) were on the left compared to 496 (44.5%) on the right. The ratio of left to right is close to 5:4. The null hypothesis was that the number of left and right sided operations would be equal. The findings of this study were statistically highly significant (p value < 0.001, binomial test) and the null hypothesis could be rejected. There is a small but definite preponderance of left sided over right sided cases at a ratio of 5:4. This finding may have implications regarding our understanding of both the epidemiology and biomechanics of lumbar disc prolapse

Introduction. Spinal infections constitute a spectrum of disease comprising pyogenic, tuberculous, nonpyogenic-nontuberculous and postoperative spinal infections. The aim of this study was to review the epidemiology, diagnostic yield of first and second biopsy procedures and microbiology trends from Sheffield Spinal Infection Database along with analysing prognostic predictors in spinal infections. Materials and Methods. Sheffield Spinal Infection Database collects data prospectively from regularly held Spinal infection MDTs. We accrued 125 spinal infections between September 2008 and October 2010. The medical records, blood results, radiology and bacteriology results of all patients identified were reviewed. In patients with negative first biopsy, second biopsy is contemplated and parenteral broad spectrum antibiotic treatment initiated. Results. There were 81 pyogenic, 16 tuberculous and 28 postoperative spinal infections. The mean age was 58.4 years (range, 19 to 88 years). There were 71 male and 54 female patients. There were 64 lumbar and 26 thoracic infections. Two level and multi-level spinal infections involving more than two segments occurred in 30 patients. Of sixty positive microbiology yields, the most common organism was methicillin sensitive staphylococcus aureus (n-23) followed by Streptococcal, E Coli and Coagulase negative staphylococcal and Pseudomonas infections. Second biopsy (done when first biopsy negative) was only positive in two patients. Conclusions. Annual incidence of de novo spinal infection was 48 (pyogenic-40, tuberculous-8). The most frequently isolated pathogen was Staphyloccus aureus. Multi-level infection, diabetic patients, resistant TB and postop infection in elderly patients constituted the ‘difficult to treat’ group in our experience. An algorithm for the diagnostic work-up and management of spinal infections is proposed

Department of Epidemiology, ASL RM/E, Rome, Italy. School of Health and Social Care, University of Teesside, Middlesbrough, UK. Faculty of Health, Staffordshire University, Stoke on Trent, UK. Orthopaedic and Trauma Department, “Tzanio” General Hospital of Piraeus, Greece. University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland. Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Saitama Medical University, Kawagoe, Japan. Thriasio General Hospital, Athens, Greece. To evaluate the efficacy of bracing in adolescent patients with AIS. Cochrane systematic review. The following databases were searched with no language limitations: the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINHAL and reference lists of articles. Extensive hand searching of grey literature was also conducted. RCT's and prospective cohort studies comparing braces with no treatment, other treatment, surgery, and different types of braces were included. Two review authors independently assessed trial quality and extracted data. Two studies were included. There was very low quality evidence from one prospective cohort study including 286 girls. 1. indicating that braces curbed curve progression, at the end of growth, (success rate 74%), better than observation, (34%) and electrical stimulation (33%). Another low quality evidence from one RCT with 43 girls indicated that a rigid brace is more successful than an elastic one (SpineCor) at limiting curve progression when measured in Cobb degrees. 2. No significant differences between the two groups in the subjective perception of daily difficulties associated with brace wearing were found. There is very low quality evidence in favour of using braces, making generalization very difficult. The results from future studies may differ from these results. In the meantime, patients' choices should be informed by multidisciplinary discussion. Future research should focus on short and long-term patient-centred outcomes as well as measures such as Cobb angles. RCTs and prospective cohort studies should follow both the SRS and the Society on Scoliosis Orthopaedic and Rehabilitation Treatment (SOSORT) criteria for bracing studies

Aims

The purpose of this study was to investigate the risk of additional surgery in the lumbar spine and to describe long-term changes in patient-reported outcomes after surgery for lumbar disc herniation in adolescents and young adults.

Aims

HIV predisposes patients to opportunistic infections. However, with the establishment of Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Therapy (HAART), patients’ CD4 counts are maintained, as is a near normal life expectancy. This study aimed to establish the impact of HIV on the bacteriology of spondylodiscitis in a region in which tuberculosis (TB) is endemic, and to identify factors that might distinguish between them.

There is no universally agreed definition of cauda equina syndrome (CES). Clinical signs of CES including direct rectal examination (DRE) do not reliably correlate with cauda equina (CE) compression on MRI. Clinical assessment only becomes reliable if there are symptoms/signs of late, often irreversible, CES. The only reliable way of including or excluding CES is to perform MRI on all patients with suspected CES. If the diagnosis is being considered, MRI should ideally be performed locally in the District General Hospitals within one hour of the question being raised irrespective of the hour or the day. Patients with symptoms and signs of CES and MRI confirmed CE compression should be referred to the local spinal service for emergency surgery.

CES can be subdivided by the degree of neurological deficit (bilateral radiculopathy, incomplete CES or CES with retention of urine) and also by time to surgical treatment (12, 24, 48 or 72 hour). There is increasing understanding that damage to the cauda equina nerve roots occurs in a continuous and progressive fashion which implies that there are no safe time or deficit thresholds. Neurological deterioration can occur rapidly and is often associated with longterm poor outcomes. It is not possible to predict which patients with a large central disc prolapse compressing the CE nerve roots are going to deteriorate neurologically nor how rapidly. Consensus guidelines from the Society of British Neurological Surgeons and British Association of Spinal Surgeons recommend decompressive surgery as soon as practically possible which for many patients will be urgent/emergency surgery at any hour of the day or night.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2015;97-B:1390–4

Lumbar disc herniation (LDH) is uncommon in youth and few cases are treated surgically. Very few outcome studies exist for LDH surgery in this age group. Our aim was to explore differences in gender in pre-operative level of disability and outcome of surgery for LDH in patients aged ≤ 20 years using prospectively collected data.

From the national Swedish SweSpine register we identified 180 patients with one-year and 108 with two-year follow-up data ≤ 20 years of age, who between the years 2000 and 2010 had a primary operation for LDH.

Both male and female patients reported pronounced impairment before the operation in all patient reported outcome measures, with female patients experiencing significantly greater back pain, having greater analgesic requirements and reporting significantly inferior scores in EuroQol (EQ-5D-index), EQ-visual analogue scale, most aspects of Short Form-36 and Oswestry Disabilities Index, when compared with male patients. Surgery conferred a statistically significant improvement in all registered parameters, with few gender discrepancies. Quality of life at one year following surgery normalised in both males and females and only eight patients (4.5%) were dissatisfied with the outcome. Virtually all parameters were stable between the one- and two-year follow-up examination.

LDH surgery leads to normal health and a favourable outcome in both male and female patients aged 20 years or younger, who failed to recover after non-operative management.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2015;97-B:1675–82.

We investigated the spinopelvic morphology and global sagittal balance of patients with a degenerative retrolisthesis or anterolisthesis. A total of 269 consecutive patients with a degenerative spondylolisthesis were included in this study. There were 95 men and 174 women with a mean age of 64.3 years (sd 10.5; 40 to 88). A total of 106 patients had a pure retrolisthesis (R group), 130 had a pure anterolisthesis (A group), and 33 had both (R+A group).

A backward slip was found in the upper lumbar levels (mostly L2 or L3) with an almost equal gender distribution in both the R and R+A groups. The pelvic incidence and sacral slope of the R group were significantly lower than those of the A (both p < 0.001) and R+A groups (both p < 0.001). The lumbar lordosis of the R+A group was significantly greater than that of the R (p = 0.025) and A groups (p = 0.014). The C7 plumb line of the R group was located more posteriorly than that of the A group (p = 0.023), but was no different from than that of the R+A group (p = 0.422). The location of C7 plumb line did not differ between the three groups (p = 0.068). The spinosacral angle of the R group was significantly smaller than that of the A group (p < 0.001) and R+A group (p < 0.001).

Our findings imply that there are two types of degenerative retrolisthesis: one occurs primarily as a result of degeneration in patients with low pelvic incidence, and the other occurs secondarily as a compensatory mechanism in patients with an anterolisthesis and high pelvic incidence.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2013;95-B:1244–9.