Aims. This study compared the long-term results following Salter osteotomy and Pemberton acetabuloplasty in children with developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH). We assessed if there was a greater increase in pelvic height following the Salter osteotomy, and if this had a continued effect on pelvic tilt, lumbar curvature or functional outcomes. Patients and Methods. We reviewed 42 children at more than ten years post-operatively following a unilateral Salter osteotomy or Pemberton acetabuloplasty. We measured the increase in pelvic height and the iliac crest tilt and sacral tilt at the most recent review and at an earlier review point in the first decade of follow-up. We measured the lumbar Cobb angle and the Short Form-36 (SF-36) and Harris hip scores were collected at the most recent review. Results. During the first decade of follow-up, there was a greater increase in pelvic height in the children who had a Salter osteotomy (Salter, 10.1%; Pemberton, 4.3%, p < 0.001). The difference in the increase in pelvic height was insignificant at the most recent review (Salter, 4.4%; Pemberton, 3.1%, p = 0.249). There was no significant difference between the two groups for the lumbar Cobb angle, (Salter, 3.1°; Pemberton, 3.3°, p = 0.906). A coronal lumbar curve was seen in 41 children (97%), 30 of these had a compensatory curve. Sacral tilt was the radiographic parameter for pelvic imbalance that correlated most with the lumbar Cobb angle (Pearson correlation co-efficient 0.59). The Harris hip score and SF-36 were good and showed no differences between the two groups. Conclusion. In the long-term, we found no difference in the functional results or pelvic imbalance between Salter osteotomy and Pemberton acetabuloplasty in the management of children with DDH. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2016;98-B:1145–50

Introduction. Bulk bone grafting is commonly used in total hip arthroplasty (THA) for developmental dysplasia. However, it is a technically demanding surgery with several critical issues, including graft resorption, graft collapse, and cup loosening. The purpose of this study is to describe our new bone grafting technique and review the radiographic and clinical results. Patients and Methods. We retrospectively reviewed 105 hips in 89 patients who had undergone covered bone grafting (CBG) in total hip arthroplasty for developmental dysplasia. We excluded patients who had any previous surgeries or underwent THA with a femoral shortening osteotomy. According to the Crowe classification, 6 hips were classified as group I, 39 as group II, 40 as group III, and 20 as group IV. Follow-up was at a mean of 4.1 (1 ∼ 6.9) years. The surgery was performed using the direct anterior approach. The acetabulum was reamed as close to the original acetabulum as possible. The pressfit cementless cup was impacted into the original acetabulum. After pressfit fixation of the cup was achieved, several screws were used to reinforce the fixation. Indicating factor for using CBG was a large defect where the acetabular roof angle was more than 45 degrees and the uncovered cup was more than 2 cm (Fig.1). The superior defect of the acetabulum was packed with a sufficient amount of morselized bone using bone dust from the acetabular reamers. Then, the grafted morselized bone was covered with a bone plate from the femoral head. The bone plate was fixed with one screw to compact the morselized bone graft. The patient was allowed to walk bearing full weight immediately after surgery. We measured the height of the hip center from the teardrop line and the pelvic height on anteroposterior roentgenograms of the pelvis and calculated the ratio of the hip center to the pelvic height. We defined the anatomical hip center as the height of the center less than 15 % of the pelvic height, which was nearly equal to 30 mm, because the mean pelvic height was 210 mm. Results. The mean height of the hip center was 9.8 (4.1∼18.0) % of the pelvic height and the 101 (96.2%) cups were placed within the anatomical hip center. Radiographically, in all patients, the host-graft interface became distinct and the new cortical bone in the lateral part of the plate bone appeared within 1 year after surgery (Fig.2, 3). We observed no absorption of the plate bone graft and no migration of the cup at the last follow-up. Conclusion. CBG technique is simple, because the bone graft is always performed after the pressfit of the cup is achieved. Moreover, patients require no partial weight bearing postoperatively, because the cup is supported by the host bone with the pressfit and additional screws. The CBG technique would be an excellent option for the reconstruction of the acetabulum in patients with severe dysplasia to avoid a high hip center and bulky bone grafting

Introduction. Bulk bone grafting of the cup is commonly used in total hip arthroplasty (THA) for developmental dysplasia. However, it carries a risk of the graft collapse in the mid-term or long-term results. The purpose of this study is to describe our new bulk bone grafting technique and review the radiographic and clinical results. Patients and Methods. We retrospectively reviewed 85 hips in 74 patients who had undergone bulk bone grafting in total hip arthroplasty for developmental dysplasia between 2008 and 2013. We excluded patients who had any previous surgeries or performed THA with the femoral shortening osteotomy. According to the Crowe classification, 4 hips were classified as Type 1, 28 as Type 2, 35 as Type 3, and 18 as Type 4. Follow-up was at a mean of 4.0 years (1 to 6.1). The surgery was performed using the direct anterior approach on a standard surgical table. The acetabulum was reamed for as close to the original acetabulum as possible. The pressfit cementless cup was impacted into the original acetabulum. After the pressfit fixation of the cup was achieved, two or three screws were used to reinforce the fixation. The superior defect of the acetabulum was packed with sufficient amount of morselized bone graft. Then, the bulk bone was placed on the morselized bone graft and fixed with one screw. Post-operatively, there were no restrictions to movement or position. On the first day after surgery, the patient was allowed to walk with full weight-bearing. We measured the height of the hip center from the interteardrop line and the pelvic height on anteroposterior roentgenograms of the pelvis and calculated the ratio of the hip center to the pelvic height. We defined the anatomical hip center as the height of the center less than 15% of the pelvic height. Results. The mean height of the hip center was 10.2 (4.1∼18.0)% of the pelvic height and the 81 (95.2%) cups were placed within the anatomical hip center. We observed no collapsed grafts, no severe absorption of the grafts, and no migration of the cup at the last follow-up. Conclusion. In our technique, there is no concern of the bulk bone graft collapse even in the long-term results, because the cup is not supported by the bulk bone graft but by the host bone with the pressfit and additional screws. Moreover, 95.2% of all cups were placed within the anatomical hip center. In conclusion, our new bulk bone graft technique would be simple to perform and an excellent option for the reconstruction of the acetabulum in patients with severe dysplasia

Modern anthropometric techniques were used to investigate two groups of subjects, one with various syndromes associated with pain in the lower back and the other a control group. Analysis confirmed previous reports that people prone to pain in the back have a greater standing height than people who are not. To investigate this further two new components of height, namely pelvic height and suprapelvic height, were calculated in addition to the established calculation of subischial height. Consecutive components, namely suprapelvic height, pelvic height and subischial height, together constituted the standing height of a subject. The main finding of this investigation was that the relatively large standing height of the subject prone to back pain was due only to the pelvic component

There is increasing interest in the use of image free computer assisted surgery (CAS) in total hip arthroplasty (THA). Many of these systems require the registration of the Anterior Pelvic Plane (APP) via the bony landmarks of the anterior superior iliac spines (ASIS) and pubic tubercles (PT) in order to accurately orient the acetabular cup in terms of anteversion and inclination. Given system accuracies are within 1mm and 1° and clinical validation studies have given accuracy by cup position. However, clinical outcomes contain not only system inaccuracies but also variations due to clinical practice. To understand the effects of variation in landmark acquisition on the identification of the acetabular cup orientation, independent bench testing is required. This requires a phantom model that can represent the range of pelvises, male and female, encountered during THA and introduce deliberate known errors to the acquisition to see the effect on anteversion and inclination angles. However, there is a paucity of information in the literature with regards to these specific pelvic dimensions (pelvic width and height). Therefore the aims of this work were to generate the normal expected range of sizes of the APP for both males and females and to use these to manufacture a phantom model that could be used to assess CT free navigation systems. In the first part of the study 35 human cadavers and 100 pelvic computed tomography (CT) scans were examined. All cadavers had no gross pelvic abnormalities or previous surgeries. Measurements were carried out with cadavers placed in a supine position. The first author made three sets of measurements using a millimeter ruler. Solid steel pins were used to identify the palpated ASISs and PTs. String was tied between the two ASIS pins and the pelvic width measured. The midpoint of the pubic tubercles was taken to be the midpoint of the pubic symphysis. Pelvic height was measured from the midpoint of the ASIS distance (marked on the string) to the midpoint of the PTs. One hundred pelvic CT scans with no bony abnormalities, previous surgery or metal prosthesis (due to artefacts) were obtained retrospectively from the hospital radiological online system (PACS, Kodak). Mimics software (Mimics12 Materialise, Leuven, Belgium) was used to automatically reconstruct three-dimensional (3D) models using the ‘Bone’ thresholding function. This eliminated any soft tissue from the 3D models. The most anterior ASIS and PT points were then identified on the 3D model surface and measurements of distances made. As the software did not allow identification of points not on the model surface it was not possible to directly obtain the midpoint of the ASIS distance. Therefore to obtain the pelvic height measurements the distance between each ASIS and the ipsilateral and contralateral PTs was also measured. The pelvic height was then calculated using trigonometric functions. The ratio of width to height was calculated (ratio > 1 indicating pelvis width greater than pelvis height). Student's t test was used analyse any differences between male and female pelvic measurements with a p<0.05 being statistically significant. Using the results from above an aluminium pelvic phantom model was designed and manufactured. It was machined from a billet of marine grade aluminium alloy using a vertical computer numerical controlled (CNC) milling machine. The top surface represented the APP and sides (which represented the acetabuli) were angled to give anteversion and inclination angles of 20° and 45° respectively. Co-ordinates for ASIS and PT points were given based on the 99% prediction intervals from the pelvic data and additional points were milled to give up to a 20 mm error mediolaterally and also in height. Each co-ordinate point was drilled with a 2.0mm diameter ball-nose cutter to a depth of 1.0mm, these holes designed to accommodate the ball-nosed pointer tip to ensure it remained at the same position in space at all orientations of the pointer. Further to this, known errors in height were introduced using accurately manufactured blocks with similar points milled on the surface to fit a ball-nosed pointer. These blocks could be secured to the top surface of the model using screws. A Perspex base unit with tracker attachments was made to hold the phantom and provide the reference frame. A further support that enables the phantom to also be used in the “lateral” position was manufactured. For the assessment of pelvic size there were 66 females and 69 males, mean age 62.3 years (range from 20 to 99 years). The mean width was 238 mm (SD 20 mm) and mean height was 93 mm (SD 11 mm) with a mean ratio of 2.6 (SD 0.3). There were no statistically significant differences in mean between males and females (p>0.4 in all cases). From this data set the range of APP sizes required to cover 99% of population (width 186 to 290 mm and height 66 to 120 mm) and therefore the measurements for the model were generated. The manufactured model can be used to give the range of pelvis sizes from 170mm to 290mm in width and 60mm to 120mm in height and also to add up to 20 mm of error in palpation of each of the ASISs and PT. This study generated APP sizes to cover 99% of the general population over a wide age range. It illustrated that a single pelvic model would fit both sexes. The model allows the determination of the effects of changes of the pelvic dimensions may have on the acetabular orientation measured on an image free CAS system including the assessment of point acquisition and deliberate errors. The model has been successfully used in preliminary testing and can be used to assess any CT free system

Stature and its components were examined in 143 girls aged 11 to 15 years with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Correction was made for loss of height due to the lateral spinal curvature, and the findings were compared with those from 202 healthy girls of similar age. Using three components of stature (suprapelvic, pelvic and subischial heights) we were able to show that the relatively greater stature of girls with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis was due to changes in the pelvis and lower limbs but not significantly in the spine. Suprapelvic height was reduced relative to subischial height; this probably represents the growth pattern of predominantly ectomorphic individuals, reflecting the physique of many of these girls. Pelvic height was disproportionately increased, and this is considered to be a true rather than an apparent difference. Cephalocaudal disproportion involving two segments suggests a common mechanism of causation which is unlikely to be secondary to the scoliosis. These physical features may in some way be associated with a predisposition to progression of the scoliosis

Slipped capital femoral epiphysis is an important orthopaedic problem of early adolescence. Many hypotheses about its etiology have been proposed; still the underlying mechanisms are not clearly understood. The aim of our paper is to examine radiographic characteristics of hips at risk for slipped capital epiphysis. Two groups of hips were compared: a group of 100 asymptomatic hips contralateral to the slipped ones and a group of 70 age- and gender-matched healthy hips. The hips contralateral to the slipped ones were assumed to have identical morphology to the preslip-page morphology of the slipped hips. In each hip the following radiographic parameters were measured: the inter-hip distance, the femoral neck length/width, the pelvic height, the pelvic width, the femoral head radius, the coordinates of the abductor muscles trochanteric attachment, the inclination of the femoral epiphyseal growth plate, the femoral neck-shaft angle and the Wiberg center-edge angle. Subjects with hips at risk for slipping had significantly higher body weight (590 vs. 500 N; p < 0.001), larger diameter of the femoral neck (38.6 vs 37.3 mm; p = 0.027), higher (138.9 vs. 134.6 mm; p = 0.022) and wider pelvis (53.8 vs. 48.7 mm; p < 0.001) and more laterally placed abductor muscles trochanteric attachment. There were no significant differences in the inter-hip distance, the femoral head radius, the femoral neck length and the femoral neck-shaft angle angle. Hips contralateral to the slipped ones had a more vertically inclined physeal angle (55.4 vs. 63.2 degrees; p < 0.001) in comparison to the healthy hips. The Wiberg centre-edge angle of the hips contralateral to the slipped ones was on average 7% larger from the healthy group (34.7 vs. 32.2 degrees; p = 0.003). Children with hips at risk for slipping had larger pelvices and femora with more vertically inclined femoral epiphyseal growth plate. In addition, one cannot overlook the significant difference in the body weight between the age- and gender-matched groups of our study, confirming previous findings on the role of body weight in SCFE. It is therefore possible that anatomical changes may be a downstream effect of bone remodelling caused by altered loading during growth and development. This may suggest that the predisposition of the hip to slipping occurs earlier in the patient’s lifetime and that targeted radiographic examinations in obese individuals could reveal changes in pelvic geometry even before adolescence. Considering the high rates of bilateral involvement, our results could be used to predict the need for preventive fixation of asymptomatic hips after the capital femoral epiphysis has slipped in the contralateral hip

Aims

Morphological abnormalities are present in patients with developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH). We studied and compared the pelvic anatomy and morphology between the affected hemipelvis with the unaffected side in patients with unilateral Crowe type IV DDH using 3D imaging and analysis.

The February 2014 Trauma Roundup³⁶⁰ looks at: predicting nonunion; compartment Syndrome; octogenarian RTCs; does HIV status affect decision making in open tibial fractures?; flap timing and related complications; proximal humeral fractures under the spotlight; restoration of hip architecture with bipolar hemiarthroplasty in the elderly; and short versus long cephalomedullary nails for the treatment of intertrochanteric hip fractures in patients over 65 years.

We have reviewed 54 patients who had undergone 61 total hip replacements using bulk femoral autografts to augment a congenitally dysplastic acetabulum. There were 52 women and two men with a mean age of 42.4 years (29 to 76) at the time of the index operation. A variety of different prostheses was used: 28 (45.9%) were cemented and 33 (54.1%) uncemented. The graft technique remained unchanged throughout the series.

Follow-up was at a mean of 8.3 years (3 to 20). The Hospital for Special Surgery hip score improved from a mean of 10.7 (4 to 18) pre-operatively to a mean of 35 (28 to 38) at follow-up.

The position of the acetabular component was anatomical in 37 hips (60.7%), displaced less than 1 cm in 20 (32.7%) and displaced more than 1 cm in four (6.6%). Its cover was between 50% and 75% in 34 hips (55.7%) and less than 50% in 25 (41%). In two cases (3.3%), it was more than 75%.

There was no graft resorption in 36 hips (59%), mild resorption in 21 (34%) and severe resorption in four (6%).

Six hips (9.8%) were revised for aseptic loosening. The overall rate of loosening and revision was 14.8%. Overall survival at 8.3 years was 93.4%.

The only significant factor which predicted failure was the implantation of the acetabular component more than 1 cm from the anatomical centre of rotation of the hip.

Our study evaluated the reliability of the Crowe and Hartofilakidis classification systems for developmental dysplasia of the hip in adults. The anteroposterior radiographs of the pelvis of 145 patients with 209 osteoarthritic hips were examined twice by three experienced hip surgeons from three European countries and the abnormal hips were rated using both classifications. The inter- and intra-observer agreement was calculated.

Interobserver reliability was evaluated using weighted and unweighted kappa coefficients and for the Crowe classification, among the three pairs there was a minimum kappa coefficient with linear weighting of 0.90 for observers A and C and a maximum kappa coefficient of 0.92 for observers B and C. For the Hartofilakidis classification, the minimum kappa value was 0.85 for observers A and B, and the maximum value was 0.93 for observers B and C. With regard to intra-observer reliability, the kappa coefficients with linear weighting between the two evaluations of the same observer ranged between 0.86 and 0.95 for the Crowe classification and between 0.80 and 0.93 for the Hartofilakidis classification.

The reliability of both systems was substantial to almost perfect both for serial measurements by individual readers and between different readers, although the information offered was dissimilar.

The dysplasia cup, which was devised as an adjunct to the Birmingham Hip Resurfacing system, has a hydroxyapatite-coated porous surface and two supplementary neutralisation screws to provide stable primary fixation, permit early weight-bearing, and allow incorporation of morcellised autograft without the need for structural bone grafting.

A total of 110 consecutive dysplasia resurfacing arthroplasties in 103 patients (55 men and 48 women) performed between 1997 and 2000 was reviewed with a minimum follow-up of six years. The mean age at operation was 47.2 years (21 to 62) and 104 hips (94%) were Crowe grade II or III.

During the mean follow-up of 7.8 years (6 to 9.6), three hips (2.7%) were converted to a total hip replacement at a mean of 3.9 years (2 months to 8.1 years), giving a cumulative survival of 95.2% at nine years (95% confidence interval 89 to 100). The revisions were due to a fracture of the femoral neck, a collapse of the femoral head and a deep infection. There was no aseptic loosening or osteolysis of the acetabular component associated with either of the revisions performed for failure of the femoral component. No patient is awaiting a revision.

The median Oxford hip score in 98 patients with surviving hips at the final review was 13 and the 10th and the 90th percentiles were 12 and 23, respectively.