Aim. To investigate the incidence and time-trend in reoperation due to deep Surgical Site Infection (SSI) following hip fracture surgery. Method. This was a population-based, nationwide, cohort study. We included 74,771 from the Danish Multidisciplinary Hip Fractures Register (1) consisting of patients 65 years of age or older, who underwent surgery between January 1. st. 2005 and December 31. st. 2016 for all types of hip fracture. Cross-linkage with the Danish National Patient Register and The Danish Civil Registration system was made. Demographic data extracted included vital status, civil status, gender, age, Body Mass Index (BMI), fracture classification (AO/OTA 31A-C) and surgical procedures binary registered as joint replacement or internal fixation, Charlson comorbidity index (CCI) and secondary diseases not included in CCI. Outcome was reoperations due to deep SSI in accordance with the definition from Centre for Disease Control (2). We computed cumulative incidence rates and risk ratios (RR) by calendar year periods and by different risk factors, considering death as competing risk and adjusting for age, gender, CCI, fracture type and surgery type. Results. Within 365 days of primary surgery 2.1% of all hip fractures had undergone reoperation due to deep SSI. During the period 2005–2016, the incidence of reoperation due to SSI decreased from 2.7% to 1.7%, We could not identify differences in reoperation due to SSI within one year regarding gender, BMI or CCI. Patients aged above 85 had about 50% lower risk of being reoperated compared with the youngest age group; 65–74 years (RR: 0.5; 95% CI: 0.4:0.6). The RR for reoperation due to deep SSI was lower for patients with pertrochanteric or subtrochanteric fractures (AO/OTA: 31A1-3) versus femoral neck fractures (AO/OTA: 31B1-3), RR was 0.7 (95%CI: 0.7:0.8). However, RR for surgery type (joint replacement vs internal fixation) at 365 days was significantly lower for joint replacement, RR: 0.6 (95% CI: 0.6:0.7). Conclusions. This study shows reoperation risk due to SSI for all types of hip fractures of 2.1%. There was a 45% decrease in reoperation over time from 2005 to 2016. However, the risk of revision is still high, and further action in avoidance of SSI should be taken

Surgical site infections following orthopaedic surgery are a serious complication associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Intra-wound antibiotic powder may be able to provide infection prophylaxis locally with less systemic adverse effects, and promising results have been reported in systematic reviews of its use in spine surgery. This study aims to analyse the efficacy and adverse effect profile of intra-wound antibiotics in reducing surgical site infections in orthopaedic surgery for traumatic pelvic and lower limb fractures. A systematic review was conducted for studies reporting on the incidence of surgical site infections following administration of intra-wound antibiotic powder in pelvic and lower limb trauma surgery. Randomised controlled trials, cohort and case-control studies were included. A meta-analysis was conducted for deep surgical site infections. Seven studies were included in the systematic review including six retrospective case-control studies and one randomised controlled trial. Results of the meta-analysis suggest a potential 23% reduction in the odds of developing a deep surgical site infection in patients treated with intra-operative antibiotic powder compared with those managed with intravenous antibiotics alone (OR 0.77, 95% CI 0.52 – 1.13), although the results did not reach statistical significance. Notable selective bias against intra-wound antibiotics and suboptimal study design were found in the retrospective studies, however the randomised controlled trial reported a significant reduction in deep surgical site infections with intra-wound vancomycin powder. There were no reports of systemic adverse outcomes and minimal risk of wound complications with the use of intra-wound antibiotics. This review suggests the use of intra-wound antibiotic powder in pelvic and lower limb trauma surgery may reduce the incidence of deep surgical site infections. Further powered studies including randomised controlled trials are required to confirm the results highlighted in this study

This study aims to determine the incidence of surgical site infection leading to reoperation for sepsis following minor hand procedures performed outside the main operating room using field sterility in the South African setting. The investigators retrospectively reviewed the records of 485 patients who had WALANT-assisted minor hand surgery outside a main operating theatre, a field sterility setting between March 2019 and April 2023. The primary outcome was the presence or absence of deep surgical site infection that required reoperation within four weeks. Cases included where elective WALANT minor hand procedures, a minimum age of 18 with complete clinical records. The patients were mostly female (54.8%), with a mean age of 56.35 years. The majority of cases were trigger finger and carpal tunnel release. An overall 485 cases were reviewed, the deep surgical site infection rate resulting in reoperation within 4 weeks post-operatively was 1.24% ((95% Confidence Interval (CI) 0.0034 to 0.0237); p = 0.009). Minor hand procedures performed under field sterility using WALANT have a low surgical site infection rate. The current study's infection rates are comparable to international surgical site infection rates for similar surgeries performed in main operating rooms using standard sterilisation procedures. Field sterility is a safe and acceptable clinical practice that may improve work efficiency in public sector

Complex acetabular reconstruction for oncology and bone loss are challenging for surgeons due to their often hostile biological and mechanical environments. Titrating concentrations of silver ions on implants and alternative modes of delivery allow surgeons to exploit anti-infective properties without compromising bone on growth and thus providing a long-term stable fixation. We present a case series of 12 custom acetabular tri-flange and custom hemipelvis reconstructions (Ossis, Christchurch, New Zealand), with an ultrathin plasma coating of silver particles embedded between layers of siloxane (BioGate HyProtect™, Nuremberg, Germany). At the time of reporting no implant has been revised and no patient has required a hospital admission or debridement for a deep surgical site infection. Routine follow up x-rays were reviewed and found 2 cases with loosening, both at their respective anterior fixation. Radiographs of both cases show remodelling at the ilium indicative of stable fixation posteriorly. Both patients remain asymptomatic. 3 patients were readmitted for dislocations, 1 of whom had 5 dislocations within 3 weeks post-operatively and was immobilised in an abduction brace to address a lack of muscle tone and has not had a revision of their components. Utilising navigation with meticulous implant design and construction; augmented with an ultrathin plasma coating of silver particles embedded between layers of siloxane with controlled and long-term generation of silver ion diffusion has led to outstanding outcomes in this series of 12 custom acetabular and hemipelvis reconstructions. No patients were revised for infection and no patients show signs of failure of bone on growth and incorporation. Hip instability remains a problem in these challenging mechanical environments and we continue to reassess our approach to this multifaceted problem

Surgical site infections (SSIs) after spinal fusion surgery increase healthcare costs, morbidity and mortality. Routine measures of obesity fail to consider site specific fat distribution. We aimed to assess the association between the spine adipose index and deep surgical site infection and determine a threshold value for spine adipose index that can assist in preoperative risk stratification in patients undergoing posterior instrumented lumbar fusion (PILF). A multicentre retrospective case-control study was completed. We reviewed patients who underwent PILF from January 1, 2010 to December 31, 2018. All patients developing a deep primary incisional or organ-space SSI within 90 days of surgery as per US Centre for Disease Control and Prevention criteria were identified. We gathered potential pre-operative and intra-operative deep infection risk factors for each patient. Spine adipose index was measured on pre-operative mid-sagittal cuts of T2 weighted MRI scans. Each measurement was repeated twice by three authors in a blinded fashion, with each series of measurement separated by a period of at least six weeks. Forty-two patients were included in final analysis, with twenty-one cases and twenty-one matched controls. The spine adipose index was significantly greater in patients developing deep SSI (p =0.029), and this relationship was maintained after adjusting for confounders (p=0.046). Risk of developing deep SSI following PILF surgery was increased 2.0-fold when the spine adipose index was ≥0.51. The spine adipose index had excellent (ICC >0.9; p <0.001) inter- and intra-observer reliabilities. The spine adipose index is a novel radiographic measure and an independent risk factor for developing deep SSI, with 0.51 being the ideal threshold value for pre-operative risk stratification in patients undergoing PILF surgery

The aim of this study was to determine the incidence, annual trend, perioperative outcomes, and identify risk factors of early-onset (≤ 90 days) deep surgical site infection (SSI) following primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA) for osteoarthritis. Risk factors for early-onset deep SSI were assessed. We performed a retrospective population-based cohort study using prospectively collected patient-level data from several provincial administrative data repositories between January 2013, and March 2020. The diagnosis of early-onset deep SSI was based on published Centre for Disease Control/National Healthcare Safety Network (CDC/NHSN) definitions. The Mann-Kendall Trend Test was used to detect monotonic trends in early-onset deep SSI rates over time. The effects of various patient and surgical risk factors for early-onset deep SSI were analyzed using multiple logistic regression. Secondary outcomes were 90-day mortality and 90-day readmission. A total of 20,580 patients underwent primary TKA for osteoarthritis. Forty patients had a confirmed deep SSI within 90-days of surgery representing a cumulative incidence of 0.19%. The annual infection rate did not change over the 7-year study period (p = 0.879). Risk factors associated with early-onset deep SSI included blood transfusions (OR, 3.93 [95% CI 1.34-9.20]; p=0.004), drug or alcohol abuse (OR, 4.91 [95% CI 1.85-10.93]; p<0.001), and surgeon volume less than 30 TKA per year (OR, 4.45 [1.07-12.43]; p=0.013). Early-onset deep SSI was not associated with 90-days mortality (OR, 11.68 [0.09-90-58]; p=0.217), but was associated with an increased chance of 90-day readmission (OR, 50.78 [26.47-102.02]; p<0.001). This study establishes a reliable baseline infection rate for early-onset deep SSI after TKA for osteoarthritis through the use of a robust methodological process. Several risk factors for early-onset deep SSI are potentially modifiable or can be optimized prior to surgery and be effective in reducing the incidence of early-onset SSI. This could guide the formulation of provincial screening programs and identify patients at high risk for SSI

Aim. The incidence of fractured neck of femur (FNOF) is increasing yearly. Many of these patients undergo hip hemiarthroplasty. High dose dual-antibiotic cement (HDDAC) has been shown to reduce rates of deep surgical site infection (SSI) when compared to the current standard low dose single-antibiotic cement (LDSAC) in a quasi-randomised controlled trial. Some concerns exist regarding the use of HDDAC and the development of resistance. We reviewed cases of infection in LDSAC and HDDAC bone cement with regard to causative organism and resistance profile. Method. A retrospective analysis was undertaken of all hemiarthroplasties within our trust from April 2008 to December 2014. We identified all patients in this time period who acquired a deep SSI from the trust SSI surveillance database. The infecting organisms and susceptibility patterns were collated for each cement. Results. We identified 1941 hemiarthroplasties. There were 36 deep surgical site infections representing an infection rate of 3.1% in LDSAC patients and 1.2% in HDDAC patients. A wider variety of organisms were seen in the LDSAC compared to HDDAC. Staphylococcus epidermidis accounted for the majority of infections in both LDSAC and HDDAC patients. Infection with Corynebacterium species and Staphylococcus aureus was eliminated completely in HDDAC. There was minimal change in the proportion of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. A change in resistance was not demonstrated amongst infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria. In Gram-positive bacteria, resistance to a number of antibiotics increased using HDDAC compared to LDSAC, most notably to clindamycin and gentamicin within the coagulase negative staphylococci. However, levels of resistance remained low to teicoplanin, vancomycin, daptomycin, linezolid and rifampicin. Conclusions. A lower infection rate was seen in HDDAC. Direct comparison demonstrated changes in resistance profiles caused by Gram-positive organisms. 24,000 patients undergo hip hemiarthroplasty annually. Extrapolating our results to this cohort would demonstrate 744 infections in LDSAC and 288 infections in HDDAC. Of these, resistance to both clindamycin and gentamicin would be seen in 180 patients with LDSAC and 177 patients with HDDAC. Overall, this review supports the continued use of HDDAC in FNOF patients. High dose dual antibiotic cement = Copal G+C, Heraeus Medical, UK. Low dose single antibiotic cement = Palacos R+G, Heraeus Medical, UK

Introduction/Aim. The NAVIO robotic-assisted TKA (RA-TKA) application received FDA clearance in May 2017. This semi-active robotic technique aims to improve the accuracy and precision of total knee arthroplasty. The addition of robotic-assisted technology, however, also introduces another potential source of surgery-related complications. This study evaluates the safety profile of NAVIO RA-TKA. Materials and Methods. Beginning in May 2017, the first 250 patients undergoing NAVIO RA-TKA were included in this study. All intra-operative complications were recorded, including: bleeding; neuro-vascular injury; peri-articular soft tissue injury; extensor mechanism complications; and intra-operative fracture. During the first 90 days following surgery, patients were monitored for any post-operative complications, including: superficial and deep surgical site infection; pin-tract infection; pin site fractures; peri-prosthetic fractures; axial or sagittal joint instability; axial mal-alignment; patello-femoral instability; DVT/PE; re-operation or re-admission due to surgical-related complications. Surgical technique and multi-modality pain management protocol was consistent for all patients in the study. A combined anesthetic technique was employed for all cases, including: low-dose spinal, adductor canal block and general anesthetic. Patients were mobilized per our institution's rapid recovery protocol. Results. No patients were lost to follow-up. During the study period, no intra-operative complications were recorded. Specifically, no complications related to the introduction of the high-speed burr associated with the NAVIO RA-TKA were noted. Within the 90-day follow-up period, there was one case of deep infection. One patient sustained a fall resulting in a peri-prosthetic femoral fracture, that occurred remote from the femoral pin tracts. No cases of axial or sagittal joint instability, axial mal-alignment, patello-femoral instability, pin site infections or fractures; or DVT/PE were identified. Four patients underwent manipulation under anesthesia. No other patients required a re-operation or re-admission due to surgical-related complications. Discussion/Conclusions. The initial experience with the NAVIO robotic assisted total knee arthroplasty has demonstrated excellent safety profile. Relative to known risks associated with total knee arthroplasty, no increased risk of peri-operative complications, re-operation or re-admission for surgical related complications was identified with the introduction of the NAVIO RA-TKA

Aim. Treatment of complicated wound healing after total joint arthroplasty is controversial. What exactly constitutes prolonged wound drainage is matter of debate and recommendations to manage it vary considerably. Nonoperative measures are often recommended. If drainage persists, surgery may be indicated. To further intricate decision-making, differentiating superficial from deep surgical site infection is also controversial and inherently complex. Specific cutoffs for synovial fluid leukocyte count and blood C-reactive protein (CRP) in the acute stage have been suggested as a way to superficial infection requiring superficial wound washout from deep infection requiring a formal debridement, antibiotics and implant retention (DAIR) procedure. The goal of this study is to analyze clinical and laboratory findings of an institutional protocol of “aggressively” proceeding with formal DAIR in all patients with complicated wound healing. Method. Our indications for DAIR in suspected acute postoperative periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) are: 1)prolonged wound drainage and CRP upward trend after day-3; 2)persistent wound drainage by day-10 regardless of CRP; 3)wound healing disturbance (e.g. “superficial” infection, “superficial” skin necrosis) anytime in early postoperative weeks. We retrospectively evaluated patients undergoing DAIR in the first 60 postoperative days between 2014–2018. Patients without multiple deep tissue cultures obtained intraoperative were excluded. Deep infection was defined by at least two positive deep tissue cultures or one positive deep culture and positive leukocyte count (>10,000 cells/mL or >90% PMN). Results. A total of 44 DAIR procedures were included. Deep infection was confirmed in 79.5%(35/44) of cases. Mean CRP in infected cases was 93mg/L with 63%(19/30) of them below the 100 mg/L threshold. Unfortunately, only a small proportion of cases (10/44) had synovial fluid leukocyte counts available. Mean leukocyte count was 15,558 cells/mL and mean proportion of PMN was 65.3%. Of these ten, six confirmed deep infections were below the proposed >10,000 cells/mL or >90% PMN cutoff. Conclusions. Early diagnosis of acute postoperative PJI is often hampered by its very subtle presentation. This study confirms that more often than not, deep infection is present when facing complicated wound healing after total joint arthroplasty, supporting our institutional “aggressive” protocol. We have been surprised by the number of confirmed acute PJI with low blood CRP levels and low synovial leukocyte counts. We hypothesize that the proposed acute PJI specific thresholds may lead to misinterpret a significant proportion of cases as superficial infections thus compromising timely intervention. The findings of this study lack confirmation in larger cohorts

Perioperative blood management remains a challenge during total hip and total knee arthroplasty (THA and TKA, respectively). The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of body mass index (BMI) on blood transfusion in THA and TKA. We retrospectively evaluated 2399 patients, of whom 896 underwent THA and 1503 had TKA. A variety of outcome variables were assessed for their relationship to BMI which was stratified using the World Health Organization (WHO) classification scheme (Normal <25 kg/m2, Overweight 25–30, and Obese >30). Increased BMI was found to be protective of blood transfusion in both THA and TKA patients. Among THA patients, transfusion rates were 34.8%, 27.6% and 21.9% for normal, overweight and obese categories respectively (p = 0.002). TKA transfusion rates were 17.3%, 11.4% and 8.3% for the same categorization of BMI (p = 0.002). No trends were identified for a relationship between BMI and deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, myocardial infarction, discharge location, length of stay, 30-day readmission rate and preoperative hemoglobin level. Elevated BMI was significantly associated with decreased age, increased Hemoglobin A1c, increased baseline creatinine, increased OR time, increased American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score and increased estimated blood loss in both THA and TKA patients. There was a statistically significant trend toward increased deep surgical site infection in THA patients (p = 0.043)

To evaluate the effectiveness of various tactics in treating septic complications following large joint replacement. Analysis of the outcomes of treatment 171 patients with SC following LJR from 2010 to 2014. Primary operations performed in 33 different hospitals; the time elapsed before complications from the date of primary intervention – from 3 days to 17 years. Depending on the type of complications, all patients were divided into 2 groups: those with superficial surgical site infections (SSSI) and deep surgical site infections (DSSI) associated with a prosthesis. In the treatment of these patients we followed different tactics using method of negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT), the antibiotic impregnated collagen sponge (AICS*) and antibacterial cement spacers (ACS). We obtained the results allowing to assess the impact of these methods on the effectiveness of treatment, recurrence rate and mortality in patients of different groups. By combining different methods were able to reduce the number of relapses from 20% to 0% in patients with SSSI and significantly improve treatment outcomes in patients with DSSI. This analysis helped us to determine the most appropriate tactics of treatment depending on the type of complications. The obtained results indicate the prospects of using NPWT, the AICS and ACS in the treatment of septic complications following large joint replacement and the role of these methods in the reduction of recurrence and mortality rates. Selection of the optimal tactics will significantly reduce the number of unsatisfactory results of treatment in these patients

Lower-extremity orthopaedic procedures may be performed under either regional or general anaesthesia, or a combination of both techniques. There is a growing body of evidence supporting the benefits of regional anaesthesia, with meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials and registry data suggesting decreases in deep surgical site infections, thromboembolic events, cardiopulmonary complications and length of stay associated with use of regional anaesthesia. In patients undergoing foot and ankle surgery specifically, there is evidence demonstrating decreased post-operative pain, nausea, vomiting, opioid use and unplanned hospital admission. This supports an increased role for the use in regional anaesthesia in patients undergoing foot and ankle surgery. However, the type of anaesthetic used is dependent on surgeon, patient, anaesthesiologist and institutional factors. The purpose of this study is to investigate pre-operative factors that predict the type of anaesthetic used in patients undergoing foot and ankle surgery. Data was collected prospectively on 888 patients undergoing foot or ankle surgery at a single institution. The primary method of anaesthesia for each procedure was recorded. Ten additional variables were recorded and analysed: age, BMI, gender, diabetes, ASA status, procedure length, procedure start time, elective vs. trauma procedure, primary vs. revision procedure and preoperative anticoagulation. Logistic regression modelling was performed to identify factors that independently predict the type of anaesthetic used. General anaesthetic was employed in 280 patients (32%), and regional anaesthesia was the primary anaesthetic type used in 608 (68%). Logistic regression modelling demonstrated that factors that independently predict use of general anaesthetic include younger age (p<0.0001; Odds Ratio 0.97/year), male sex (0.0033; 1.618), procedure start time (0.0319; 1.066/hour) and length of procedure (<0.0001; 1.520/hour). Patients who underwent general anaesthetic had a mean length of procedure of 108 +/− 77 minutes, whereas patients provided with regional anaesthesia had a mean length of procedure 83 +/− 64 minutes. With increasing evidence supporting the benefits of regional anaesthesia in patients undergoing lower extremity surgery, it is important to identify modifiable factors that contribute to patients receiving alternative treatments. Since later procedure start time was identified as an independent predictor of general anaesthetic use, there may be a role for identifying patients at increased risk of complications associated with general anaesthesia and scheduling earlier start times. Furthermore, while it is logical that extended length of procedure may be a contraindication to regional anaesthesia, the mean procedure time of 108 minutes in the general anaesthesia group indicates that many of these patients should still be considered candidates for regional anaesthesia

Wound complications are common in patients with soft tissue sarcomas (STS) treated with surgical excision. Limited data is available on predictive factors for wound complications beyond the relationship to neo-adjuvant or adjuvant radiotherapy. Likewise, the association between blood transfusion, patient comorbidities and post-operative outcomes is not well described. In the present study we identified the predictive factors for blood transfusion and wound complications in patients undergoing surgical resection of soft tissue sarcoma from a national cohort. The American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS-NSQIP) database was used to identify patients who underwent surgical resection of a STS from 2005 to 2013. Primary malignant soft tissue neoplasms were identified using the following ICD-9 codes: 171.2, 171.3 and 171.6. Patients treated with both wide excision and amputation were identified using the current procedural terminology (CPT) codes. Prolonged operative time was defined as greater than 90th percentile of time required per procedure. A multivariable logistic regression model was used to identify associations between patient factors and post-operative wound complications (superficial and deep surgical site infections (SSI), and wound dehiscence). A similar regression model sought to identify prognostic factors for blood transfusion and associations with post-operative outcomes. A total of 788 patients met our inclusion criteria. Of theses, 64.2% had tumours in the lower limb, 23.1% patients had tumours in the upper limb, and 12.7% patients had pelvic tumours. Six hundred and forty patients (81.2%) underwent surgical excision; 148 (18.8%) patients had an amputation. Multivariable logistic regression modeling identified American Society of Anaesthesiologist (ASA) class 3 and 4 (OR=2.3, P=0.03; OR=8.3, P=0.001, respectively), amputation (OR=14.0, P<0.001) and prolonged operative time (OR=4.6, P<0.001) as significant predictors of blood transfusion. Radiotherapy (OR=2.6, P=0.01) and amputation (OR=2.6, P=0.01) were identified as predictors of superficial SSI, whereas ASA class 4 (OR=6.2, P=0.03), prolonged operative time (OR=3.9, P=0.012) and return to the operating room (OR=10.5, P<0.001) were associated with deep SSI. Male gender (OR=1.8, P=0.03), diabetes (OR=2.3, P=0.03), ASA class 3 (OR=2.4, P=0.003), amputation (OR=3.8, P<0.001) and steroids (OR=4.5, P=0.03) were identified as predictors for wound dehiscence and open SSI. A national cohort demonstrates that male gender, diabetes, chronic steroid use, higher ASA score and radiotherapy are associated with an increased incidence of wound complications. One in twenty-three patients undergoing resection of an STS will require a blood transfusion, and this risk is correlated with amputation, prolonged operative time and increased ASA score. Strategies to decrease the risk of blood transfusion and wound complication should be considered for these patient groups

Aims

This study aimed to investigate the risk of postoperative complications in COVID-19-positive patients undergoing common orthopaedic procedures.

Aims

The aim of this study was to determine the impact of the severity of anaemia on postoperative complications following total hip arthroplasty (THA) and total knee arthroplasty (TKA).