Aims. Diabetic foot care is a significant burden on the NHS in England. We have conducted a nationwide survey to determine the current participation of orthopaedic surgeons in diabetic foot care in England. Methods. A questionnaire was sent to all 136 NHS trusts audited in the 2018 National Diabetic Foot Audit (NDFA). The questionnaire asked about the structure of diabetic foot care services. Results. Overall, 123 trusts responded, of which 117 admitted patients with diabetic foot disease and 113 had an orthopaedic foot and ankle surgeon. A total of 90 trusts (77%) stated that the admission involved medicine, with 53 (45%) of these admissions being exclusively under medicine, and 37 (32%) as joint admissions. Of the joint admissions, 16 (14%) were combined with vascular and 12(10%) with orthopaedic surgery. Admission is solely under vascular surgery in 12 trusts (10%) and orthopaedic surgery in 7 (6%). Diabetic foot abscesses were drained by orthopaedic surgeons in 61 trusts (52%) and vascular surgeons in 47 (40%). Conclusion. Orthopaedic surgeons make a significant contribution to both acute and elective diabetic foot care currently in the UK. This contribution is likely to increase with the movement of vascular surgery to a hub and spoke model, and measures should be put in place to increase the team based approach to the diabetic foot, for example with the introduction of a best practice tariff. Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2022;3(8):618–622

Aims. A multicentre, randomized, clinician-led, pragmatic, parallel-group orthopaedic trial of two surgical procedures was set up to obtain high-quality evidence of effectiveness. However, the trial faced recruitment challenges and struggled to maintain recruitment rates over 30%, although this is not unusual for surgical trials. We conducted a qualitative study with the aim of gathering information about recruitment practices to identify barriers to patient consent and participation to an orthopaedic trial. Methods. We collected 11 audio recordings of recruitment appointments and interviews of research team members (principal investigators and research nurses) from five hospitals involved in recruitment to an orthopaedic trial. We analyzed the qualitative data sets thematically with the aim of identifying aspects of informed consent and information provision that was either unclear, disrupted, or hindered trial recruitment. Results. Recruiters faced four common obstacles when recruiting to a surgical orthopaedic trial: patient preferences for an intervention; a complex recruitment pathway; various logistical issues; and conflicting views on equipoise. Clinicians expressed concerns that the trial may not show significant differences in the treatments, validating their equipoise. However, they experienced role conflicts due to their own preference and perceived patient preference for an intervention arm. Conclusion. This study provided initial information about barriers to recruitment to an orthopaedic randomized controlled trial. We shared these findings in an all-site investigators’ meeting and encouraged researchers to find solutions to identified barriers; this led to the successful completion of recruitment. Complex trials may benefit for using of a mixed-methods approach to mitigate against recruitment failure, and to improve patient participation and informed consent. Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2021;2(8):631–637

Introduction:. Unstable ankle fractures are commonly treated with operative fixation. Isolated lateral malleolus fractures (Weber B) are often operated by orthopaedic trainees. Operative fixation of these fractures is included in the index procedures of procedure based assessment (PBA) of intercollegiate Surgical Curriculum Programme (ISCP). Orthopaedic trainees are expected to be competent in this procedure by the end of their training. Fluoroscopic guidance is essential for adequate reduction and safe fixation of these fractures. Aims:. It is currently unknown if patients are exposed to excess radiation when they are operated by trainees compared to consultant surgeons. It is a common perception that trainees take more time to fix these fractures compared to trained consultants thereby exposing patients to untoward effects of prolonged tourniquet time. Method:. A retrospective review of fifty patients undergoing operative fixation of Weber B lateral malleolus fractures were undertaken. Twenty five patients were operated by orthopaedic consultants and the remaining (n=25) by orthopaedic trainees. The tourniquet time and the intra-operative radiation dose using the fluoroscope were recorded. Results:. Patients operated by trainees were exposed to significantly higher dose of intra-operative radiation (median, 6.5 Gy vs 46.2 Gy; interquartile range, 0.87–15.8 vs 8.37–140.3; P=0.003). However, there was no statistical difference in the duration of application of the tourniquet in between the two groups (median, 59 minutes vs 79 minutes; interquartile range, 45–95 vs 69–102; P=0.12). Discussion:. This is the first study to indicate that patients are at risk of higher radiation exposure when operated by orthopaedic trainees whilst the times taken to fix Weber B ankle fractures are almost similar to those undergoing surgery by a consultant grade surgeon

Aims. The optimal management of posterior malleolar ankle fractures, a prevalent type of ankle trauma, is essential for improved prognosis. However, there remains a debate over the most effective surgical approach, particularly between screw and plate fixation methods. This study aims to investigate the differences in outcomes associated with these fixation techniques. Methods. We conducted a comprehensive review of clinical trials comparing anteroposterior (A-P) screws, posteroanterior (P-A) screws, and plate fixation. Two investigators validated the data sourced from multiple databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Web of Science). Following PRISMA guidelines, we carried out a network meta-analysis (NMA) using visual analogue scale and American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Score (AOFAS) as primary outcomes. Secondary outcomes included range of motion limitations, radiological outcomes, and complication rates. Results. The NMA encompassed 13 studies, consisting of four randomized trials and eight retrospective ones. According to the surface under the cumulative ranking curve-based ranking, the A-P screw was ranked highest for improvements in AOFAS and exhibited lowest in infection and peroneal nerve injury incidence. The P-A screws, on the other hand, excelled in terms of VAS score improvements. Conversely, posterior buttress plate fixation showed the least incidence of osteoarthritis grade progression, postoperative articular step-off ≥ 2 mm, nonunions, and loss of ankle dorsiflexion ≥ 5°, though it underperformed in most other clinical outcomes. Conclusion. The NMA suggests that open plating is more likely to provide better radiological outcomes, while screw fixation may have a greater potential for superior functional and pain results. Nevertheless, clinicians should still consider the fragment size and fracture pattern, weighing the advantages of rigid biomechanical fixation against the possibility of soft-tissue damage, to optimize treatment results. Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2024;5(3):227–235

Introduction. Charcot neuroarthropathy (CN) of foot and ankle presents significant challenges to the orthopaedic foot and ankle surgeon. Current treatment focuses on conservative management during the acute CN phase with offloading followed by deformity correction during the chronic phase. However, the deformity can progress in some feet despite optimal offloading resulting ulceration, infection, and limb loss. Our aim was to assess outcomes of primary surgical management with early reconstruction. Methods. Between December 2011 and December 2019, 25 patients underwent operative intervention at our specialist diabetic foot unit for CN with progressive deformity and or instability despite advanced offloading. All had peripheral neuropathy, and the majority due to diabetes. Twenty-six feet were operated on in total - 14 during Eichenholtz stage 1 and 12 during stage 2. Fourteen of these were performed as single stage procedures, whereas 12 as two-stage reconstructions. These included isolated hindfoot reconstructions in seven, midfoot in four and combined in 14 feet. Mean age at the time of operation was 54. Preoperative ulceration was evident in 14 patients. Results. Mean follow up was 45 months (Range 12–98). There was 100% limb salvage. One-year ambulation outcomes demonstrate FWB in bespoke footwear for 17 patients and in an ankle foot orthosis (AFO), Charcot restraint orthopaedic walker (CROW) or bivalve cast for seven. All preoperative ulceration had healed. Union was achieved in 18/21 hindfoot reconstructions and 7/18 midfoot reconstructions. There were nine episodes of return to theatre, of which five were within the first 12 months. There was one episode of new ulceration. Conclusion. Surgical management of acute CN (Eichenholtz one and two) of the foot provides functional limb salvage. In particular, hindfoot reconstruction shows good rates of bony union. It should be considered in ‘foot at risk’ presentations of acute CN foot

Aims. A local injection may be used as an early option in the treatment of Morton’s neuroma, and can be performed using various medications. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of injections of hyaluronic acid compared with corticosteroid in the treatment of this condition. Methods. A total of 91 patients were assessed for this trial, of whom 45 were subsequently included and randomized into two groups. One patient was lost to follow-up, leaving 22 patients (24 feet) in each group. The patients in the hyaluronic acid group were treated with three ultrasound-guided injections (one per week) of hyaluronic acid (Osteonil Plus). Those in the corticosteroid group were treated with three ultrasound-guided injections (also one per week) of triamcinolone (Triancil). The patients were evaluated before treatment and at one, three, six, and 12 months after treatment. The primary outcome measure was the visual analogue scale for pain (VAS). Secondary outcome measures included the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) score, and complications. Results. Both groups showed significant improvement in VAS and AOFAS scores (p < 0.05) after 12 months. The corticosteroid group had a significantly greater reduction in VAS and increase in AOFAS scores compared with the hyaluronic acid group, at one, three, and six months, but with no significant difference at 12 months. There were no complications in the hyaluronic acid group. There were minor local complications in six patients (six feet) (25.0%) in the corticosteroid group, all with discolouration of the skin at the site of the injection. These minor complications might have been due to the three weekly injections of a relatively high dose of corticosteroid. No patient subsequently underwent excision of the neuroma. Conclusion. An ultrasound-guided corticosteroid injection showed statistically significantly better functional and pain outcomes than an ultrasound-guided injection of hyaluronic acid for the treatment of a Morton’s neuroma at many timepoints. Thus, a corticosteroid injection should be regarded as a primary option in the treatment of these patients, and the only indication for an injection of hyaluronic acid might be in patients in whom corticosteroid is contraindicated. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2024;106-B(10):1093–1099

Aims. The primary aim of this study was to present the mid-term follow-up of a multicentre randomized controlled trial (RCT) which compared the functional outcome following routine removal (RR) to the outcome following on-demand removal (ODR) of the syndesmotic screw (SS). Methods. All patients included in the ‘ROutine vs on DEmand removal Of the syndesmotic screw’ (RODEO) trial received the Olerud-Molander Ankle Score (OMAS), American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Hindfoot Score (AOFAS), Foot and Ankle Outcome Score (FAOS), and EuroQol five-dimension questionnaire (EQ-5D). Out of the 152 patients, 109 (71.7%) completed the mid-term follow-up questionnaire and were included in this study (53 treated with RR and 56 with ODR). Median follow-up was 50 months (interquartile range 43.0 to 56.0) since the initial surgical treatment of the acute syndesmotic injury. The primary outcome of this study consisted of the OMAS scores of the two groups. Results. The median OMAS score was 85.0 for patients treated with RR, and 90.0 for patients treated with ODR (p = 0.384), indicating no significant difference between ODR and RR. The secondary outcome measures included the AOFAS (88.0 in the RR group and 90.0 for ODR; p = 0.722), FAOS (87.5 in the RR group and 92.9 for ODR; p = 0.399), and EQ-5D (0.87 in the RR group and 0.96 for ODR; p = 0.092). Conclusion. This study demonstrated no functional difference comparing ODR to RR in syndesmotic injuries at a four year follow-up period, which supports the results of the primary RODEO trial. ODR should be the standard practice after syndesmotic screw fixation. Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2023;4(12):957–963

Aims. Implant failure has become more common as the number of primary total ankle arthroplasties (TAAs) performed has increased. Although revision arthroplasty has gained attention for functional preservation, the long-term results remain unclear. This study aimed to assess the long-term outcomes of revision TAA using a mobile-bearing prosthesis in a considerably large cohort; the risk factors for failure were also determined. Methods. This single-centre retrospective cohort study included 116 patients (117 ankles) who underwent revision TAA for failed primary TAA between July 2000 and March 2010. Survival analysis and risk factor assessment were performed, and clinical performance and patient satisfaction were evaluated preoperatively and at last follow-up. Results. The mean duration from initial revision TAA to last follow-up was 15.0 years (SD 3.0; 11.2 to 20.5). The cumulative survival rates of the revised ankles were 81% (95% confidence interval (CI) 74% to 88%), 74% (65% to 82%), and 70% (61% to 79%) at five, ten, and 15 years, respectively. Comorbidities prior to primary TAA, aseptic loosening, instability, or grafting of cysts were found to be the most common risk factors for secondary revision. The median value for preoperative pain, as assessed using the visual analogue scale, declined from 6 (interquartile range (IQR) 5 to 8) to 2 (IQR 0 to 5) (p < 0.001) and the mean American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society ankle-hindfoot score improved from 43 (SD 17) preoperatively to 70 (SD 20) (p < 0.001) at last follow-up. Conclusion. Revision TAA offers acceptable survival rates after 15 years; it therefore offers a valuable option for treatment of implant failure in carefully selected cases. Although patient-reported outcomes improve substantially, the degree of improvement reported following primary TAA is not achieved. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2024;106-B(1):46–52

Aims. Arthroscopic microfracture is a conventional form of treatment for patients with osteochondritis of the talus, involving an area of < 1.5 cm. 2. However, some patients have persistent pain and limitation of movement in the early postoperative period. No studies have investigated the combined treatment of microfracture and shortwave treatment in these patients. The aim of this prospective single-centre, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was to compare the outcome in patients treated with arthroscopic microfracture combined with radial extracorporeal shockwave therapy (rESWT) and arthroscopic microfracture alone, in patients with ostechondritis of the talus. Methods. Patients were randomly enrolled into two groups. At three weeks postoperatively, the rESWT group was given shockwave treatment, once every other day, for five treatments. In the control group the head of the device which delivered the treatment had no energy output. The two groups were evaluated before surgery and at six weeks and three, six and 12 months postoperatively. The primary outcome measure was the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) Ankle-Hindfoot Scale. Secondary outcome measures included a visual analogue scale (VAS) score for pain and the area of bone marrow oedema of the talus as identified on sagittal fat suppression sequence MRI scans. Results. A total of 40 patients were enrolled and randomly divided into the two groups, with 20 in each. There was no statistically significant difference in the baseline characteristics of the groups. No complications, such as wound infection or neurovascular injury, were found during follow-up of 12 months. The mean AOFAS scores in the rESWT group were significantly higher than those in the control group at three, six, and 12 months postoperatively (p < 0.05). The mean VAS pain scores in the rESWT group were also significantly lower than those in the control group at these times (p < 0.05). The mean area of bone marrow oedema in the rESWT group was significantly smaller at six and 12 months than in the control group at these times (p < 0.05). Conclusion. Local shockwave therapy was safe and effective in patients with osteochondiritis of the talus who were treated with a combination of arthroscopic surgery and rESWT. Preliminary results showed that, compared with arthroscopic microfracture alone, those treated with arthroscopic microfracture combined with rESWT had better relief of pain at three months postoperatively and improved weightbearing and motor function of the ankle. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2023;105-B(10):1108–1114

Background. Infiltration is considered the first treatment option for symptomatic Morton's neuroma and can be performed with various medications. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of hyaluronic acid infiltration versus corticosteroid injection in the treatment of Morton's neuroma. Methods. A randomised clinical trial was conducted with 46 patients (50 feet) diagnosed with Morton's neuroma. After randomisation, the control group (CG) received three injections (one per week) of triamcinolone (Triancil®) guided by ultrasound, while the study group (SG) received three applications of hyaluronic acid (Osteonil Plus®). Patients were followed up for six months after the intervention. The primary outcome measure used was the Visual Pain Analog Scale (VAS). Secondary endpoints included patient-reported outcome measures using the American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society (AOFAS) score and complications. Results. Both groups showed significant improvement in VAS and AOFAS scores (p < 0.001). The CG showed greater improvement than the SG in the VAS (p < 0.05) and AOFAS (p < 0.001) variables. Four patients in the CG experienced skin hypochromia at the injection site, while there were no complications in the SG. Conclusion. Ultrasound-guided hyaluronic acid infiltration in Morton's Neuroma proved to be safe, showing improvement in pain and function after six months of follow-up, without major complications, but with a significantly lower improvement when compared to corticosteroid injection. Taking into account cost implications and the potential for longer lasting improvement from viscosupplementation further medium- and long-term studies are needed

Introduction. Autologous Matrix Induced Chondrogenesis (AMIC) for surgical treatment of osteochondral lesions of the talus (OCLT) has shown excellent clinical and radiological results at short term follow up two years after surgery. However, no mid-term follow up data is available. Aim. 1. To evaluate the clinical outcome after AMIC-aided reconstruction of osteochondral lesions of the talus at a minimum follow up time of five years. 2. To evaluate the morphology and quality of the regenerated cartilage by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at on at a minimum follow up time of five years. Methods. Seventeen patients prospectively underwent surgery receiving a AMIC-aided repair of OCLT consisting of debridement, autologous grafting, and sealing of the defect with a collagen scaffold (Chondro-Gide, Geistlich Surgery, Wolhusen, Switzerland). Clinical and radiological assessment was performed before and after a minimum of 60 months after surgery (average 78 months, range, 60–120). Clinical examination included the American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society (AOFAS) ankle score and the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). Radiological imaging consisted of MRI. The Magnetic Resonance Observation of Cartilage Repair Tissue (MOCART) score was applied. Results. The AOFAS ankle score improved significantly from a mean of 60 points preoperatively (range, 17–79) to 91 points (range, 70–100) postoperatively (p< 0.01). The preoperative pain score averaged a VAS of 5 (range, 2–8), improving to an average of 1.1 (range 0–8) (p< 0.01). The MOCART score for cartilage repair tissue on postoperative MRI averaged 71 points (range, 50–90). Conclusion. The AMIC-procedure is safe for the treatment of OCLT with overall good clinical and magnetic resonance imaging results at five years follow up

Introduction. Recent advances in minimally invasive surgery and improved post-operative pain management make it possible to perform major foot/ankle operations as day-case. This could have significant impact on length of stay, saving resources and is in keeping with government policy. However, there are theoretical concerns about complications and low patient satisfaction due to pain. Methods. The survey was developed following review of the literature and was approved for distribution by the BOFAS (British Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society) scientific committee. An online survey (19 questions) was sent to UK foot and ankle surgeons via the BOFAS membership list. Major foot/ ankle procedures were defined as surgery that is usually performed as an inpatient in majority of centres and day-case as same day discharge, with day surgery as the intended pathway. Results. A total of 132 surgeons responded, 80% from Acute NHS Trusts. The majority (78%) thought that more procedures could be performed as day-case at their centre. Currently 45% of respondents perform less than 100 day-case surgeries per year for these procedures. Despite post-operative pain and patient satisfaction being theoretical concerns for day-case surgery in this population; these outcomes were only measured by 34% and 10% of respondents respectively. The top perceived barriers to performing more major foot and ankle procedures as day-case were: Lack of physiotherapy input pre/post-operatively (23%), Lack of out of hours support (21%). Conclusions. There is consensus among surgeons to do more major foot/ ankle procedures as day-case. Despite theoretical concerns about post-operative pain and satisfaction this was only measured by a third of those surveyed. Out of hours support and physiotherapy input pre/ post-op were perceived as the main barriers. There is a need to scope the provision of physiotherapy pre/post-operatively and out of hours support at sites where this is a perceived barrier

Aims. Management of intra-articular calcaneal fractures remains a debated topic in orthopaedics, with operative fixation often held in reserve due to concerns regarding perioperative morbidity and potential complications. The purpose of this study was to identify the characteristics of patients who developed surgical complications to inform the future stratification of patients best suited to operative treatment for intra-articular calcaneal fractures and those in whom surgery was highly likely to produce an equivocal functional outcome with potential post-operative complications. Methods. All patients who underwent open reduction and internal fixation of calcaneal fractures utilizing the Sinus Tarsi approach between March 2014 and July 2018 were identified using theatre records. Patient imaging was used to assess pre- and post-operative fracture geometry with Computed Tomography (CT) used for pre-operative planning. Each patient's clinical presentation was established through retrospective analysis of medical records. Patients provided verbal consent to participation and patient reported outcome measures were recorded using the Maryland Foot Score. Results. Fifty-eight intra-articular calcaneal fractures (fifty-three patients including five bilateral, mean age = 46.91 years) were included. Forty-nine patients were injured as a result of a fall from a height (92.4%). Mean time from presentation to surgery was 3.23 days (range 0–21). Mean Maryland Foot score was found to be 77.6 (+/− 16.22) in forty-five patients. Five patients (9.4%) had wound complications; two superficial (3.7%) and three deep (5.6%). Conclusion. Intra-articular fractures of the calcaneus should be considered for surgical intervention in order to improve long-term functional outcomes. The Sinus Tarsi approach provides the potential to decrease the operative complication rate whilst maintaining adequate fixation, however, the decision to surgically manage these fractures should be carefully balanced against the risk of post-operative complications. This increased risk of complication associated with smoking may tip the balance against benefit from surgical management

Fifth metatarsal fractures in sport are known to be associated with acceleration and cross cutting movements when running. It is also established that playing surface has an impact on the ground reaction forces through the foot, increasing the strain through the fifth metatarsal. But what impact does boot design have on these forces? Current thought is that boots that utilise a blade stud design resist sideways slipping of the planted foot more than boots with a rounded stud. This study aims to compare ground reaction forces through the fifth metatarsal in 2 two different designs of rugby boot to assess what impact stud design might have. The forces across the foot were measured using Tekscan in-shoe pressure plates in 24 rugby players. Each player was asked to complete an agility course to measure acceleration, cutting and cross-cutting in the two different designs of rugby boot, reproducing true playing conditions. The boots used were the Canterbury Phoenix Club 8 Stud boot and the Canterbury Speed Club Blade boot. The trial was conducted on an 4G artificial pitch at the Cardiff Arms Park rugby ground. Ethical approval was obtained from Bath University and a research grant was provided by British Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society. The blade boot had significantly higher contact pressures than the stud boot on the fifth metatarsal in the combined movements (17.909 ± 10.442 N/cm2 Blade Vs 16.888 ± 9.992 N/cm2 Boot; P < .0125; n= 864 steps in each boot group). The blade boot also produced higher pressure during cross-cutting (32.331 ± 13.568 N/cm2 Vs 27.651 ± 15.194 N/cm2 p < 0.007). Pressures were also higher in both acceleration and cutting, although not significantly so. These results will guide clinicians advising athletes in shoe design, especially those predisposed to or rehabilitating from a fifth metatarsal fracture

Background. Anatomical reduction of unstable Lisfranc injuries is crucial. Evidence as to the best methods of surgical stabilization remains sparse, with small patient numbers a particular issue. Dorsal bridge plating offers rigid stability and joint preservation. The primary aim of this study was to assess the medium-term functional outcomes for patients treated with this technique at our centre. Additionally, we review for risk factors that influence outcomes. Methods. 85 patients who underwent open reduction and dorsal bridge plate fixation of unstable Lisfranc injuries between January 2014 and January 2019 were identified. Metalwork was not routinely removed. A retrospective review of case notes was conducted. The Manchester-Oxford Foot Questionnaire summary index (MOXFQ-Index) was the primary outcome measure, collected at final follow-up, with a minimum follow-up of 24 months. The American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) midfoot scale, complications, and all-cause re-operation rates were secondary outcome measures. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to identify risk factors associated with poorer outcomes. Results. Mean follow-up 40.8 months (24–72). Mean MOXFQ-Index 27.0 (SD 7.1). Mean AOFAS score 72.6 (SD 11.6). 48/85 patients had injury patterns that included an intra-articular fracture and this was associated with poorer outcomes, with worse MOXFQ and AOFAS scores (both p < 0.001). 18 patients (21%) required the removal of metalwork for either prominence or stiffness. Female patients were more likely to require metalwork removal (OR 3.89, 95% CI 1.27 to 12.0, p = 0.02). Eight patients (9%) required secondary arthrodesis. Conclusions. This is the largest series of Lisfranc injuries treated with dorsal bridge plate fixation reported to date and the only to routinely retain metalwork. The technique is safe and effective. The presence of an intraarticular fracture is a poor prognostic indicator. Metalwork removal is more likely to be needed in female patients but routine removal may not be essential

Introduction. Tibial Pilon fractures are potentially limb threatening, yet standards of care are lacking from BOFAS and the BOA. The mantra of “span, scan, plan” describes staged management with external fixation to allow soft tissue resuscitation, followed by a planning CT-scan. Our aim was to evaluate how Tibial Pilon fractures are acutely managed. Methods. ENFORCE was a multi-centre retrospective observational study of the acute management of partial and complete articular Tibial Pilon fractures over a three-year period. Mechanism, imaging, fracture classification, time to fracture reduction and cast, and soft tissue damage control details were determined. Results. 656 patients (670 fractures) across 27 centres were reported. AO fracture classifications were: partial articular (n=294) and complete articular (n=376). Initial diagnostic imaging mobilities were: plain radiographs (n=602) and CT-scan (n=54), with all but 38 cases having a planning CT-scan. 526 fractures had a cast applied in the Emergency Department (91 before radiological diagnosis), with the times taken to obtain post cast imaging being: mean 2.7 hours, median 2.3 hours, range 28 mins – 14 hours). 35% (102/294) of partial articular and 57% (216/376) of complete articular (length unstable) fractures had an external fixator applied, all of which underwent a planning CT-scan. Definitive management consisted of: open reduction internal fixation (n=495), fine wire frame (n=86), spanning external fixator (n=25), intramedullary nail (n=25), other (n=18). Conclusion. The management of Tibial Pilon fractures is variable, with prolonged delays in obtaining post cast reduction radiographs, and just over half of length unstable complete articular fractures being managed with the gold standard “span, scan, plan” staged soft tissue resuscitation. A BOFAS endorsed BOAST (British Orthopaedic Association Standard for Trauma) for Tibial Pilon fractures is suggested for standardisation of the acute management of these potentially limb threatening injuries, together with setting them apart from more straightforward ankle fractures

Background. Treatment of arthrogrypotic clubfoot (AC) presents a challenging problem. Over time many different methods have been proposed, with variable rates of success, recurrence and other complications. In this study we describe our 20-year experience in treatment of AC. Materials and methods. Between 1996 and 2016, 165 AC in 90 children (51 males and 39 females) were treated in our department. Their mean age was 7.6 years (3 months-16 years). Ponseti casting and Achilles tendon release (PCATR) was performed on 38 children (68 feet) and soft tissue release and casting (STRC) on 35 children (67 feet). The remaining 17 children (30 feet) underwent wide soft tissue release and correction using the Ilizarov method (STRIL). The results of each subgroup were graded according to clinical (pain, foot appearance, residual deformities, walking and standing status and shoe modifications) and radiological (anteroposterior and lateral talocalcanear angles, the angle between longitudinal axes of talus and the first metatarsal and the position of talus in the lateral view) criteria. Results. The average follow up was 6.4 (2–10) years. Results were excellent (plantigrade, painless, properly loaded feet, without deformities, adapted to common shoes) in 56 PCATR group feet, 59 STRC group feet and 23 STRIL group feet. Good results (required orthopaedic shoes) were obtained in 10 PCATR group feet, 6 STRC group feet and 7 STRIL group feet. Fair results (residual temporary pain and/or mild deformity) presented 2 PCATR group feet and 1 STRC group foot, while bad results (reoccurrence of clubfoot) were found in 1 STRC group foot. Conclusions. On the basis of our 20-year clinical experience we believe that pediatric AC can be successfully treated with PCATR in the age of less than 1 year old (y.o), with STRC between 1–5 y.o. and with STRIL in children over the age of 5 y.o

Introduction. Primary ankle arthroplasty (TAR) is increasingly used to treat end-stage ankle arthritis. Reported revision rates of TAR vary from 8.5% to 11.1% at 9 years. Revision surgery remains technically challenging with options ranging from simple joint debridement to tibio-talar-calcaneal fusion. The efficacy of these procedures remains unclear and there is no consensus on optimal revision options. Methods. A retrospective cohort study was performed of all patients undergoing surgery for a failed primary TAR at the Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre (2004–2021). TAR failure was determined by clinical assessment, serial radiographs and CT scans. Primary outcome measures included type and time of index surgery post TAR. Secondary outcomes included frequency of re-operations, post-operative complications, patient reported outcomes and union rate (for revision arthrodesis procedures). Results. 70 failed TARs in 69 patients (35M:34F, mean 65.7 years, s.d.=11.6) underwent re-operation a mean of 6.24 years (range 1–30) post primary. In total, 107 operations were performed including revision fusion (n=50), revision arthroplasty (n=14), bearing exchange (n=9) and joint clearance (n=9). The overall revision fusion union rate was 73.5% over a mean of 12.5 months (s.d.=7.6). 16/23 (69.6%) Tibio-Talo-Calcaneal and 9/12 (75%) ankle fusions (previous subtalar/triple fusion) using a hindfoot nail united over a mean 11.4 months (s.d.=6.0) and 15 months (s.d.=9.48) respectively. Only 64% of ankle fusions using screws alone united (mean=10.6 months, s.d.=8.14). The average post-operative MOXFQ score was 28.3 (s.d.=19.3). 73% said the operation improved their function and would recommend it to a friend/family member. Conclusion. Despite low post-operative MOXFQ scores, over 70% of patients were satisfied with re-operation for a failed TAR. Over 26% of all TAR revision fusions fail to unite with the highest non-union rates observed post ankle arthrodesis with screws alone (36.4%)

Aims. This study reports updates the previously published two-year clinical, functional, and radiological results of a group of patients who underwent transfibular total ankle arthroplasty (TAA), with follow-up extended to a minimum of five years. Methods. We prospectively evaluated 89 patients who underwent transfibular TAA for end-stage osteoarthritis. Patients’ clinical and radiological examinations were collected pre- and postoperatively at six months and then annually for up to five years of follow-up. Three patients were lost at the final follow-up with a total of 86 patients at the final follow-up. Results. A total of 86 patients were evaluated at a mean follow-up of 65.4 months (60 to 90). At five-year follow-up, statistically significant improvements (p < 0.001) were found in the mean American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society Ankle Hindfoot Score (from 33.8 (SD 14.3) to 86.1 (SD 8.8)), visual analogue scale for pain (from 8.5 (SD 1.7) to 1.5 (SD 1.2)), Short Form-12 Physical and Mental Component Scores (from 29.9 (SD 6.7) and 43.3 (SD 8.6) to 47.3 (SD 7.5) and 52.2 (SD 8.0), respectively), and mean ankle dorsiflexion and plantarflexion (from 6.2° (SD 5.5°) and 9.6° (SD 5.8°) to 23.9° (SD 7.7°) and 16.9° (SD 7.2°), respectively). Radiologically, the implants maintained neutral alignment without subsidence. Tibial or talar radiolucency was found in eight patients, but none of these patients was symptomatic. At five-year follow up, 97.7% of implants (95% confidence interval 91.2 to 99.4) were free from revision or removal with 84 implants at risk. We recorded two cases (2.3%) of failure for septic loosening. Conclusion. Transfibular TAA is safe and effective with a high survival rate at mid-term follow-up and satisfactory clinical and radiological results. Further studies are required to determine the long-term performance of these implants. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2022;104-B(4):472–478

Aims. The ideal management of acute syndesmotic injuries in elite athletes is controversial. Among several treatment methods used to stabilize the syndesmosis and facilitate healing of the ligaments, the use of suture tape (InternalBrace) has previously been described. The purpose of this study was to analyze the functional outcome, including American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society (AOFAS) scores, knee-to-wall measurements, and the time to return to play in days, of unstable syndesmotic injuries treated with the use of the InternalBrace in elite athletes. Methods. Data on a consecutive group of elite athletes who underwent isolated reconstruction of the anterior inferior tibiofibular ligament using the InternalBrace were collected prospectively. Our patient group consisted of 19 elite male athletes with a mean age of 24.5 years (17 to 52). Isolated injuries were seen in 12 patients while associated injuries were found in seven patients (fibular fracture, medial malleolus fracture, anterior talofibular ligament rupture, and posterior malleolus fracture). All patients had a minimum follow-up period of 17 months (mean 27 months (17 to 35)). Results. All patients returned to their pre-injury level of sports activities. One patient developed a delayed union of the medial malleolus. The mean return to play was 62 days (49 to 84) for isolated injuries, while the patients with concomitant injuries returned to play in a mean of 104 days (56 to 196). The AOFAS score returned to 100 postoperatively in all patients. Knee-to-wall measurements were the same as the contralateral side in 18 patients, while one patient lacked 2 cm compared to the contralateral side. Conclusion. This study suggests the use of the InternalBrace in the management of unstable syndesmotic injuries offers an alternative method of stabilization, with good short-term results, including early return to sports in elite athletes. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2022;104-B(1):68–75