Introduction

The aetiology of hallux valgus is almost certainly multifactoral. The biomechanics of the first ray is a common factor to most. There is very little literature examining the anatomy of the proximal metatarsal articular surface and its relationship to hallux valgus deformity.

The aetiology of hallux valgus is well published and largely debated. Hypermobility at the TMTJ was initially described by Morton, but it was not till Lapidus that its association with hallux valgus was hypothesized. However, little has been published on the anatomy of the tarsometatarsal joint. Our aim was to determine whether there was an anatomical basis for the coronal hypermobility in hallux valgus. Method. Anatomical dissection was completed on 42 feet from 23 bodies. Presence of hallux valgus was noted (displacement of sesamoids). Measurements and photographs were taken of the first tarsometatarsal joint and all differences noted. Observations. The TMTJ articular morphology is variable. There were 3 separate subtypes identified of the metatarsal articular surface. Results. The articular subtypes identified were called called A, B and C. Type A, was uni-facet with a single flat articular surface, Type B was bi-facet with two distinct flat articular surfaces, and Type C was tri-facet, with the presence of a lateral eminence on inferolateral surface of metatarsal. Type A was found exclusively in bodies with Hallux Valgus and Type C exclusively in bodies without Hallux Valgus. Type B was found in both groups. Type C was more common in males and type B was more common in females. The third facet was much more common in men. Another anomaly was found; measurements taken from the lowest to highest point of joint surface (mm) revealed a significantly flatter joint surface in bodies with hallux valgus. Conclusion. Coronal plane motion in varus is a consistent feature of hallux valgus. The lateral eminence acts as a sliding dovetail joint and prevents coronal plane motion and rotation. We believe we have identified a joint type that is protective of the development of hallux valgus

Ligamentous injury of the tarsometatarsal joint complex is uncommon but disabling. Injuries to individual ligaments can be visualised with MRI. The relative mechanical contribution of the three ligaments of the second TMTJ is unknown. Methods. The second and third metatarsals and the first cuneiform were dissected from twenty pairs of cadaveric feet. In group I, seven pairs were submaximally loaded to determine stiffness with the dorsal, plantar, and Lisfranc ligaments intact. One of each pair underwent sectioning of the dorsal ligament and was then loaded to failure. In the contralateral specimen both plantar and Lisfranc ligaments were divided before retesting. In group II all 13 pairs underwent dorsal ligament excision and stiffness determination. One of each pair was randomly assigned to undergo sectioning of the plantar ligament, the other sectioning of the Lisfranc ligament, before retesting. Results and Conclusions. The Lisfranc ligament is stronger and stiffer than the plantar ligament. The dorsal ligament is weaker than the Lisfranc/plantar complex. This suggests that ligamentous injuries of the second tarsometatarsal joint may be considered stable if the Lisfranc ligament is intact – even if the other two ligaments are disrupted. If the Lis-franc ligament is injured then the complex is less stiff and may be unstable

Introduction: Tarsometatarsal joint (TMTJ) arthrodesis is traditionally performed through a dorsal approach and is associated with higher incidence of cutaneous nerve damage, prominent metalware and high non-union rates. It is postulated that applying fixation to the plantar (tension) side, rather than the dorsal (compression) side would create a more stable construct with higher union rates. A suitable surgical approach has not previously been described. The aim of this study is to define a plantar surgical approach to the TMTJ’s. Methods: We dissected 10 cadaveric feet, identifying nerves, vessels, muscles and their innervation on the plantar aspect of the 1st and 2nd TMTJ’s. Results: We found that in all specimens a plane of dissection could be created between the two terminal divisions of the medial plantar nerve between flexor digitorum brevis and abductor hallucis. Although exposure of the 1st TMTJ was relatively easy, access to the 2nd TMTJ was difficult due to its location at the apex of the transverse metatarsal arch and the overlying peroneus longus insertion. We found that the peroneus longus tendon had a variable insertion not only at the base of the 1st metatarsal but also at the medial cuneiform and the base of the 2nd metatarsal. Discussion: This is a new surgical approach, following an internervous dissection plane. The feasibility of making an incision over the convex side of the rocker bottom deformity and the biomechanical advantage of a plantarly applied fixation device may make this an attractive surgical approach

Introduction: Tarsometatarsal joint (TMTJ) fusion is performed for arthritis or painful deformity. First TMTJ fusion may be performed as a part of corrective surgery for hallux valgus deformity. K-wires and trans-articular screws are often used to stabilize the joints. We present our experience with the use of locking plates (LP) for TMTJ fusion. Patients and Methods: Thirty-three TMTJ’s in 19 patients were fused and stabilised with LP’s between January and September 2008. The procedure was performed for Lisfranc arthritis in 13 patients and Lapidus procedures in six. Two out of 6 were revisions after failed fusion using transarticular screws. Iliac crest bone autograft was used in 26 joints in 12 patients. All patients post-operatively had below knee plaster immobilization and protected weight bearing walking for first 6 weeks. Clinical and radiological surveillance continued until bone union. AOFAS midfoot scale was used as outcome measure. Results: There were 7 male and 12 female patients with average age of 51 (14–68). The American orthopaedic foot and ankle surgery society (AOFAS) midfoot score showed a 42% improvement in pain, 30% improvement in function and 53% improvement in alignment. The average AOFAS overall score improved from 30 preoperativley to 67 postoperativley. All except one joint in one patient had clinically and radiologically fused joints. One patient underwent removal of the metalwork and four had delayed wound healing. The average satisfaction score was 7 out of 10. 86% said of patients said that they would recommend the surgery to a friend, and 91% would undergo the surgery again. Discussion: Locking plates have been recently introduced for ankle and foot surgery. Biomechanical studies have shown that the plates are not as strong or stiff as trans-articular screw fixation, however, they are easy to use, have more flexibility for realignment and can act as a buttress for bone graft. In our series all, except one, patients achieved bony union without loss of alignment. Conclusion: Locking plates provide satisfactory stability for TMTJ fusion, without complications

The late results of tarsometatarsal injuries in 33 patients have been reviewed. The average follow-up period was 15 years (range 11 to 20 years). Methods of treatment included cast immobilisation, and closed or open reduction with or without internal fixation. All patients noted diminishing symptoms after injury and all but six returned to their former occupation. Neither the initial fracture type nor the treatment had any apparent bearing on subsequent function; nor was there any correlation between radiographic assessment of the injury and the patient's symptoms.

Injuries to the tarsometatarsal (Lisfranc) joint are not common, and the results of treatment are often unsatisfactory. Since no individual is likely to see many such injuries, we decided to make a retrospective study of patients from five different centres. In this way 119 patients with injuries of the Lisfranc joint have been collected. This paper classifies these injuries and describes their incidence, mechanism of production, methods of treatment, results and complications. Sixty-nine of the patients attended for review: 35 of these had been treated by closed methods, 27 had had an open reduction and seven patients had had no treatment. On the basis of our study we suggest that these injuries should be classified according to the type of injury rather than the nature of the deforming force and that their treatment be based upon this classification. It seems that, whatever the severity of the initial injury, prognosis depends on accurate reduction and its maintenance.

Lisfranc injuries are uncommon and can be challenging to manage. There is considerable variation in opinion regarding the mode of operative treatment of these injuries, with some studies preferring primary arthrodesis over traditional open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF). We aim to assess the clinical and radiological outcomes of the patients treated with ORIF in our unit. This is a retrospective study, in which all 27 consecutive patients treated with ORIF between June 2013 and October 2018 by one surgeon were included with an average follow-up of 2.4 years. All patients underwent ORIF with joint-sparing surgery by a dorsal bridging plate (DBP) for the second and third tarsometatarsal (TMT) joint, and the first TMT joint was fixed with trans-articular screws. Patients had clinical examination and radiological assessment, and completed American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) midfoot score and Foot Function Index (FFI) questionnaires. Our early results of 22 patients (5 lost to follow-up) showed that 16 (72%) patients were pain free, walking normally without aids, and wearing normal shoes and 68% were able to run or play sports. The mean AOFAS midfoot score was 78.1 (63–100) and the average FFI was 19.5 (0.6–34). Radiological assessment confirmed that only three patients had progression to posttraumatic arthritis at the TMT joints though only one of these was clinically symptomatic. Good clinical and radiological outcomes can be achieved by ORIF in Lisfranc injuries with joint-sparing surgery using DBP

Background. Undisplaced Lisfranc-type injuries are subtle but potentially unstable fracture-dislocations with little known about the natural history. These injuries are often initially managed conservatively due to lack of initial displacement and uncertainty regarding subsequent instability at the tarsometatarsal joints (TMTJ). The aim of this study was to determine the secondary displacement rate and the need for delayed operative intervention in undisplaced Lisfranc injuries that were managed conservatively at initial presentation. Methods. Over a 6-year period (2011 to 2017), we identified 24 consecutive patients presenting to a university teaching hospital with a diagnosis of an undisplaced Lisfranc-type injury that was initially managed conservatively. Pre-operative radiographs were reviewed to confirm the undisplaced nature of the injury (defined as a diastasis< 2mm at the second TMTJ). The presence of a ‘fleck’ sign (small bony avulsion of the second metatarsal) was also noted. Electronic patient records and sequential imaging (plain radiographs/CT/MRI) were scrutinized for demographics, mechanism of injury and eventual outcome. Results. The mean age of the patients at the time of injury was 42 years (19 Female). 96% (23/24) were low energy injuries and 88% (21/24) had a positive ‘fleck sign’. The secondary displacement rate in this group of patients was 62.5% (15/24) over a median interval of 14 days (range 0 to 482 days). 12 patients underwent open reduction internal fixation after a median interval of 29 days (range 1 to 294 days) from their initial injury. One patient required TMTJ fusion at 19 months and two patients were managed non-operatively. The injury remained undisplaced in 37.5% patients (9/24) with only one patient requiring subsequent TMTJ fusion at 5 months. Conclusion. Undisplaced Lisfranc injuries have a high rate of secondary displacement and warrant close follow-up. Early primary stabilisation of undisplaced Lisfranc injuries should be considered to prevent unnecessary delays in surgical treatment

The Lisfranc fracture dislocation of the tarsometatarsal joint (TMTJ) is a complex injury with a reported incidence of 9.2 to 14/100,000 person-years. Lisfranc fixation involves dorsal bridge plating, transarticular screws, combination or primary arthrodesis. We aimed to identify predictors of poor patient reported outcome measures at long term follow up after operative intervention. 127 patients underwent Lisfranc fixation at our Level One Trauma Centre between November 2007 and July 2013. At mean follow-up of 10.7 years (8.0-13.9), 85 patients (66.92%) were successfully contacted. Epidemiological data including age, gender and mechanism of injury and fracture characteristics such as number of columns injured, direction of subluxation/dislocation and classification based on those proposed by Hardcastle and Lau were recorded. Descriptive analysis was performed to compare our primary outcomes (AOFAS and FFI scores). Univariate analysis and multivariate regression analysis was done adjusted for age and sex to compare the entirety of our data set. P<0.05 was considered significant. The primary outcomes were the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) Midfoot Score and the Foot Function Index (FFI). The number of columns involved in the injury best predicts functional outcomes (FFI, P <0.05, AOFAS, P<0.05) with more columns involved resulting in poorer outcomes. Functional outcomes were not significantly associated with any of the fixation groups (FFI, P = 0.21, AOFAS, P = 0.14). Injury type by Myerson classification systems (FFI, P = 0.17, AOFAS, P = 0.58) or open versus closed status (FFI, P = 0.29, AOFAS, P = 0.20) was also not significantly associated with any fixation group. We concluded that 10 years post-surgery, patients generally had a good functional outcome with minimal complications. Prognosis of functional outcomes is based on number of columns involved and injured. Sagittal plane disruption, mechanism and fracture type does not seem to make a difference in outcomes

Introduction. Metatarsus adductus (MA) increases the risk of recurrence following surgery for hallux valgus (HV). The goal of this study was to analyze patients with severe MA and identify clinical/surgical factors that are associated with a lower rate of recurrent deformity. Methods. 587 patients underwent correction of HV deformity. The rate of recurrence of HV was 15% (63 out of 414 patients) in patients without MA (MA angle < 20°) and 29.6% (50 out of 173 patients) in patients with MA. 19 patients with severe MA (>31°) were identified; 8 of 19 had associated tarsometatarsal arthritis, and two patients had a skew foot deformity. Ten patients had severe valgus lesser toe deformities. Clinical information collected included associated diagnoses, the presence of arthritis of the tarsometatarsal joints, the presence and degree of lesser toe valgus deformities and surgical procedures performed. Radiographic recurrence was defined as a postoperative HVA > 20°. Results. 9/19 patients were treated with a modified Lapidus procedure and 10 patients underwent a distal first metatarsal osteotomy. Of the 9 patients who were treated with a modified Lapidus procedure, 6 patients underwent simultaneous realignment lesser metatarsal osteotomy or arthrodesis of the 2. nd. /3. rd. TMT joints. 1/9 of these patients had radiographic recurrence of deformity. Of the 10 patients who underwent a distal first metatarsal osteotomy without realignment proximal osteotomy or arthrodesis, 5 had recurrence of deformity. Of the 11 patients with severe valgus lesser toe deformity, those who were treated with simultaneous additional distal lesser metatarsal osteotomies, did not have recurrence of hallux valgus. Conclusion. The use of a modified Lapidus procedure led to a lower rate of HV deformity recurrence in comparison to isolated distal first metatarsal osteotomies. Treatment of lesser toe deformity with distal osteotomy should be included as part of the treatment algorithm

The precise localisation of osteoarthritic changes is crucial for selective surgical treatment. Single photon-emission CT-CT (SPECT-CT) combines both morphological and biological information. We hypothesised that SPECT-CT increased the intra- and interobserver reliability to localise increased uptake compared with traditional evaluation of CT and bone scanning together. We evaluated 20 consecutive patients with pain of uncertain origin in the foot and ankle by radiography and SPECT-CT, available as fused SPECT-CT, and by separate bone scanning and CT. Five observers assessed the presence or absence of arthritis. The images were blinded and randomly ordered. They were evaluated twice at an interval of six weeks. Kappa and multirater kappa values were calculated. The mean intraobserver reliability for SPECT-CT was excellent (κ = 0.86; 95% CI 0.81 to 0.88) and significantly higher than that for CT and bone scanning together. SPECT-CT had significantly higher interobserver agreement, especially when evaluating the naviculocuneiform and tarsometatarsal joints. SPECT-CT is useful in localising active arthritis especially in areas where the number and configuration of joints are complex

Injuries to the tarsometatarsal joint complex are uncommonly recognised. Many treatment modalities have been advocated. In recent years anatomic reduction and temporary rigid fixation with trans -articular screws has become popular. This is a study conducted over a period of at least two years. It reviews the management and subsequent outcome of a series of consecutive patients with an average age of 40.1 who suffered tarsometatarsal injury, or Lisfranc fracture. Anatomic or near anatomic reduction was achieved using temporary bridging plate fixation of the TMT joints and occasionally also with second metatarsal base medial cuneiform screw fixation. Two years post surgery a good or excellent functional result was generally achieved; however midfoot stiffness was a common problem

A cavovarus foot deformity was simulated in cadaver specimens by inserting metallic wedges of 15° and 30° dorsally into the first tarsometatarsal joint. Sensors in the ankle joint recorded static tibiotalar pressure distribution at physiological load. The peak pressure increased significantly from neutral alignment to the 30° cavus deformity, and the centre of force migrated medially. The anterior migration of the centre of force was significant for both the 15° (repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA), p = 0.021) and the 30° (repeated measures ANOVA, p = 0.007) cavus deformity. Differences in ligament laxity did not influence the peak pressure. These findings support the hypothesis that the cavovarus foot deformity causes an increase in anteromedial ankle joint pressure leading to anteromedial arthrosis in the long term, even in the absence of lateral hindfoot instability

The April 2023 Foot & Ankle Roundup³⁶⁰ looks at: Outcomes following a two-stage revision total ankle arthroplasty for periprosthetic joint infection; Temporary bridge plate fixation and joint motion after an unstable Lisfranc injury; Outcomes of fusion in type II os naviculare; Total ankle arthroplasty versus arthrodesis for end-stage ankle osteoarthritis; Normal saline for plantar fasciitis: placebo or therapeutic?; Distraction arthroplasty for ankle osteoarthritis: does it work?; Let there be movement: ankle arthroplasty after previous fusion; Morbidity and mortality after diabetic Charcot foot arthropathy.

The April 2023 Trauma Roundup³⁶⁰ looks at: Displaced femoral neck fractures in patients aged 55 to 70 years: internal fixation or total hip arthroplasty?; Tibial plateau fractures: continuous passive motion approves range of motion; Lisfranc fractures: to fuse or not to fuse, that is the question; Is hardware removal after clavicle fracture plate fixation beneficial?; Fixation to coverage in Grade IIIB open fractures – what’s the time window?; Nonoperative versus locking plate fixation in the proximal humerus; Retrograde knee nailing or lateral plate for distal femur fractures?

Purpose:. To describe a plating technique for the Lapidus procedure as an alternative to the traditional screw fixation technique. To look at the complications experienced during the Lapidus procedure and to find possible solutions to prevent these complications. Methods:. A retrospective study of 34 Lapidus procedures in 26 patients (8 bilateral) between 2006 and 2009 was performed. All were done with a plating technique and a primary bone graft. The indications were:. metatarsus primus varus. hypermobility. degenerative TMT joint. Results:. The average intermetatarsal angle pre-operatively was 17.1° and this was reduced to 6,4° post – operatively. The complications experienced were:. post –operative metal removal = 6. transfer metatarsalgia = 1. hallux varus = 1. screw breakage = 1. delayed union = 1. non-union = 1. Conclusion:. The plating technique for the Lapidus procedure gives stable fixation and the outcome compares well with other methods of fixation

Lisfranc fracture dislocations of the midfoot are uncommon but serious injuries, associated with posttraumatic arthrosis, progressive deformity, and persistent pain. Management of the acute injury aims to restore anatomic tarsometatarsal alignment in order to minimise these complications. Reduction and stabilisation can be performed using image-guided percutaneous reduction and screw stabilisation (aiming to minimise the risk of wound infection) or through open plating techniques (in order to visualise anatomic reduction, and to avoid chondral damage from transarticular screws). This retrospective study compares percutaneous and open treatment in terms of radiographic reduction and incidence of early complications. Case records and postoperative radiographs of all patients undergoing reduction and stabilisation of unstable tarsometatarsal joint injuries between 2011 and 2014 in our institution were reviewed. Dorsoplantar, oblique and lateral radiographs were assessed for accuracy of reduction, with malreduction being defined as greater than 2mm tarsometatarsal malalignment in any view. The primary outcome measure was postoperative radiographic alignment. Secondary outcome measures included the incidence of infection and other intra- or early postoperative complications. During the study period, 32 unstable midfoot injuries were treated, of which 19 underwent percutaneous reduction and screw stabilisation and 13 underwent open reduction and internal fixation. Of the percutaneous group, no wound infections were reported, and there were four (21.1%) malreduced injuries. Of the open group, two infections (15.4%) were observed, and no cases of malreduction. In conclusion, our study shows a strong trend towards increased risk of malreduction when percutaneous techniques are used to treat midfoot injuries, and an increased risk of infection when open surgery is used. Whilst conclusions are limited by the retrospective data collection, this study demonstrates the relative risks to consider when selecting a surgical approach

As it remains unproven that hypermobility of the first tarsometatarsal joint (TMTJ-1) is a significant factor in hallux valgus deformity, the necessity for including arthrodesis of TMTJ-1 as part of a surgical correction of a hallux valgus is questionable. In order to evaluate the role of this arthrodesis on the long-term outcome of hallux valgus surgery, a prospective, blinded, randomised study with long-term follow-up was performed, comparing the Lapidus procedure (which includes such an arthrodesis) with a simple Hohmann distal closing wedge metatarsal osteotomy. The study cohort comprised 101 feet in 87 patients: 50 feet were treated with a Hohmann procedure and 51 with a Lapidus procedure. Hypermobility of TMTJ-1 was assessed pre-operatively by clinical examination. After a mean of 9.25 years (7.25 to 11.42), 91 feet in 77 patients were available for follow-up. There was no difference in clinical or radiological outcome between the two procedures. Also, there was no difference in outcome between the two procedures in the subgroup clinically assessed as hypermobile. This study does not support the theory that a hallux valgus deformity in a patient with a clinically assessed hypermobile TMTJ-1 joint requires fusion of the first tarso-metatarsal joint. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2013;95-B:1222–6