We explored the literature surrounding whether allergy and hypersensitivity has a clinical basis for implant selection in total knee arthroplasty (TKA). In error, the terms hypersensitivity and allergy are often used synonymously. Although a relationship is present, we could not find any evidence of implant failure due to allergy. There is however increasing basic science that suggests a link between loosening and metal ion production. This is not an allergic response but is a potential problem. With a lack of evidence logically there can be no justification to use ‘hypoallergenic’ implants in patients who have pre-existing skin sensitivity to the metals used in TKA. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2016;98-B:437–41

Introduction. First generation cephalosporins remain the gold standard perioperative antibiotic for total hip and knee arthroplasty (THA, TKA). However, some patients have documented or self-reported allergies to antibiotics, most commonly penicillin, that result in changes to perioperative antibiotic coverage. Furthermore, patients testing positive for methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) represent another group where an alternative to cefazolin, typically vancomycin, is often chosen for perioperative prophylaxis. The aims of this study were to 1) characterize the antibiotic choices for perioperative prophylaxis at the time of primary TKA and THA, 2) assess the efficacy of a preoperative antibiotic allergy testing program, and 3) determine rates of periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) based on perioperative antibiotic regimen. Methods. We evaluated all patients undergoing primary TKA or THA at a single academic institution from January 2004-May 2017, yielding a cohort of 29,695 patients. A series of institutional databases were combined to determine which patients underwent antibiotic allergy testing prior to surgery, outcomes from the allergy consultation, perioperative antibiotic management strategy, and survivorship free of infection until final follow-up. Results. Antibiotic allergy testing was performed in 3,411 patients (11.5%) on the basis of a patient provided history of possible penicillin or cephalosporin allergy. Among those tested, 3,310 patients (97.0%) were cleared by the allergist to use cephalosporins in the perioperative period and 2,883 patients (87.1%) eventually received cefazolin. For the entire cohort, 28,174 patients (94.9%) received an operative antibiotic regimen including cefazolin and 1,521 patients (5.1%) received non-cefazolin antibiotics, most commonly vancomycin or clindamycin. Survivorship free of PJI was significantly higher among patients receiving cefazolin compared to non-cefazolin antibiotics with the most rapid divergence occurring within 2 months of surgery (p<0.001) (Figure 1). Survivorship free of PJI in the cefazolin compared to the non-cefazolin groups was 99.40% vs 99.34% at 1 month, 99.11% vs 98.55% at 2 months, 98.83% vs 98.22% at 1 year, and 98.15% vs 96.96% at 10 years (Table 1). Notably, the increased PJI rate observed in the non-cefazolin group was not attributable to high preoperative MRSA prevalence as 0 of the 38 PJIs grew MRSA on culture. The number needed to treat with cefazolin to prevent 1 PJI was 164 patients at 1-year and 84 patients at 10-years. Therefore, potentially 6,098 PJIs could be prevented by 1-year and 11,905 by 10-years in a cohort of 1,000,000 primary TKA and THA patients. Conclusions. This study demonstrates a significantly higher rate of PJI when non-cefazolin antibiotics are used for prophylaxis during primary TKA and THA, which is likely attributable to the superior spectrum of coverage for common PJI organisms compared to vancomycin or clindamycin. This is supported by the increased rate of non-MRSA PJI observed in the non-cefazolin cohort. Furthermore, cefazolin has been shown to act synergistically with vancomycin against MRSA. This work highlights the positive impact of a formal preoperative antibiotic allergy testing program to increase cefazolin usage. Also, surgeons may consider using cefazolin as a dual agent in the case of known MRSA colonization, whenever possible for PJI prophylaxis during TKA and THA. For any figures or tables, please contact authors directly

Aims. Despite recent literature questioning their use, vancomycin and clindamycin often substitute cefazolin as the preoperative antibiotic prophylaxis in primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA), especially in the setting of documented allergy to penicillin. Topical povidone-iodine lavage and vancomycin powder (VIP) are adjuncts that may further broaden antimicrobial coverage, and have shown some promise in recent investigations. The purpose of this study, therefore, is to compare the risk of acute periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) in primary TKA patients who received cefazolin and VIP to those who received a non-cephalosporin alternative and VIP. Methods. This was a retrospective cohort study of 11,550 primary TKAs performed at an orthopaedic hospital between 2013 and 2019. The primary outcome was PJI occurring within 90 days of surgery. Patients were stratified into two groups (cefazolin vs non-cephalosporin) based on their preoperative antibiotic. All patients also received the VIP protocol at wound closure. Bivariate and multiple logistic regression analyses were performed to control for potential confounders and identify the odds ratio of PJI. Results. In all, 10,484 knees (90.8%) received cefazolin, while 1,066 knees (9.2%) received a non-cephalosporin agent (either vancomycin or clindamycin) as preoperative prophylaxis. The rate of PJI in the cefazolin group (0.5%; 48/10,484) was significantly lower than the rate of PJI in the non-cephalosporin group (1.0%; 11/1,066) (p = 0.012). After controlling for confounding variables, the odds ratio (OR) of developing a PJI was increased in the non-cephalosporin cohort compared to the cefazolin cohort (OR 2.389; 1.2 to 4.6); p = 0.01). Conclusion. Despite the use of topical irrigant solutions and addition of local antimicrobial agents, the use of a non-cephalosporin perioperative antibiotic continues to be associated with a greater risk of TKA PJI compared to cefazolin. Strategies that increase the proportion of patients receiving cefazolin rather than non-cephalosporin alternatives must be emphasized. Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2022;3(1):35–41

Abstract. Introduction. The aims of our systematic review were to assess the Nickel sensitising potential of total knee arthroplasty (TKA), explore the relationship between Nickel hypersensitivity and clinical outcomes, and evaluate the utility of skin patch testing pre- and/or post-operatively. Methodology. A literature search was performed through EMBASE, Medline and PubMed databases. Articles were screened independently by two investigators. Levels of Evidence were assessed using Oxford CEBM criteria and quality was assessed using MINORS and Cochrane risk-of-bias tools. Results. Twenty studies met the eligibility criteria, reporting on 1354 TKAs. Prevalence of Nickel hypersensitivity ranged from 0% to 87.5%. Only one study which compared prevalence of hypersensitivity in the same patient group before and after surgery noted newly positive patch test reactions in 4.1%. Three studies reported lower prevalence of hypersensitivity in post-operative patients compared to pre-operative patients. Seven studies suggested hypersensitivity might cause complications; six studies did not support any relationship. Seven studies recommended pre-operative patch testing in patients with history of metal allergy; nine studies concluded testing may be valuable post-operatively. Conclusions. Patients undergoing TKA do not seem to be at increased risk of developing Nickel hypersensitivity, and there is conflicting evidence that patients with established hypersensitivity are more likely to experience adverse clinical outcomes. The evidence suggests performing patch testing pre-operatively in patients with history of metal allergy to aid selection of the most appropriate prosthesis, and post-operatively once common causes of implant failure have been excluded, since implant removal or revision with hypoallergenic implants may alleviate symptoms

Aims. The treatment of patients with allergies to metal in total joint arthroplasty is an ongoing debate. Possibilities include the use of hypoallergenic prostheses, as well as the use of standard cobalt-chromium (CoCr) alloy. This non-designer study was performed to evaluate the clinical outcome and survival rates of unicondylar knee arthroplasty (UKA) using a standard CoCr alloy in patients reporting signs of a hypersensitivity to metal. Patients and Methods. A consecutive series of patients suitable for UKA were screened for symptoms of metal hypersensitivity by use of a questionnaire. A total of 82 patients out of 1737 patients suitable for medial UKA reporting cutaneous metal hypersensitivity to cobalt, chromium, or nickel were included into this study and prospectively evaluated to determine the functional outcome, possible signs of hypersensitivity, and short-term survivorship at a minimum follow-up of 1.5 years. Results. At a mean follow-up of three years (1.5 to 5.7), no local or systemic symptoms of hypersensitivity to metal were observed. One patient underwent revision surgery to a bicondylar prosthesis due to a tibial periprosthetic fracture resulting in a survival rate of 98.8% (95% confidence interval (CI) 91.7 to 99.8; number at risk, 28) at three years with the endpoint of revision for any reason and a survival rate of 97.6% (95% CI 90.6 to 99.3; number at risk, 29) for the endpoint of all reoperations. Clinical outcome was good to excellent with a mean Oxford Knee Score of 42.5 (. sd. 2.5; 37 to 48). Conclusion. This study is the first demonstrating clinical results and survival analysis of UKA using a CoCr alloy in patients with a history of metal hypersensitivity. Functional outcome and survivorship are on a high-level equivalent to those reported for UKA in patients without a history of metal hypersensitivity. No serious local or systemic symptoms of metal hypersensitivity could be detected, and no revision surgery was performed due to an adverse reaction to metal ions

Introduction. The utilization of lymphocyte transformation testing (LTT) has increased for diagnosing metal sensitivity associated with TKA, but its validity for the diagnosis of TKA failure due to an immune reaction has not been established. Methods. We performed a retrospective study of 27 well-fixed, aseptic primary TKAs with persistent pain and/or stiffness, revised by a single, experienced surgeon for suspected metal allergy to nickel based on a positive LTT. Periprosthetic tissue samples obtained at the time of revision surgery were scored using the aseptic lymphocytic vasculitis-associated lesion (ALVAL) scoring system. Results. Eight patients were categorized as mildly reactive, 8 reactive, and 11 highly reactive to nickel by LTT. The predominant findings on routine histology were fibrosis and varying degrees of lymphocytic infiltration in 17/27 (63%) of the cases. The average ALVAL score of the cohort was 3.1 ± 1.9, out of a maximum score of 10. Average Knee Society Scores (KSS) improved post-revision, as did range of motion (all p<0.01). Neither LTT stimulation index as a continuous variable nor as a categorical variable (mild, moderate, high) was correlated with ALVAL score, pre-operative function, or change in function at last follow-up (0.015 < r < 0.30, 0.13 < p < 0.95) as measured by KSS. In addition, the ALVAL score did not correlate significantly with either pre-operative or post-operative KSS or range of motion (0.061 < r < 0.365, 0.09 < p < 0.88). Conclusions. Based on this analysis including histopathology, LTT results alone are insufficient for the diagnosis of TKA failure due to an immune reaction. A positive LTT may not indicate that an immune reaction is the cause of pain and stiffness post-TKA. The role of LTT in assessing immune failure of TKA needs further investigation. Diagnostic criteria for immune failure of a TKA need to be established

Aims

Revision total knee arthroplasty (rTKA) is a technically challenging and costly procedure. It is well-documented that primary TKA (pTKA) have better survivorship than rTKA; however, we were unable to identify any studies explicitly investigating previous rTKA as a risk factor for failure following rTKA. The purpose of this study is to compare the outcomes following rTKA between patients undergoing index rTKA and those who had been previously revised.

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This study compared the cobalt and chromium serum ion concentration of patients treated with two different metal-on-metal (MoM) hinged total knee arthroplasty (TKA) systems, as well as a titanium nitride (TiN)-coated variant.

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A limited number of investigations with conflicting results have described perivascular lymphocytic infiltration (PVLI) in the setting of total knee arthroplasty (TKA). The purpose of this study was to determine if PVLI found in TKAs at the time of aseptic revision surgery was associated with worse clinical outcomes and survivorship.

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It has previously been shown that higher-volume hospitals have better outcomes following revision total knee arthroplasty (rTKA). We were unable to identify any studies which investigated the effect of surgeon volume on the outcome of rTKA. We sought to investigate whether patients of high-volume (HV) rTKA surgeons have better outcomes following this procedure compared with those of low-volume (LV) surgeons.

Aims

In total knee arthroplasty (TKA), blood loss continues internally after surgery is complete. Typically, the total loss over 48 postoperative hours can be around 1,300 ml, with most occurring within the first 24 hours. We hypothesize that the full potential of tranexamic acid (TXA) to decrease TKA blood loss has not yet been harnessed because it is rarely used beyond the intraoperative period, and is usually withheld from ‘high-risk’ patients with a history of thromboembolic, cardiovascular, or cerebrovascular disease, a patient group who would benefit greatly from a reduced blood loss.

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Infection complicating primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is a common reason for revision surgery, hospital readmission, patient morbidity, and mortality. Increasing incidence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a particular concern. The use of vancomycin as prophylactic agent alone or in combination with cephalosporin has not demonstrated lower periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) rates, partly due to timing and dosing of intravenous (IV) vancomycin administration, which have proven important factors in effectiveness. This is a retrospective review of a consecutive series of primary TKAs examining incidence of PJI, adverse reactions, and complications using IV versus intraosseous (IO) vancomycin at 30-day, 90-day, and one-year follow-up.

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The management of periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) after total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is challenging. The correct antibiotic management remains elusive due to differences in epidemiology and resistance between countries, and reports in the literature. Before the efficacy of surgical treatment is investigated, it is crucial to analyze the bacterial strains causing PJI, especially for patients in whom no organisms are grown.

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Porous metaphyseal cones can be used for fixation in revision total knee arthroplasty (rTKA) and complex TKAs. This metaphyseal fixation has led to some surgeons using shorter cemented stems instead of diaphyseal engaging cementless stems with a potential benefit of ease of obtaining proper alignment without being beholden to the diaphysis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate short term clinical and radiographic outcomes of a series of TKA cases performed using 3D-printed metaphyseal cones.

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The purpose of this study was to use pharmacogenetics to determine the frequency of genetic variants in our total knee arthroplasty (TKA) patients that could affect postoperative pain medications. Pharmacogenetic testing evaluates patient DNA to determine if a drug is expected to have a normal clinical effect, heightened effect, or no effect at all on the patient. It also predicts whether patients are likely to experience side effects from medicine. We further sought to determine if changing the multimodal programme based on these results would improve pain control or reduce side effects.

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The aim of this study was to determine if a three-month course of microorganism-directed oral antibiotics reduces the rate of failure due to further infection following two-stage revision for chronic prosthetic joint infection (PJI) of the hip and knee.

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Tranexamic acid (TXA) is proven to reduce blood loss following total knee arthroplasty (TKA), but there are limited data on the impact of similar dosing regimens in revision TKA. The purpose of this multicentre randomized clinical trial was to determine the optimal regimen to maximize the blood-sparing properties of TXA in revision TKA.

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Our intention was to investigate if the highly porous biological fixation surfaces of a new 3D-printed total knee arthroplasty (TKA) achieved adequate fixation of the tibial and patellar components to the underlying bone.

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Adductor canal block (ACB) has emerged as an alternative to femoral nerve block (FNB) for analgesia after total knee arthroplasty (TKA). The optimal duration of maintenance of the ACB is still questionable. The purpose of this study was to compare the analgesic benefits and physiotherapy (PT) outcomes of single-shot ACB to two different regimens of infusion of the continuous ACB, 24-hour and 48-hour infusion.

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Multimodal infiltration of local anaesthetic provides effective control of pain in patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty (TKA). There is little information about the added benefits of posterior capsular infiltration (PCI) using different combinations of local anaesthetic agents. Our aim was to investigate the effectiveness of the control of pain using multimodal infiltration with and without infiltration of the posterior capsule of the knee.