Osteonecrosis is a pathologic bone condition caused by a disruption in the osseous circulation and impairment of normal cellular function which ultimately leads to bone infarction, osteocyte death, and joint degeneration. The incidence of osteonecrosis in the general population has been reported to be approximately 3 per 100,000 people. Up to 20,000 new cases are diagnosed each year and this condition is the indication for surgery in approximately 10% of all total hip arthroplasties performed in the United States. The hip is the most common joint affected, with approximately 75% of cases occurring in this joint, although multifocal osteonecrosis (defined as involvement of more than 3 joints) can also occur. Other commonly observed locations for osteonecrotic lesions include the knee, shoulder, wrist, and ankle. Joint preserving procedures may be performed for early stages without evidence of collapse, while intermediate lesions (e.g. femoral head collapse < 2 mm) may be candidates for joint preserving procedures such as bone grafting and rotational or proximal femoral varus osteotomies. However, total hip arthroplasty is usually required in advanced cases where there are large lesions, deformation of the femoral head, or acetabular involvement. Osteonecrosis has been traditionally associated with poor outcomes following total hip arthroplasty. However, recent studies using newer implant designs and surgical techniques have demonstrated outcomes comparable to the general total hip arthroplasty population. Johansson and colleagues, in a systematic reviewed of the literature, observed a decrease in the revision rate from 17% to 3% for arthroplasties performed later than 1990. The clinical outcomes were also comparable between patients who had osteoarthritis and those who had osteonecrosis. The young age at which these patients often present makes bearing surface choice challenging. Bearings that have low liner wear rates, such as ceramic bearings, had concerns with implant durability following reports of chipping and fracture of the ceramic. However, recent studies evaluating ceramic bearings in young patients with osteonecrosis have demonstrated that newer third and fourth generation ceramics have solved many of these issues. Byun et al. evaluated the clinical outcomes of ceramic bearings in patients younger than 30 years who had osteonecrosis and observed that at six year follow-up, none of the bearings had failed and that 95% of patients were able to continue with their prior occupation. Similar results at even longer follow-up periods were reported by Kim and colleagues who observed no failures in 93 ceramic hips at a mean follow-up of 11 years. Polyethylene wear continues to be a concern for these younger, more active patients. Early studies with non-highly cross linked polyethylene demonstrated high wear rates in these patients. Although newer polyethylene designs have become available which have demonstrated substantially lower wear than the traditional ultra high molecular weight polyethylene cups of the recent past, further studies are needed with these newer polyethylene bearings in the osteonecrosis population. The goal of treatment for femoral head osteonecrosis remains early diagnosis and joint preservation. For patients who present with femoral head collapse or acetabular involvement, total hip arthroplasty often is the only treatment option left. Although clinical outcomes for these patients were initially poor in earlier reports, the advent of modern cementless arthroplasty components, refined surgical techniques, and newer bearing designs have greatly improved the outcomes of this procedure

Osteonecrosis (ON) is a debilitating condition that can progress to severe arthritis of the hip. While its exact pathogenesis remains poorly understood, ON is known to be associated with risk factors such as corticosteroid use, alcoholism, and autoimmune disease. Initial radiographic evaluation can reveal sclerotic and cystic changes in the femoral head, which are usually the first clues in diagnosis. Despite these indicators, plain radiographs generally are not sufficient for diagnosis, therefore requiring subsequent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies. Moreover, performing an appropriate assessment of these imaging modalities can help guide the course of treatment. Treatment options are aimed at slowing or stopping the onset of femoral head collapse and include non-operative management, joint preservation procedures, and total joint arthroplasty. Patients at risk of developing ON may benefit from early diagnosis because the characteristic small or medium-sized pre-collapse lesions that are associated with this stage can often be treated with a non-operative or joint preservation approach. However, patients typically present with advanced disease progression and sometimes an unsalvageable joint, thereby necessitating more invasive operative intervention. Surgical modalities include the use of osteotomy, core decompression, vascular grafts, bone graft substitutes, resurfacing, and finally, total hip arthroplasty. Additionally, reports from the past several decades describe improved outcomes and survivorship of these surgical treatment options. Therefore, our purpose is to highlight recent evidence regarding the management of ON with emphasis on the various forms of operative intervention as well as their outcomes

Osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) is a debilitating, painful, progressive, and refractory disease that has multiple etiologic risk factors. It is caused by bone cell death, which itself has various causes, leading to femoral head collapse and subsequent osteoarthritis. ONFH primarily influences patients aged from 20 to 50 years; in addition, bilateral hip joints are involved in 75% of patients. Causes include use of corticosteroids, alcohol abuse, previous trauma, hemoglobinopathy, Gaucher disease, coagulopathies, and other diseases. No pharmacologic treatment has been shown to be effective for early ONFH. Outcomes of total hip arthroplasty (THA) for these young and active patients have some drawbacks, primarily due to the young age of these patients, limited lifetime and durability of the implants and their fixation, and the skeletal manifestations of osteonecrosis. As a result of these concerns, there has been an increased focus on early interventions for ONFH aimed at preservation of the native articulation. Core decompression is currently the most widely accepted surgical treatment at the early stage of avascular osteonecrosis (AVN); however, due to limited efficacy, its use has been debated. There is currently no standardised protocol for evaluating and treating osteonecrosis of the femoral head in adults in the United States. Although total hip replacement is the most frequent intervention for treatment of post-collapse (Steinberg stage-IIIB, IVB, V, and VI) osteonecrosis; core decompression is the most commonly offered intervention for symptomatic, pre-collapse (Steinberg stage-IB and IIB) osteonecrosis. Less frequently offered treatments include non-operative, pharmacologic or modality management, osteotomy, vascularised and non-vascularised bone-grafting, hemiarthroplasty, resurfacing and arthrodesis. A promising, minimally invasive, core decompression procedure combined with a mesenchymal stem cell grafting technique which restores vascularity and heals osteonecrotic lesions has become popularised. This procedure is called a bone marrow aspirate concentrate (BMAC) procedure. During a BMAC, mesenchymal stem cells (in the form of concentrated iliac crest bone marrow) are injected through a core decompression tract into the area of necrosis in the femoral head. Most patients with early (pre-collapse) disease have excellent results at 2 to 5 years of clinical follow-up. Patients are weight bearing as tolerated on crutches after the procedure for 6 weeks, and are able to go home on the same day or next day after surgery with minimal pain. We can report on the early, promising results of 300 patients with ONFH treated with BMAC in the United States by two expert hip surgeons with at least 75%-80% survivorship. The care of adults with osteonecrosis of the femoral head is highly variable. This paper will discuss the various non-operative and operative treatment algorithms for ONFH available today. We will also report on a promising, new technique (BMAC), which improves the efficacy of traditional core decompression for early ONFH. The goal of treatment of early ONFH is to avoid THA in young, active patients and this talk will discuss those interventions and treatments which help accomplish that goal

[Background]. Bipolar hemiarthroplasty (following BHA) have historically had poor results in patients with idiopathic osteonecrosis of femoral head (OFNH). However, most recent report have shown excellent results with new generation BHA designs that incorporate advances in bearing technology. These optimal outcomes with bipolar hemiarthroplasty will be more attractive procedure for young patients who need bone stock for future total arthroplasty. The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the clinical and radiographic finding of this procedure for the treatment of OFNH at our institution after 7-to 21years follow-up. [Subjects and Methods]. We retrospectively reviewed a consecutive series of 29 patients (40 hips) who underwent primary bipolar hemiarthroplasty for ION (36 hips with stage III and 4 hips with stage IV) with a cementless femoral component between 1992 and 2006. Osteonecrosis was associated with corticosteroid use (23 patients), alcohol (16 patients), idiopathic (one patients). The mean follow-up duration was approximately 12 (range 7 to 21) years. Patients were evaluated according to the Japan Orthopaedic Association (JOA) hip score. We evaluate osteolysis and bone response of acetabulum or femur, and migration distance of outer head were calculated at the latest follow-up. Kaplan-Meier survivorship rate was investigated to examine implant failure rate. [Results]. The average the Japan Orthopedic Association (JOA) hip score significantly improved from 53.9±16.0 points (preoperative) to 89.6±8.0 points (final follow-up). At the time of the final follow-up, one patients (one hips) had undergone revision to total hip arthroplasty because of groin pain without mechanical failure and migration. The rate of implant survival, with revision because of any reason as the end point, was 100% for femoral components and 97.5% for bipolar head components at a average 12 years (139.9±51.1 months) respectively. A complication that include dislocation and disassembly was not occurred in this study group. Radiographically, all cases is acquired bone ingrowth fixation. Stress shielding of femoral-component was observed 13 cases (32.5%). No femoral-component loosening and osteolysis of femur and acetabular was occurred at final follow-up. Bipolar head shift greater than 2mm is 3cases (7.5%) at final follow-up point, but progressive outer head migration was not occurred (0 %). [Discussion]. Survivorship determined in our study was more favorable than that of previous studies. The our long-term postoperative clinical results of up to Stage3 without the acetabular cartilage surface damage showed more superior to those previously reported for BHA. Recently, larger oscillation angle, proximal porous coating, highly cross-linked PE liner, improved these BHA design concept. Thus, the current BHA can be one of reliable procedure. Based on our results, The BHA for stage III ION, with appropriate surgical indications, may be a good option

Aim. (1) To determine whether any difference exists in AVN risk between surgical reduction [Fish] or pinning-in-situ [PIS] of severe slips. (2) To review the different classifications of SUFE in relation to AVN. Materials and Methods. 56 children presented with slipped upper femoral epiphysis (SUFE) from 1998 to 2008; 29 males, 27 females; mean age 12.8 years. The Loder & Southwick classifications were used. All slips were treated surgically. The mild and moderate groups were treated with a single pin-in-situ. The severe group had either surgical reduction [Fish femoral neck osteotomy], alternatively a single pin-in-situ, randomised by day of admission. Avascular necrosis of the femoral head (AVN) was the primary outcome measurement. Results. There were seven cases of AVN (12.5%). 2/41 in the stable group developed AVN compared to 5/15 in the unstable group, statistically significant [Chi-Square P=0.001]. No patient in the mild group, one out of seven in the moderate group, and six out of 22 in the severe group developed AVN. In the severe slip group, the AVN rate in the PIS group was 40%, after Fish osteotomy it was 23.5%. This is not statistically significant, but the trend favours surgical reduction. Conclusion and Significance. (1) Surgical reduction by Fish osteotomy is no riskier for AVN than pinning in situ for severe SUFE. Surgical reduction should therefore be performed to avoid gross deformity in these cases. (2) We have confirmed that the stability and the severity of the slip at presentation are the best indicators for predicting AVN

Management of symptomatic osteonecrosis of the hip includes either some type of head preservation procedure or a total hip arthroplasty (THA). In general, once there is collapse of the femoral head, femoral head preservation procedures have limited success. There are a number of different femoral head preservation procedures that are presently performed and there is no consensus regarding which one is most effective. These procedures involve a core decompression with some type of vascularised or nonvascularised grafting of the femoral head. Core decompression with bone grafting of the femoral head with stem cells harvested from the iliac crest and vascularised fibula grafts are the two most popular femoral head preservation procedures.

Once the femoral head has collapsed then a THA should be performed when the patient has significant disability. In the past, total hip arthroplasty in osteonecrosis patients was not considered a highly successful procedure because it was performed in younger patients (most patients are younger than fifty years of age) and longevity was limited by wear and osteolysis. The advent of reliable cementless acetabular and femoral fixation and alternative bearing surfaces (i.e. highly crosslinked polyethylene liners) has been associated with improved outcomes and enhanced longevity. THA is considered the procedure of choice even for young patients (less than 30 years old) with collapse of the femoral head and significant pain and disability.

Successful nonarthroplasty solutions for the treatment of osteonecrosis of the femoral head continued to be sought. However, no definitive nonarthroplasty solutions have to date been found. Hence, even in the best of hands a large number of patients with osteonecrosis end up with debilitating end-stage osteoarthritis.

In the inception of total hip arthroplasty (THA), the results of treatment of femoral head osteonecrosis by THA were inferior to total hip replacement performed for osteoarthritis. Reasons for this included the young age of many osteonecrosis patients, the high numbers of comorbidities in this population (SLE, sickle cell anemia, alcoholism), and the poor bone quality at the time of surgery. Arthroplasty considerations included bipolar replacement, hemiresurfacing, resurfacing (non metal-on-metal and later metal-on-metal), cemented total hip arthroplasty and cementless total hip arthroplasty. Previous to the use of cementless arthroplasty, all of these procedures had a relatively high 5 to 10 year failure rate of 10–50%. Even our own 10-year results using contemporary cementing techniques demonstrated 10% failure compared to 1–2% failure in our nonosteonecrosis patients. For this reason, it made sense to continue exploring nonarthroplasty solutions for osteonecrosis of the hip.

The introduction of cementless fixation for total hip arthroplasty changed the entire thinking about hip osteonecrosis treatment for many of us. Although initially we were concerned about whether bone would grow into the prosthesis in the environment of relatively poor bone, the early results demonstrated that it can and does. Most recently, with the use of crosslinked polyethylene, the cementless construct gives many of us hope that with cementless fixation, the treatment of many patients including the young (especially if followed closely to exchange bearing surfaces if necessary) will last a lifetime with THA being the only and definitive procedure. Our most recent 10-year results demonstrated a femoral stem revision rate of 1.5% will all other stems (other than the stem revised) bone ingrown. Acetabular fixation was also 100% and although 6% required liner exchange, our own and others' results with crosslinked polyethylene would suggest that this problem should be markedly reduced.

Post-traumatic osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) is a major complication of femoral neck fractures that require numerous solutions. The purpose of the current study is to investigate the effects of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) incorporated autologous granular bones graft for the treatment of pre-collapse stages (ARCO stage II-III) of post-traumatic ONFH.

A total of 46 patients were eligible and enrolled into the study. 24 patients were treated with core decompression and PRP incorporated autologous granular bones graft (treatment group: 9 females and 15 males, age range, 16–39 years), and 22 patients with core decompression and autologous granular bones graft (control group: 6 females and 16 males, age range, 18–42 years. During a minimum duration of follow-up of 36 months, multiple imaging techniques including X-ray and computed tomography (CT) scanning were used to evaluate the radiological results, and Harris hip score (HHS) and the visual analogue scale (VAS) were chosen to assess the clinical results.

Both treatment group and control group had a significant improved HHS (P < 0.001). The minimum clinically important difference (MCID) for HHS was reached in 91.7% of treatment group and 68.2% of control group (P = 0.0449). HHS in treatment group was significantly higher than control group at the last follow-up (P = 0.0254). VAS score was significantly declined in treatment group when compared with control group (P = 0.0125). Successful clinical results were achieved in 21 of 24 patients (87.5%) in treatment group compared with 13 of 22 patients (59.1%) in control group (P = 0.0284). Successful radiological results were achieved in 19 of 24 patients (79.2%) in treatment group compared with 11 of 22 patients (50%) in control group (P = 0.0380). The survival rates using requirement for further hip surgery as an endpoint were higher in treatment group in comparison to control group (P = 0.0260).

The PRP incorporated autologous granular bones graft is a safe and effective procedure for the treatment of pre-collapse stages (ARCO stage II-III) of post-traumatic ONFH.

Aims

Spontaneous osteonecrosis of the knee (SONK) mainly affects the medial femoral condyle, would be a good indication for UKA. The primary aim of this study was to assess the clinical, functional and radiographic outcomes at middle to long-term follow-up, of a consecutive series of fifty UKA used for the treatment of SONK. The secondary aim was to assess the volume of necrotic bone and determine if this influenced the outcome.

Introduction

Collapse of femoral head associated with end-stage arthritis form hallmark of osteonecrosis of femoral head. Purpose was to assess efficacy of platelet rich plasma following core decompression in early stage of osteonecrosis of femoral head.

The mean age of patients with osteonecrosis reported in series in our literature is 38 to 53. Thus, performing a total hip replacement on a patient who would need a procedure to last 40–45 years is a concern. Patients with osteonecrosis of the hip require some type of surgical treatment. Without treatment, a large majority of femoral heads in patients even with Ficat stage I osteonecrosis will collapse or become symptomatic. A common scenario is a patient who first presents to the orthopaedic surgeon with severe arthritis secondary to osteonecrosis in one hip and a normal appearing radiograph on the asymptomatic contralateral side. Performing a total hip on the severe arthritic hip is usually not debated. A MRI will commonly show Ficat stage I osteonecrosis on the asymptomatic contralateral hip. Some method of core decompression is a reasonable choice if it is non-steroid induced, small more medially positioned lesion, but not for other Ficat stage 1 lesions or those with more advanced stages. The problem is convincing the patient to have anything done when they are asymptomatic. Because results with total hip replacement for patients with osteonecrosis of the hip have significantly improved, most patients with a symptomatic hip prefer arthroplasty as treatment. Arthroplasty has become the predominant surgical treatment for osteonecrosis of the hip in the United States. 88% of procedures performed on 6,400 patients with osteonecrosis in 2008 reported in the Nationwide Inpatient Sample Database of the hip were total hip replacements. From 16 years earlier, the number of procedures performed had almost doubled and the percentage use of arthroplasty as the performed treatment had increased by 13%. I expect both numbers will continue to increase.

Background

Core decompression (CD) is effective to relieve pain and delay the advent of total hip arthroplasty (THA) for osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH). However, the influence of CD on the subsequent THA has not been determined yet.

The mean age of patients with osteonecrosis reported in series in our literature is 38 to 53. Thus, performing a total hip replacement on a patient who would need a procedure to last 40–45 years is a concern. Patients with osteonecrosis of the hip require some type of surgical treatment. Without treatment, a large majority of femoral heads in patients even with Ficat stage I osteonecrosis will collapse or become symptomatic. A common scenario is a patient who first presents to the orthopaedic surgeon with severe arthritis secondary to osteonecrosis in one hip and a normal appearing radiograph on the asymptomatic contralateral side. Performing a total hip on the severe arthritic hip is usually not debated. A MRI will commonly show Ficat stage I osteonecrosis on the asymptomatic contralateral hip. Some method of core decompression is a reasonable choice if it is non-steroid induced, small more medially positioned lesion, but not for other Ficat stage 1 lesions or those with more advanced stages. The problem is convincing the patient to have anything done when they are asymptomatic. Because results with total hip replacement for patients with osteonecrosis of the hip have significantly improved, most patients with a symptomatic hip prefer arthroplasty as treatment. Arthroplasty has become the predominant surgical treatment for osteonecrosis of the hip in the United States. Eighty-eight percent of procedures performed on 6,400 patients with osteonecrosis in 2008 reported in the Nationwide Inpatient Sample Database of the hip were total hip replacements. From 16 years earlier, the number of procedures performed had almost doubled and the percentage use of arthroplasty as the performed treatment had increased by 13%. I expect both numbers will continue to increase.

Introduction

Legg-Calve-Perthes disease (LCPD), a juvenile osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH), can remain sequelae around hip joint, and results in osteoarthritis necessitating total hip arthroplasty (THA) in middle-age. THA for sequelae of LCPD needs specific concerns for anatomical deformity, leg length discrepancy (LLD), and relatively young patient's age. To date, few studies are available for the results of THA for LCPD sequelae. Moreover, there was no study for the result of Alumina-Alumina THA (Al-Al THA) in patient with LCPD sequelae, even excellent long term outcome of Al-Al THA has been documented in relatively young patients. The aim of this retrospective study is to evaluate the clinical and radiological outcome of Al-Al THA for LCPD sequelae, especially in terms of the restoration of LLD and the occurrence of complication. In addition, we compared the results of THA for LCPD sequelae with those for adult onset ONFH, in which THA is necessitated in relatively young age and excellent long term outcome has been proven after Al-Al THA.

Introduction

Patients with osteonecrosis of the femoral head are typically younger, more active, and often require high rates of revision following primary total hip arthroplasty. However, outcomes of revision hip arthroplasty in this patient population have been rarely reported in the literature. The purpose of this study was to report the intermediate-term clinical and radiographic outcomes of revision hip arthroplasty in patients with osteonecrosis of the femoral head.

Objectives

The purpose of the present study was to describe the long-term results of THA for ONFH in patients with SLE.

Introduction

The pathophysiology of osteonecrosis of femoral head (ONFH) is uncertain for most cases with speculation of vascular impairment and changes in cell biology due to multi-factorial etiologies including corticosteroid, alcohol, smoking, trauma, radiation or caisson disease and genetic. Extracorporeal shockwave therapy (ESWT) began with an incidental observation of osteoblastic response pattern during animal studies in the mid-1980 that generated an interest in the application of ESWT to musculoskeletal disorders. The mechanism of shockwave therapy is not fully understood but several reports showed better clinical outcomes and promoted bone remodelling and regeneration effect of the femoral head after ESWT in ONFH. Therefore, we compared the clinical results of the use of extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) on the patients with ONFH in radiographic staging.

Introduction

Metal on metal hip resurfacing (MoM HR) is attractive for young active patients. Patients with osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) are relatively young. HR can be an option of treatment, however, long-term stability of the femoral component is a concern because of the necrotic lesion in the femoral head. There is also a concern of ARMD for MoM implants. The purpose of this study is review a 10 year outcome of a consecutive patients with ONFH who underwent MoM HR.

The role of unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA) in spontaneous osteonecrosis of the knee (SONK) remains controversial, even though SONK usually involves only medial compartment of the knee joint. We aimed to compare the survival rate and clinical outcomes of UKA in SONK and medial compartment osteoarthritis (MOA) via a meta-analysis of previous studies. MEDLINE database in PubMed, the Embase database, and the Cochrane Library were searched up to January 2018 with keywords related to SONK and UKA. Studies were selected with predetermined inclusion criteria: (1) medial UKA as the primary procedure, (2) reporting implant survival or clinical outcomes of osteonecrosis and osteoarthritis, and (3) follow-up period greater than 1 year. Quality assessment was performed using the risk of bias assessment tool for non-randomised studies (RoBANs). A random effects model was used to estimate the pooled relative risk (RR) and standardised mean difference. The incidence of UKA revision for any reason was significantly higher in SONK than in MOA group (pooled RR = 1.83, p = 0.009). However, the risk of revision due to aseptic loosening and all- cause re-operation was not significantly different between the groups. Moreover, when stratified by the study quality, high quality studies showed similar risk of overall revision in SONK and MOA (p = 0.71). Subgroup analysis revealed worse survival of SONK, mainly related to high failure after uncemented UKA. Clinical outcomes after UKA were similar between SONK and MOA (p = 0.66). Cemented UKA has similar survival and clinical outcomes in SONK and MOA. Prospective studies designed specifically to compare the UKA outcomes in SONK and MOA are necessary.

Introduction

The natural history of osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) is not cleanly understood, but most of them progresse to the joint destruction and requires total hip replacement arthroplasty. There are several head preserving procedure, but no single therapeutic method proved to be effective in preventing progression of the disease. The possibility has been raised that implantation of bone marrow containing osteogenic precursors may be effective in the treatment of this disease. However, there are no long-term follow-up results of cell therapy for ONFH. AS far as we know, there are no reports about bone graft and cell therapy for ONFH. Therefore, we performed a prospective clinical and radiological evaluation on ONFH treated with core decompression combined with autoiliac bone graft and an implantation of autologous bone marrow cells as a therapeutic method of ONFH.