Sciatic nerve injury remains a significant and devastating complication of total hip arthroplasty. Incidence as quoted in the literature ranges from 0.08% in primary joint replacement to 7.5% in revision arthroplasty. While as urgent exploration is recommended for nerve palsies associated with pain, management of sciatic nerve palsy with little or no pain is still controversial. In light of this, many patients with persistent palsies are often not referred to our specialist centre until after 6 months post-injury. The aim of this study was to review the outcomes of surgical intervention in patients presenting with sciatic nerve palsy more than 6 months after total hip arthroplasty. This retrospective cohort study identified 35 patients who underwent exploration and neurolysis of the affected sciatic nerve. All patients had documented follow-up at 1, 3, 6, 12 and 18 months to assess sensory and motor recovery. Patients were scored for sensory and motor function in the tibia and common personal nerve divisions, pre and post-operatively. The scoring system devised by Kline et al (1995) was used. Pre-operative electrophysiology was also reviewed. We found a statistically significant functional recovery following neurolysis of the sciatic nerve (p<0.01). A statistically significant relationship was also found between time to neurolysis and recovery of tibial nerve function (p = 0.02), such that greater delay to neurolysis was associated with poorer recovery. There was no significant relationship between time to neurolysis and recovery of common peroneal nerve function (p = 0.28). Our results indicate that the neurolysis of the sciatic nerve, six months or more post injury is associated with functional recovery. We feel that without surgical exploration this clinical improvement would not have occurred. Therefore, we believe that neurolysis plays a vital role at any stage of sciatic nerve injury. However, early presentation to a specialist unit is associated with better outcomes

Intro. Sciatic nerve injury (SNI) is a rare and potentially devastating complication after total hip arthroplasty (THA). Neural monitoring has been found in several studies to be useful in preventing SNI, but can be difficult to practically implement during surgery. In this study, we examine the results of using a handheld nerve stimulator for intraoperative sciatic nerve monitoring during complex THA requiring limb lengthening and/or significant manipulation of the sciatic nerve. Methods. We retrospectively reviewed a consecutive series of 11 cases (9 patients, 11 hips) with either severe developmental dysplasia of the hip (Crowe 3–4) or other underlying conditions requiring complex hip reconstruction involving significant leg lengthening and/or nerve manipulation. Sciatic nerve function was monitored intra-operatively with a handheld nerve stimulator by obtaining pre- and post-reduction conduction thresholds during component trialling. The results of nerve stimulation were then used to influence intraoperative decision- making (downsizing components, shortening osteotomy). Results. No permanent postoperative sciatic nerve complication occurred, with an average increase of 28.5mm in limb length, ranging from 6 to 51mm. In 2 out of 11 cases, a change in nerve response was identified after trial reduction, which resulted in an alternate surgical plan (femoral shortening osteotomy and downsizing femoral head). In the remainder cases, the stimulator demonstrated a response consistent with the baseline assessment, assuring that the appropriate lengthening was achieved without SNI. One patient had a transient motor and sensory peroneal nerve palsy, which resolved within two weeks. Conclusions. The intraoperative use of a handheld nerve stimulator facilitates surgical decision-making and can potentially prevent SNI. The real-time assessment of nerve function allows immediate corrective action to be taken before nerve injury occurs

Injury to the sciatic nerve is one of the more serious complications of acetabular fracture and traumatic dislocation of the hip, both in the short and long term. We have reviewed prospectively patients, treated in our unit, for acetabular fractures who had concomitant injury to the sciatic nerve, with the aim of predicting the functional outcome after these injuries. Of 136 patients who underwent stabilisation of acetabular fractures, there were 27 (19.9%) with neurological injury. At initial presentation, 13 patients had a complete foot-drop, ten had weakness of the foot and four had burning pain and altered sensation over the dorsum of the foot. Serial electromyography (EMG) studies were performed and the degree of functional recovery was monitored using the grading system of the Medical Research Council. In nine patients with a foot-drop, there was evidence of a proximal acetabular (sciatic) and a distal knee (neck of fibula) nerve lesion, the double-crush syndrome. At the final follow-up, clinical examination and EMG studies showed full recovery in five of the ten patients with initial muscle weakness, and complete resolution in all four patients with sensory symptoms (burning pain and hyperaesthesia). There was improvement of functional capacity (motor and sensory) in two patients who presented initially with complete foot-drop. In the remaining 11 with foot-drop at presentation, including all nine with the double-crush lesion, there was no improvement in function at a mean follow-up of 4.3 years

(Case) 79-year-old woman. Past history, in 1989, right femur valgus osteotomy. in 1991, THA at left side. Follow-up thereafter. Hyaluronic acid injection for both knee osteoarthritis. (Clinical course)Her right hip pain getting worse and crawling indoors from the beginning of July 2013. We did right hybrid THA at August 2013(posterior approach, TridentHA cup, Exeter stem, Biolox Forte femoral head 28mm). But immediately, she dislocated twice than the third day after surgery because she became a delirium. It has been left by nurse for about 6 hours because of the midnight after the second dislocation. Next morning, check the dislocation limb position, closed reduction wasdone under intravenous anesthesia. As a result of waking up from the anesthesia, and complained of paralysis and violent pain in the right leg backward. A right lower extremity nerve findings, there is pain in the lower leg after surface about the calf, there was no apparent perception analgesia. Toe movement is weak, but the G-toe planter anddorsiflexion possible about M2, and neurological symptoms to relieved by flexion(above 70 degrees) of the right hip joint. Therefore, we thought that she suffered anterior dislocation of the sciatic nerve by the stem neck (retraction), judged to closed reduction was impossible, open reduction surgery was performed after waitingat hip flex position. But paralysis is gradually worsened during waiting surgery, toes movement had become impossible to operating room admission. Sciatic nerve is caught in front of the stem neck as expected, operative findings were able to finally reduction after removing the femoral head after dislocation. Anteversion of the cup was changed to 25 degrees from 15 degrees, and changed to 32mm diameter metal head and polyethylene liner. And we needed Intensive Care Unit(ICU) management after surgery for prevent recurrence of dislocation. Fitted with a hip brace for her, has not been re-dislocation. The sciatic nerve palsy improved in three months after the operation, the patient became able to walk without a cane. (Summary) We experienced a rare case suffered anterior dislocation of the sciatic nerve by the stem neck, and she had a good result after open reduction surgery

The surgical approach that is adequate for a primary total hip replacement may need to be modified to achieve a more extensile exposure as required for the revision procedure. A straightforward revision total hip replacement procedure can become quite complex when implant removal is attempted without adequate skill, instrumentation, or exposure. The most commonly used approaches in total hip replacement revision surgery are the transtrochanteric, posterolateral, and anterolateral. Although the effects of these approaches on the long-term clinical survival of the prosthetic composite are not completely clear, surgical approach does affect dislocation rates, trochanteric nonunion rates, and other indicators of clinical success. Transtrochanteric Approach - Three variations of the transtrochanteric approach exist: A) The classic Charnley trochanteric approach was popularised by virtue of its use in primary total hip arthroplasty (THA) and, therefore, was easily applied to revision THA. This approach allows excellent visualization of the lateral shaft of the femur, thus enhancing implant and cement removal. However, the classic Charnley approach is associated with a high incidence of trochanteric nonunion. Reattachment of the atrophied trochanteric fragment often requires adjunct fixation such as cables, hooks, or bolts. These devices can subsequently break, migrate, or generate particulate debris which, in turn, is capable of producing extensive granuloma. B) The trochanteric slide is accomplished by an anteromedial inclination of the osteotomy, thus providing a more stable interface for reattachment. The trochanteric slide offers the advantage of maintaining muscle continuity. The disadvantage of this technique is decreased visualization of the acetabulum. Adjunct fixation of the trochanter is also required with this approach. C) By creating a 6 cm to 12 cm distal extension to the trochanteric fragment, a large lateral window is developed which enhances both prosthesis and cement removal. Subsequently, trochanteric fixation is enhanced because the extended fragment increases the surface area available for fixation. Because the extended trochanteric osteotomy requires a larger bone resection, proximal femoral bone stock can be compromised. As a result, proximal prosthetic support with a tapered device can force the trochanteric fragment laterally, increasing the likelihood of nonunion. When an extended trochanteric osteotomy is used, the patient's postoperative physical therapy and rehabilitation course should be modified to protect the healing trochanteric fragment. Posterolateral Surgical Approach is used commonly in revision THA. The technique is popular because it is used widely for endoprosthetic replacement in the treatment of subcapital fractures. Also, the posterolateral approach is quite popular for primary THA. This approach has the advantage of maintaining the integrity of the abductor mechanism. Although femoral exposure is adequate, acetabular exposure can be limited. Also, this approach is associated with an increased incidence of dislocation. Another concern is its close proximity to the sciatic nerve, thus predisposing the patient to the risk of nerve injury. Anterolateral Surgical Approach has the advantage of improved visualization of the acetabulum and femur without the attending trochanteric complications and proximity to the sciatic nerve. This approach is associated with a low incidence of dislocation. However, the abductor muscle is divided or split and, therefore, abductor dysfunction can occur post-operatively. There also can be an increased incidence of heterotopic ossification, but it avoids the problem of trochanteric nonunion

Fracture of the acetabulum can result in damage to the articular surface that ranges from minimal to catastrophic. Hip arthroplasty may be required for more severe injuries due to marked articular surface damage, post traumatic degenerative changes, persistent malunion or nonunion, or occasionally avascular necrosis and destruction of the femoral head. These problems may be seen following both closed and open fracture treatment, but prior open reduction and internal fixation often makes subsequent THA more difficult due to soft tissue scarring and retained hardware. In select acute acetabular fracture cases with severe initial comminution of the joint, open reduction and fixation can be technically impossible or so clearly destined to early failure that initial fracture treatment with combined limited fixation and simultaneous THA is the best option, especially in osteoporotic elderly fracture patients. Problems which may be encountered during any THA in a patient with a prior acetabular fracture include: difficult exposure due to soft tissue defects and scarring, presence of heterotopic ossification, and nerve palsy from the original fracture or subsequent osteosynthesis. Retained hardware can present significant challenges and frequently is left in place or removed in part or completely, when intraarticular in location or blocking preparation of the acetabular cavity and placement of the cup. Additional potential problems include residual deformity and malunion, persistent pelvic dissociation or nonunion of fracture fragments, cavitary or segmental bone loss from displaced or resorbed bone fragments, and occasionally occult deep infection. Preoperative assessment and planning should include careful consideration of the most appropriate surgical approach, which may be impacted by the need for hardware removal. Screening laboratory studies and aspiration of the hip may prove helpful in excluding associated deep infection. Intraoperative sciatic nerve monitoring may be of assistance in patients with partial residual nerve deficits or where extensive posterior exposure and mobilization of the sciatic nerve is needed for hardware removal or excision of heterotopic ossification. Metal cutting tools to allow partial removal of long plates and adjunctive equipment for removal of broken or stripped screws should be routinely available during these cases. Careful preoperative planning regarding implant and reconstructive options can also ensure availability of proper components and equipment. Often implants and techniques developed for revision surgery for management of major bone deficiencies are needed. Reported results suggest that surgery is frequently prolonged, can be associated with greater blood loss and may result in increased risk of post-arthroplasty heterotopic ossification when compared to routine primary procedures. Bone stock and fracture union may be better in patients with prior internal fixation than in those with nonoperative treatment of major displaced acetabular fractures. Available long-term results document more durable results with lower rates of aseptic loosening with uncemented acetabular fixation compared to cemented acetabular components. These patients are at higher risk of revision and failure than patients undergoing THA for simple osteoarthritis, though initial short-term results are comparable to conventional hip arthroplasty patients, as long as early wound healing problems and deep infection can be avoided, which is a greater risk for acute THA for initial fracture care. The application of newer implant designs, highly porous ingrowth materials, and methods for management of acetabular bone deficiency developed for revision THA have helped improve results in this challenging subset of primary THA patients

THA after acetabular fracture presents unique technical challenges. These challenges include bone deformity, bone deficiency, sclerotic or dysvascular bone, non-united bony fragments, pelvic discontinuity, retained hardware, heterotopic ossification, previous incisions, and concerns regarding the sciatic nerve. Despite these challenges, with current treatment methods, a high degree of success can be achieved with modern technology. Preoperative evaluation for infection - In previously operated acetabular fractures, infection is always a concern. Screening C-reactive protein and sedimentation rate may be performed. If a concern regarding infection is present, the hip may be aspirated; Incisions - In most cases, a previous incision may be utilised. If necessary, an incision may be extended or a new limb can be created and attention should be paid to maintaining optimal skin bridges. In cases with a high degree of concern about infection, a staged procedure may be considered. However, in most cases, hardware removal can be done selectively at the time of THA surgery. Hardware that does not compromise placement of the THA may be left in place. Sometimes hardware can be cut off within the acetabulum to minimise exposure needs. The reconstructive goal is to place the hip center as close as possible to normal hip center but also to gain good support of the socket on host bone. In most cases, both goals can be met. When necessary, some compromise in hip center of rotation may be considered to optimise implant stability on host bone. The principles of revision surgery are followed using uncemented acetabular components fixed with augmentation screws. Most bone deficiencies may be managed with methods similar to revision hip surgery. However, in the acetabular fracture patient, usually the host femoral head is available and this can be used as bone graft, either in particulate or bulk form. Most cavitary deficiencies can be dealt with particulate bone graft. Some superolateral bone deficiencies from posterior wall fractures may be considered for bone grafting or augmentation techniques. Nonunited fractures are not uncommon in these circumstances. Small wall nonunions may be managed as noted above for bone deficiency. If pelvic discontinuity is present, it is usually best treated by following the rules established for treatment of pelvic discontinuity with pelvic plating. Pelvic plating provides a reasonable likelihood of bone healing in these circumstances when combined with bone grafting techniques. Heterotopic ossification is common in previously operated acetabular fractures. Removal of heterotopic bone at the time of surgery to gain hip motion is routine. Postoperative measures to reduce the likelihood of bone formation (that is either shielded radiation or use of a nonsteroid anti-inflammatory agent) may be strongly considered. The sciatic nerve is at risk during these procedures. In many cases, avoiding the nerve and the region of the nerve is a reasonable approach. When a lot of work must be done on the posterior column, the surgeon needs to know exactly where the nerve is and in such cases the nerve may be exposed distally beneath the gluteus maximus tendon and followed proximally with careful and judicious dissection. Results of total hip arthroplasty after acetabular fracture have varied in the past. More recent series have shown a high rate of acetabular fixation associated with uncemented hemispherical implants. Acetabular fracture patients are disproportionately young and active with unilateral hip disease and, therefore, bearing surfaces should be chosen accordingly

Background. Total hip arthroplasty for Crowe type IV developmental dysplasia of the hip is a technically demanding procedure. Restoration of the anatomical hip center frequently requires limb lengthening in excess of 4 cm and increases the risk of neurologic traction injury. However, it can be difficult to predict potential leg length change, especially in total hip arthroplasty for Crowe type IV developmental hip dysplasia. The purpose of the present study was to better define features that might aid in the preoperative prediction of leg length change in THAs with subtrochanteric femoral shortening osteotomy for Crowe type IV developmental dysplasia of the hip. Patients and Methods. Primary total hip arthroplasties with subtrochanteric femoral shortening osteotomy were performed in 70 hips for the treatment of Crowe type IV developmental hip dysplasia. The patients were subdivided into two groups with or without iliofemoral osteoarthritis. Leg length change after surgery was measured radiographically by subtracting the amount of resection of the femur from the amount of distraction of the greater trochanter. Preoperative passive hip motion was retrospectively reviewed from medical records and defined as either higher or lower motion groups. Results. The preoperative flexion of patients without iliofemoral osteoarthritis was significantly higher than for patients with iliofemoral osteoarthritis. All hips without iliofemoral OA had higher motion. The preoperative flexion in the higher motion group both with and without iliofemoral OA was significantly greater than in the lower group with iliofemoral OA (Figure 1). Leg length change in patients without iliofemoral osteoarthritis was significantly greater than with iliofemoral osteoarthritis (Figure 2), and the higher hip motion group had greater leg length change in THA than the lower motion group. No clinical evidence of postoperative neurologic injury was observed in patients with iliofemoral OA. Postoperative transient calf numbness in the distribution of the sciatic nerve was observed in 2 of 25 hips without iliofemoral OA (8.0%), however, no sensory and motor nerve deficit was observed. Discussion. The authors hypothesized that preoperative hip motion could affect soft tissue contractures, and our findings suggest that the soft tissues surrounding the hip joint with iliofemoral OA should be more contracted than the hip without OA. We also found leg length change in the higher motion group was greater than in the lower motion group. Previous studies reported limb lengthening in excess of 4 cm could increase the risk of nerve palsy. Transient calf numbness in the distribution of the sciatic nerve was observed in 2 hips without iliofemoral OA and their leg length change was not greater than 4 cm. Our findings suggest that hips without iliofemoral OA should be paid attention to protect the nerves from excessive elongation. The current study identifies several features that might help predict leg length change during the preoperative planning of total hip arthroplasty for Crowe type IV developmental hip dysplasia

Introduction. Acetabular fractures are a challenging problem. It has been published that outcome is dependent upon the type of fracture, the reduction of the fracture and concomitant injuries. The end-points of poor outcome include avascular necrosis of the femoral head, osteoarthritis. However, we lack definitive statistics and so counselling patients on prognosis could be improved. In order to achieve this, more outcome studies from tertiary referral centres are required. We present the first long term follow up from a large tertiary referral Centre in Ireland. Methods. We identified all patients who were ten years following open reduction and internal fixation of an acetbular fracture in our centre. We invited all of these patients to attend the hospital for clinical and radiographic follow-up. As part of this, three scoring systems were completed for each patient; the Short-form 36 health survey (SF36), the Merle d'Aubigné score and the Short Musculoskeletal Functional Assessment (SMFA). Results. The data represents one years activity at a new tertiary referral unit. We idenfied a total of 44 patients who were ten years following ORIF of acetabular fractures in our unit. 21 patients (48%) replied to written invitation and attended the hospital for clinical and radiographic follow-up. A further 7 patients were contacted by telephone and interviewed to guage their rehabilitation. 3 patients had passed away. The remaining 13 patients were not contactable. Of those who attended in person for follow-up; 18 were male and 3 were female. The mean age at follow-up was 40.5 years (Range 27-60). In terms of fracture pattern epidemiology, 43% of patients sustained posterior column and wall fractures, 29% posterior wall, 14% posterior column alone, 9.5% transverse with posterior wall and 9.5% bicolumnar. 2 patients in the follow-up group had total hip replacements. Of the remaining patients the overall mean SF36 score was 78.8% (SD 16.4). The mean SMFA was 14.1% (SD 5). The mean Merle d'Aubigné score was 14.9 (SD 3.2) with 63% graded as good or excellent. Comparison of outcome between sub-groups according to fracture clasification showed no significant difference. Traumatic sciatic nerve injury was sustained by four patients in the follow-up group and all patients continued to complain of ongoing weakness. Of the patients who were contacted via telephone, 2 had total hip replacements. The remaining 5 reported no significant problems with their hips and cited this as the reason for not attending follow-up. Conclusion. Overall the outcome of the patients was more favourable than expected. This was supported by the results of the clinical scoring systems. In some patients this also appeared to be despite poor radiographic findings. Our observations suggest that concomitant injuries, especially sciatic nerve injury have a profound negative influence on the patients' ability to fully rehabilitate. These data provide a valuable tool for the trauma surgeon in providing the patient with an educated prognosis

Introduction. Regional anesthesia is commonly utilized to minimize postoperative pain, improve function, and allow earlier rehabilitation following Total Knee Arthroplasty (TKA). The adductor canal block (ACB) provides effective analgesia of the anterior knee. However, patients will often experience posterior pain not covered by the ACB requiring supplemental opioid medications. A technique involving infiltration of local anesthetic between the popliteal artery and capsule of knee (IPACK) targets the terminal branches of the sciatic nerve, providing an alternative for controlling posterior knee pain following TKA. Materials and Methods. IRB approval was obtained, a power analysis was performed, and all patients gave informed consent. Eligible patients were those scheduled for an elective unilateral, primary TKA, who were ≥ 18 years old, English speaking, American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status (ASA PS) classification I-III. Exclusion criteria included contraindication to regional anesthesia or peripheral nerve blocks, allergy to local anesthetics, allergy to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), chronic renal insufficiency with GFR < 60, chronic pain not related to the operative joint, chronic (> 3 month) opioid use, pre-existing peripheral neuropathy involving the operative limb, and body mass index (BMI) ≥ 40 kg/m. 2. . Patients were randomized into one of two treatment arms: Continuous ACB with IPACK (IPACK Group) block or Continuous ACB with sham subcutaneous saline injection (No IPACK Group). IPACK Group received single injection of 20 mL 0.25% Ropivacaine. Postoperatively, all patients received a standardized multimodal analgesic regimen. The study followed a double-blinded format. Only the anesthesiologist performing the block was aware of randomization status. Following surgery, a blinded medical assessor recorded cumulative opioid consumption, average and worst pain scores, and gait distance. Results. 72 people were enrolled in the study and three withdrew. There were 35 people in the IPACK group and 34 in the NO IPACK group. There was no difference demographically between the groups. In the Post Anesthesia Care Unit (PACU), the average (P=0.0122) and worst (P=0.0168) pain scores at rest were statistically lower in the IPACK group. There was no difference in the pain scores during physical therapy. (P=0.2080) There was no difference in opioid consumption in the PACU (P=0.7928), at 8 hours (P=0.2867), 16 hours (P=0.2387), 24 hours (P=0.7456), or 30 hours (P=0.8029). There was no difference in pain scores on POD 1 in the AM (P=0.4597) or PM (P=0.6273), nor was there any difference in walking distance (P=0.5197). There was also no difference in length of stay in the PACU (P=0.9426) or hospital (P=0.2141) between the two groups. Discussion/Conclusion. Overall, pain was well controlled between the two groups. The IPACK group had lower pain scores at rest in the PACU, but this may not be clinically significant. The routine use of the IPACK is not supported by the results of this study. There may be use of the IPACK block as a rescue block or in patients whom have contraindications to our standard multimodal treatment regimen, or in patients with chronic pain or opioid dependence

Most acetabular defects can be treated with a cementless acetabular cup and screw fixation. However, larger defects with segmental bone loss and discontinuity often require reconstruction with augments, a cup-cage, or triflange component – which is a custom-made implant that has iliac, ischial, and pubic flanges to fit the outer table of the pelvis. The iliac flange fits on the ilium extending above the acetabulum. The ischial and pubic flanges are smaller than the iliac flange and usually permit screw fixation into the ischium and pubis. The custom triflange is designed based on a pre-operative CT scan of the pelvis with metal artifact reduction, which is used to generate a three-dimensional image of the pelvis and triflange component. The design of the triflange involves both the manufacturing engineer and surgeon to determine the most appropriate overall implant shape, screw fixation pattern, and cup location and orientation. A plastic model of the pelvis, and triflange implant can be made in addition to the triflange component to be implanted, in order to assist the surgeon during planning and placement of the final implant in the operating room. A wide surgical exposure is needed including identification of the sciatic nerve. Proximal dissection of the abductors above the sciatic notch to position the iliac flange can risk denervation of the abductor mechanism. Blood loss during this procedure can be excessive. Implant survivorship of 88 to 100% at 53-month follow-up has been reported. However, in a series of 19 patients with Paprosky type 3 defects, only 65% were considered successful. The custom triflange also tends to lateralise the hip center which may adversely affect hip mechanics. The use of a triflange component is indicated in cases with massive bone loss or discontinuity in which other reconstructive options are not considered suitable

Background. There are many difficulties during performing total hip replacement in high riding DDH. These difficulties include:. In Acetabular part: bony defect in antero lateral acetabular wall/finding true centre of rotation/shallowness of true acetabulum/hypertrophied and thick capsular obstacle between true and false acetabulum. In Femoral part: small diameter femoral shaft/excessive ante version/posterior placement of greater trochanter. anatomic changes in soft tissue & neurovascular around the hip including: adductor muscle contracture/shortening of abductor muscles/risk of sciatic nerve injury following lengthening of the limb after reduction in true acetabulum/vascular injury. The purpose of this lecture is how to manage above problems with using reinforcement ring (ARR) for reconstruction of true acetabulum and step cut L fashion proximal femoral neck shortening osteotomy in a single stage operation. Method. 23 surgeries in 19 patients, including 18 female and one male were performed by me from Jan. 1997 till Dec. 2009. Six patients had bilateral hip dislocation, but till now only four of them had bilateral stepped operation. Left hip was involved in 15 cases (65.2%). The average age was 40 years old. All hips were high riding DDH according to both hartofillokides and crowe classification. Reconstruction of true acetabulum was performed with aid of reinforcement ring and bone graft from femoral head in all cases. Trochantric osteotomy was done in all, followed by fixation with wire in 22 cases which needed two revisions due to symptomatic non union (9%). Hooked plate was use in one case for trochantric fixation. Due to high riding femur, it was necessary to performed femoral shortening in neck area as a step cut L fashion. In two patient, one with bilateral involvement, after excessive limb lengthening following trial reduction, it was necessary to performed concomitant supracondylar femoral shortening. (3 cases = 13%). 22 mm cup & miniature muller DDH stem were used in 18 cases (78.26%). In 5 cases, one bilaterally, non cemented stem and 28 mm cemented cup in ring were used. Primary adductor tenotomy was performed in 9 cases. Secondary adductor tenotomy needed in 2 cases (totally = 47.82%). Repair of iatrogenic femoral artery tear after traction injury with retractor, occurred in 2 cases (8.69%). All patients evaluate retrospectively. Average follow up month is 68.7. Results. One case of left acetabular component revision due to painful bony absorption in infero medial part of ring with poor inclination wad done, after 2 years of primary operation. Know after 13 years she has had early signs of stem loosening in the same side. Another acetabular component revision following traumatic dislodgment of cup and cement from ring was performed after 13 months from primary operation. Again she had poor implant inclination. So revision rate is 8.69%. (One case will need revision in near future, so the revision rate will increase to 13%) Radiological wires breakage which were used for greater trochanteric fixation, could be seen in 11 cases (47.82%), but only two of them with functional impairment needed to re-fixation with Menen plate(18.18% of trochanteric non union). Average limb lengthening after operation is 4.3 Cm (2-7 Cm). Only one case of transient Sciatic nerve paresis had happened for 2 months followed by complete recovery. Two case of secondary adductor tenotomy wre done, one after traumatic dislocation of prosthesis with pubic fracture, and the other one after restriction of hip abduction. The average Harris hip score from 23 pre -operatively has been increase to 85.38. (The pre op. scores were 12.625 – 40.775/The post op. scores were 64.92 – 96). No post operative infection was seen. Discussion. This is a midterm follow up survey, but 7 cases have more than 9 years follow up with only one stem loosening (11% long term loosening rate). It is a challenging procedure for performing joint replacement in high riding DDH, if so using reinforcement ring with graft for true acetabulum reconstruction and getting primary proximal femoral shortening in a step cut L fashion around the lesser trochanteric region would be a worthy procedure. In high riding DDH due to hypoplasia of lesser trochanter, there is not a significant difference in bone resistance and it is possible to get shortening in this area without fearing of deco promising bony stability. The average shortening is 3 Cm. In specific cases with more severe contracture for preventing neuro-vascular complication, concomitant shortening osteotomy in supracondylar area is recommended. Although greater trochanter fibrous union has produced less functional impairment, but a better technique should be considered. Distal and lateral advancement of osteotomised greater trochanter lead to better abductor muscle performance and less limp. Adductor tenotmy has a great importance in contracted soft tissue, so in any case with abduction limitation it should be performed

Nerve palsy occurring after elective primary total hip arthroplasty (THA) is a devastating complication because of its effect on motor strength, walking ability, potential for pain, and unexpected nature. In general, the nerve distribution involved is the peroneal branch of the sciatic nerve, and the level of involvement is usually mixed motor and sensory. Prior publications have associated limb lengthening, dysplasia and use of the posterior approach to be associated with a higher incidence of nerve palsy. In the literature, the incidence of sciatic nerve palsy is estimated to be 0.2 to 1.9%. We examined the rate of sciatic nerve palsy after THA performed by the joint replacement service at Hospital for Special Surgery between the years 1998–2013. Each case was matched with 2 controls that underwent THA and did not develop postoperative neuropathy. Controls were matched by surgical date having been within 7 days of their matched case's surgery date. Patient and surgical variables were reviewed using data from patient charts and the institution's total joint replacement registry. A multivariable logistic regression model was created to identify potential risk factors for neuropathy following THA while adjusting for potential confounders. We found that, of 39,056 primary THA cases, there were 81 cases of sciatic nerve palsy, giving an incidence of 0.21%. The factors with the greatest odds ratios for nerve palsy were: history of smoking (OR=3.45); history of spinal stenosis (OR=4.45), and time of day of 1PM or later (OR=3.98). We did not find limb lengthening, dysplasia, or type of fixation to be associated with nerve palsy. In conclusion, post-surgical neuropathy has a low incidence after primary THA, but at our institution, was associated with several factors. Spine-related comorbidities, such as spinal stenosis and lumbar spine disease, and smoking history should be closely monitored to inform the patient and surgeon for the potential increased risk of postoperative neuropathy following THA

Nerve palsy occurring after elective primary total hip arthroplasty is a devastating complication because of its effect on motor strength, walking ability, potential for pain, and unexpected nature. In general, the nerve distribution involved is the peroneal branch of the sciatic nerve, and the level of involvement is usually mixed motor and sensory. Prior publications have associated limb lengthening, dysplasia and use of the posterior approach to be associated with a higher incidence of nerve palsy. In the literature, the incidence of sciatic nerve palsy is estimated to be 0.2–1.9%. We examined the rate of sciatic nerve palsy after THA performed by the joint replacement service at Hospital for Special Surgery between the years 1998 and 2013. Each case was matched with 2 controls that underwent THA and did not develop post-operative neuropathy. Controls were matched by surgical date having been within 7 days of their matched case's surgery date. Patient and surgical variables were reviewed using data from patient charts and the institution's total joint replacement registry. A multivariable logistic regression model was created to identify potential risk factors for neuropathy following THA while adjusting for potential confounders. We found that, of 39,056 primary THA cases, there were 81 cases of sciatic nerve palsy, giving an incidence of 0.21%. The factors with the greatest odds ratios for nerve palsy were: history of smoking (OR=3.45); history of spinal stenosis (OR=4.45), and time of day of 1PM or later (OR=3.98). We did not find limb lengthening, dysplasia, or type of fixation to be associated with nerve palsy. In conclusion, post-surgical neuropathy has a low incidence after primary THA, but at our institution, was associated with several factors. Spine-related comorbidities, such as spinal stenosis and lumbar spine disease, and smoking history should be closely monitored to inform the patient and surgeon for the potential increased risk of post-operative neuropathy following THA

Introduction. The purpose of this retrospective study was to review the outcome of THA in the treatment of bilateral hip ankylosis of different causes; surgical, septic or spontaneous. Methods & Material. 20 THA procedures in 10 patients were included in the study, 5 males and 5 females all had bilateral fusion. Previous pathologies included: ankylosing spondylitis, AVN, septic arthritis and surgical arthrodesis. Flexion deformity ranged (10°-45°). Shortening as compared to normal anatomy was up to 6 cm and leg length discrepancy (LLD) ranged from 1 cm to 2.5 cm. Most unified X-ray finding was massive osteophytes formation with 3 patients showing severe narrowing of the femoral canal. Operative time averaged 147 minutes (70–210) and lateral approach was used in all patients, anesthesia was general with only 3 undergoing spinal anesthesia. Results. Serious complications were reported and were related to the correction of LLD; 1 incidence of sciatic nerve injury that recovered in one year, and another incidence of femoral nerve injury (sensory > motor) that recovered within 3 months, and one case of incomplete correction of LLD. At 5 years follow up (minimum 6 month), there is no loosening or revision. Discussion. The conversion of bilateral fused hip joints to THA is a very rewarding surgery but with higher risk of complications

This study presents an unusual recurrent case of pigmented villonodular synovitis (PVNS) around a ceramic-on-metal (COM) hip retrieved at 9-years. PVNS literature relates to metal-polyethylene and ceramic-ceramic bearings. Amstutz reported 2 cases with MOM resurfacing and Xiaomei reported PVNS recurring at 14 years with metal-on-polyethylene THA. Friedman reported on PVNS recurrence in a ceramic THA. Ours may be the first reported case of recurrent PVNS of a ceramic-on-metal articulation. This young female patient (now 38-years of age) had a total hip replacement in 2006 for PVNS in her left hip. In her initial work-up, this case was presumed to be a pseudotumor problem, typical of those related to CoCr debris with high metal-ion concentrations. She had an CoCr stem (AML), 36mm Biolox-delta head (Ceramtec), and a Pinnacle acetabular cup with CoCr liner (Ultramet, Depuy J&J). This patient had no concerns regarding subluxation, dislocation or squeaking. Three years ago she complained of mild to moderate groin and thigh pain in her left hip. This worsened in the past year. She noticed increased swelling now with an asymmetry to her right hip. She went to the emergency room in Dec-2014 and was referred to a plastic surgeon. In our consult we reviewed MARS-MRI and CT-scans that demonstrated multiple mass lesions surrounding the hip. Laboratory results presented Co=0.7, Cr=0.3 ESR=38 and Crp=0.3. At revision surgery, the joint fluid was hemorrhagic/bloody with hemosiderin staining the soft tissues. Multiple large 4–5×5cm nodules were present in anterior aspect of the hip as well as multiple nodules surrounding posterior capsule and sciatic nerve. Pathology demonstrated a very cellular matrix with hemosiderin-stained tissue and multiple giant cells, which was judged consistent with PVNS. The trunnion showed no fretting, no contamination and no discoloration. The superior neck showed impingement due to low-inclination cup. There was minimal evidence of metal-debris staining the tissues. There was a large metallic-like stripe across the ceramic head. This is a particularly interesting case and may be the first reported recurrent PVNS around a ceramic-on-metal bearing (COM). Data is scant regarding clinical results of COM bearings and here we have a nine-year result in a young and active female patient. She was believed to have a metalosis-related pseudotumor yet her metal-ion levels were not alarmingly high and there was no particular evidence of implant damage or gross wear products. In addition, the CoCr trunnion appeared pristine. Our work-up continues with analyses of wear and histopath-evidence. This case may demonstrate the need for a broadening of the differential diagnosis when dealing with hip failures

The purpose of this study is to report a unique overgrowth syndrome and discuss the insights into the complex orthopaedic management. Written consent to report this case was granted. The patient's condition, wrongly diagnosed as Proteus syndrome, is characterised by a genetic mutation in PIK3CA, a critical regulator of cell growth. This lead to unregulated cellular division of fibroblasts isolated to the lower limbs. The legs weighed 117 kg, with a circumference of >110 cm. In addition to lower limb overgrowth, numerous musculoskeletal and organ pathologies have been encountered since birth requiring treatment from a wide variety of healthcare specialists and basic scientists. At 32 years, the patient developed septicaemia secondary to an infected foot ulcer. Amputation had been discussed in the elective setting, however the presence of sepsis expedited surgery. The above knee amputation took 9 hours and four assistants including a plastic surgeon. A difficult dissection revealed a deep subcutaneous fatty layer that integrated with deep muscle, massive hypertrophy of cutaneous nerves and the sciatic nerve and ossification within the distal quarter of the quadriceps muscles requiring osteotomy. The lower limb osteology was grossly aberrant. The size of the amputated limb did not permit use of a tourniquet and cell salvage reintroduced 10.5 litres of blood with a further 6 units of red cells intra-operatively. The leg stump successfully took to a split-skin graft. A unique phenomenon was witnessed post-operatively whereby the stump continued to grow due to upregulation of fibroblasts secondary to trauma. Targeted genetic therapies have been successfully developed to suppress this stump growth. This unique and unclassified overgrowth syndrome was caused by a mutation in the PIK3CA gene. Orthopaedic management of the oversized limb was complex requiring multiple surgeons and prolonged general anesthetic. A multi-disciplinary approach to this condition is required for optimizing outcomes in these patients

What are the data on obesity and THA risk? Which complications are elevated? If you decide on surgery, how can you minimise complications? These are timely questions because the rates of obesity are rising in the US and in many other parts of the world. Does obesity increase risk of THA complications? Answer: yes: at least for some complications. Complications which are increased: infection, wound healing, nerve injury; possibly: dislocation, periprosthetic fractures. The data are mixed on whether aseptic loosening and/or bearing surface wear problems are increased in the obese. Higher BMI may be offset by lower activity levels, particularly in a congruent joint such as the hip. Outcomes of THA in obese: Lower function scores and activity scores compared to nonobese. But good pain relief and the preoperative to postoperative change in functional scores is similar to non-obese. Is there a critical BMI threshold above which complications become unacceptable? Several studies show BMI ≥40 associated with strong risk of complications. One study from Mayo Clinic on patients with BMI ≥50 showed a 39% surgical complication rate, a 12% medical complication rate, and a high mortality rate in the several years after THA. Individualise operative decisions based on risk/benefit analysis for each patient. If you decide to operate, how can you minimise risk? Lose weight before surgery by diet: often ineffective, but worth trying. Lose weight before THA with bariatric surgery: effective in producing weight loss, but beware of the “malnourished” obese patient. In surgery: care with patient positioning, sufficient incision length, greater exposure, avoid sciatic nerve injury, fractures, care with acetabular component positioning, extra drains in subcutaneous tissue and wound compression. Engage patient in discussion of risks/benefits before surgery: shared decision making

Introduction. Fast track arthroplasty regimens require preservation of motor power to perform early rehabilitation and ensure early discharge (1). Commonly performed nerve blocks like femoral and Sciatic nerve blocks results in motor weakness thereby interfering with early rehabilitation and may also predispose to patient falls (2, 3). Hence, targeting the terminal branches of the femoral and sciatic nerves around the knee joint under ultrasound is an attractive strategy. The nerve supply of interest for knee analgesia are the terminal branches of the femoral nerve, the genicular branches of the lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh, obturator and sciatic nerves (4). Methods. We modified the performance of the adductor canal block and combined it with US guided posterior pericapsular injection and lateral femoral cutaneous nerve block to provide analgesia around the knee joint. The femoral artery is first traced under the sartorius muscle until the origin of descending geniculate artery and the block is performed proximal to its origin. A needle is inserted in-plane between the Sartorius and rectus femoris above the fascia lata and 5 ml of 0.5% ropivacaine (LA) is injected to block the intermediate cutaneous nerve of thigh. The needle is then redirected to enter the fascia of Sartorius to deliver an additional 5ml of LA to cover the medial cutaneous nerve of thigh following which it is further advanced till the needle tip is seen to lie adjacent to the femoral artery under the Sartorius to perform the adductor canal block with an additional 15–20 ml of LA to cover nerve to vastus medialis, saphenous nerve and posterior division of the obturator nerve (Fig 1). The lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh is optionally blocked with 10 ml of LA near the anterior superior iliac spine between the origin of Sartorius and tensor fascia lata (Fig 2). The terminal branches of sciatic nerve to the knee joint is blocked by depositing 25 ml of local anesthetic solution between the popliteal artery and femur bone at the level of femoral epicondyles (Fig 3). Results. The initial experience of the block performed on 10 patients reveal the median (IQR) block duration is noted to be around 20 (±6.5) hours. The median (IQR) pain scores in the first 24 postoperative hours ranged from 0 (±0.5) to 3 (±2.5) at rest and 1.5 (±3.5) to 5.5 (±1) on movement. All patients were successfully mobilized on the morning of the first postoperative day. Conclusion. Motor sparing from the blocks while providing adequate analgesia can be achieved by selectively targeting the sensory innervation of the knee joint. Future comparative studies are needed to evaluate the performance of the block against other modes of analgesia for knee arthroplasty

In order to manage painful subluxation/dislocation secondary to cerebral palsy, 12 hips in 11 patients received combined femoral and Chiari pelvic osteotomies with additional soft tissues releases at an average age of 14.1 (9.1-17.8) years. Pain relief, improvement in the arc of movement, sitting posture and ease of perineal care was recorded in all, and these features have been maintained at an average follow-up of 13.1 (8-17.5) years. The improvement of general mobility was marginal, but those who were community walkers benefited the most. Pre-operative radiological measurements have been modified post-operatively to use lateral margin of the neo-acetabulum produced by the pelvic osteotomy. The radiological migration index improved from a mean of 80.6% to 13.7% [p<0.0001]. The mean changes in CE angle and Sharp's angle were 72° (range 56°- 87°) [p<0.0001] and 12.3° (range 9°- 15.6°) [p< 0.0001] respectively. Radiological evidence of progressive arthritic change was seen in only one hip, in which only a partial reduction had been achieved, and there was early joint space narrowing in another. Heterotopic ossification was observed in one patient with athetoid quadriplegia who remained pain free. In seven hips the lateral Kawamura approach, elevating the greater trochanter, provided exposure for both osteotomies and allowed the construction of a dome-shaped iliac osteotomy, while protecting the sciatic nerve. This combined procedure provides a stable hip with sustained pain relief for the adolescent and young adult presenting with pain