Glenohumeral osteoarthritis (OA) is a challenging clinical problem in young patients. Given the possibility of early glenoid component loosening in this population with total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA), and subsequent need for early revision, alternative treatment options are often recommended to provide pain relief and improved range of motion. While nonoperative modalities including nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications and physical therapy focusing on rotator cuff strengthening and scapular stabilization may provide some symptomatic relief, young patients with glenohumeral OA often need surgery for improved outcomes. Joint preserving techniques, such as arthroscopic debridement with removal of loose bodies and capsular release, with or without biceps tenotomy or tenodesis, remains a viable nonarthroplasty option in these patients. Clinical studies evaluating the outcomes of arthroscopic debridement for glenohumeral OA in young patients have had favorable outcomes. Evidence suggests that earlier stages of glenohumeral OA have more favorable outcomes with arthroscopic debridement procedures, with worse outcomes being observed in patients with complete joint space loss and bipolar chondral lesions. More advanced arthroscopic options include inferior osteophyte excision and axillary neurolysis or microfracture of chondral lesions, both of which have demonstrated favorable early clinical outcomes. Patients with some preserved joint space and small osteophytes can avoid arthroplasty and have improved functional outcomes after arthroscopic debridement for glenohumeral OA. Caution should be advised when indicating this procedure for patients with large osteophytes, grade IV bipolar lesions, biconcave glenoids, and complete loss of joint space

Purpose. Patients with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) deficiency and symptomatic medial compartment osteoarthritis (OA) present a challenge in management. These are often younger than typical primary OA patients and aspire to remain athletically active beyond simple ADLs. Combined ACL reconstruction and valgus tibial osteotomy (ACLHTO) is a well documented surgical option for patients deemed wither too young or too active for total knee arthroplasty. Unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA) is an established surgical treatment for symptomatic medial osteoarthritis of the knee refractory to conservative management. A commonly cited contraindications is symptomatic ACL deficiency because of previous reports detailing premature failure through loosening of the tibial component. Improved results and endoscopic ACL reconstructive procedures have led to an enticing concept of combining ACL reconstruction with medial unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (ACLUKR) for those ACL-deficient medial osteoarthritic (OA) knees. We sought to compare the outcomes in 2 cohorts of patients who underwent either ACLHTO or ACLUKR for this clinical problem. Method. Patients presenting with symptomatic bone on bone medial compartment OA and concomitant ACL deficiency (clinical or asymptomatic) were evaluated for surgery after exhausting non operative management. Patients who were under 40 or had plans to return to high impact loading sports and/or who had more moderate OA were offered combined ACL – medial opening wedge tibia osteotomy as a surgical procedure of choice. Patients were considered for combined ACL Oxford replacement if they were primarily seeking pain relief and were not engaged or aspiring to return to high impact or pivoting sports. All cases but one were concurrent ACL with either HTO or UKR with autogenous hamstring grafts used in all but 2 cases. Results. Thirty of 34 consecutive cases were available for follow-up for a rate of 88%. The median ages for 14 cases of ACLUKR was 51 (range 43 60) whereas 16 patients with ACLHTO had median age 43.4 (range 32 −59). Median FU was 4.65 yrs with minimum 2 year follow up (range 2–8.3). Three of the cases were revision ACL cases all from previous Gore-Tex reconstructions. All but the first patient had concomitant ACL and Oxford unicompartmental knee replacement at 1 surgical sitting and are the subject of this report. The first patient had an autogenous patella bone tendon bone graft performed 6 months prior to the UKA. There were similar change scores for patients in both groups. For ACLUKR, WOMAC pain improvements from 48.1 10.2 SD preoperatively to 79.0 17 SD postop. For ACLHTO, WOMAC improvements from 55.1 13.2 SD preoperatively to 85.0 17 SD postop. To date there have been no cases of infection or bearing dislocation in the ACLUKR group. One patient in the ACLHTO group was revised to TKR for ongoing pain and postoperative flexion contracture. Patient activities ranged from ambulation to vigorous hiking, tennis, and downhill skiing in the UKR group whereas a few in the ACLHTO group were also running mid distances. Overall satisfaction was similar in both groups. Conclusion. ACL reconstruction can safely be combined with medial UKR. The procedure has been used in younger patients with a view toward bone preservation while anticipating need for future revision. Both cohorts showed similar improvements and can be considered. The choice should be geared toward patient athletic demand. While short term results are encouraging though longer term data are necessary to thoroughly evaluate the role of this procedure in patients with medial compartment osteoarthritis and ACL deficiency

There are several case reports or small series of stress tibial fracture around the OA knees in literature. Our study goes on 10 tibial stress fracture in 9 patients. All of the fractures have been distal to proximal tibial methaphysis. 8 of them have been in mid shaft or proximal of mid tibia, only 2 had fractures in distal half of tibia 8 were manage by braces for at least 8 months post TKA. Left side of the Bilateral one was fixed by simple IM nail and in 10 months was changed by TKA. Another very interesting case after failure of plate fixation without revision of knee was fixed by custom – made extended nail that attached to tibial tray. Conclusion: for all patients who are candidate to underwent T K A procedure, an update 3 – joints view is mandatory. Beside of patho anatomy and preoperative planning 3-joints view helps us to assure about peri arthicular stress (pathologic) fractures

Background. The indication of unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA) for end-stage osteoarthritis (OA) remains controversial. This study aimed to investigate patient reported outcomes (PROs) of UKA in patients with severe varus deformity of the knee and compare the results with those of total knee arthroplasty (TKA) at mid-term follow up. Methods. A total of 96 TKAs of 69 patients and 61 UKAs of 50 patients were included. All patients presented with severe knee OA with hip-knee-ankle angle (HKA) ranged from −25 degree to −10 degree, preoperatively. Mean HKAs in TKA group and UKA group were −14.95º and −13.38º, respectively. PROs were assessed using Knee Society Score (KSS 2011), PainDETECT score (PD), and Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS) at a mean follow up of 58.65 months for TKA and 58.05 months for UKA. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was performed to assess implant survival. Complication rate was also assessed. All data were compared between TKA group and UKA group. Results. Mean postoperative knee flexion angle was 124.38 º for TKA group and 133.69 º for UKA group, indicating that knee flexion angle of UKA was significantly greater than that of TKA (p=0.000). There were no statistically differences in KSS and their items, PD, and PCS. Regarding mid-term survivorship, TKA (96.0%) was less than UKA (96.8%), but there was no statistically significance. Major complications of the knee occurred in 4cases (4.0%) for TKA and 7 cases (11.1%) for UKA but there was also no statistically significance. Complications of UKA included 3 cases of OA progression in the lateral compartment. Discussion. Although greater flexion angle was observed in UKA group, there was no significant differences in PROs between the two groups. The survival rate are practically considered worse in TKA and the complication rate are practically considered worse in UKA, but there are no statistically significance. Further assessment should be needed after increasing the number of subjects and follow-up period

Greater trochanteric pain syndrome (GTPS) is common, yet the impact on function and quality of life has not been measured. The aim of this study was to quantify the impact on function and quality of life, comparing the results to people with severe hip osteoarthritis and an asymptomatic control group. Forty two people with GTPS – including 11 not actively seeking treatment and 11 seeking surgical treatment, 20 with severe hip osteoarthritis (OA), and 23 age and sex matched asymptomatic participants (ASC) where recruited from public and private hospitals, and the community. Upon confirming meeting inclusion and exclusion criteria participants were interviewed. Exclusion criteria included lumbar nerve root signs; inflammatory, neoplastic and metabolic disorders. Measured used were the Harris hip score (HHS); the Oswestry disability index (ODI); the Australian quality of life instrument (AQoL); the Functional co-morbidity index (FCI); and fulltime work assessments. No difference was found between the GTPS and the OA group on the HHS, ODI, AQoL or the FCI measures. Both symptomatic groups were significantly more disabled than the ASC group on the HHS and ODI (p<0.001). The GTPS and OA groups had lower AQoL than the ASC group (p<0.001); and higher FCI results than the ASC group (GTPS vs ASC, p=0.005; OA vs ASC, p=0.019). GTPS participants were least likely to be in full time work; full time work participation probability (95% C.I.): GTPS Prob=0.288 (0.160 to 0.463), OA Prob= 0.518 (0.273 to 0.753); ASC group of Prob=0.676 (0.439 to 0.847). People with GTPS have similar levels of pain, disability and quality of life, but are less likely to be in full time employment than people with severe hip OA which puts them at risk of economic hardship. Research on conservative and surgical treatments should measure pain, disability and work participation

Early stabilisation after an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture reduces future meniscal injury. We may therefore expect protection of articular cartilage from ACL reconstruction, but this has yet to be shown. Our aim wasto determine the effect of meniscal injury on the long term risk of osteoarthritis (OA) following ACL reconstruction using Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT, a 3 dimensional radionuclide scan). We studied a prospective series of 31 patients (mean age at injury of 29 years) who had bone-patellar tendon-bone ACL reconstruction for unstable, ACL deficient knees. Mean follow-up was 10 years (range 9-13). Patients were separated into two groups according to the status of their menisci at the time of ACL reconstruction, those with intact menisci in group 1 (n=15) and those who required partial meniscectomy in group 2 (n=16). The contra-lateral normal knee was used as a control. All knees were clinically stable with high clinical scores (mean Lysholm score 93 and mean Tegner activity score 6). In group 1 (intact menisci) only one patient (7%) had clinical symptoms of OA and was the only patient with increased uptake on SPECT compatible with early OA. In group 2 (partial meniscectomy), two had clinical symptoms of osteoarthritis, and five patients (32%) had increased uptake on SPECT compatible with early OA. None of the control knees had early OA on SPECT. The prevalence of OA 10 years post ACL reconstruction, using the most sensitive investigation available, is very low in patients who had intact menisci (7%), but increases 5 fold (32%) if a meniscal tear was present. We recommend early ACL reconstruction to preserve the menisci to minimise the long term risk of OA

Joint load reduction is effective for alleviating OA pain. Treatment options for joint unloading include braces and HTO, both of which may be impractical for patients. The purpose of the present study was to examine the biomechanical rationale of a practical, partial unloading implant (KineSpring® System, Moximed) for knee OA. Device durability was tested by cyclically loading bone-implant constructs through simulated use for at least 10 million cycles. Joint load reduction with the implant was quantified by measuring changes in medial and lateral knee compartment loads generated by cadaver knees in simulated gait. Safety of the device was tested by 3, 6, and 12 month follow-up of implants in an in vivo ovine model. Surgical technique and device safety and efficacy were assessed in human clinical studies. The unloader device survived over 15 million cycles of simulated use without failure. In the simulated gait cadaver model, the unloading device significantly reduced medial compartment (29 ± 13 lbs, p<0.05) and overall knee joint loads during the stance phase of gait testing but did not significantly increase lateral compartment loading. Chronic ovine implants demonstrated good tolerance of the implant with normal wound healing and secure device fixation. Clinical experience (n=49) demonstrated uneventful device implantation. Unlike HTO, the implantation technique for the unloader does not alter joint alignment. This surgical technique avoids removal of bone, ligament, and cartilage, thus preserving future primary arthroplasty, if required. Early-term clinical experience also demonstrates good outcomes for patients, the earliest of whom are beyond 2.6 years with the implant. This unloading device offers a practical and attractive treatment option for patients with medial knee OA: load reduction without load transfer, durability, preservation of downstream treatment options, safety, and early-term efficacy

There are a variety of potential causes of shoulder arthritis in young patients including osteoarthritis, inflammatory arthritis, post-traumatic arthritis, and avascular necrosis. However, the primary etiology in my practice is related to complications of instability surgery or labral repair: thermal or anchor/suture related chondrolysis. The outcomes of arthroscopic debridement have been disappointing in patients with shoulder arthritis with worse results with increasing severity of articular cartilage changes.

Among all joint arthroplasty procedures, patients who undergo shoulder arthroplasty have the youngest average age. Results of hemiarthroplasty (HA) have been approximately 75% to 80% compared to 90% with total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA).

The largest series in the literature on shoulder arthroplasty in young patients is Schoch et al. They reviewed the results of 56 hemiarthroplasties and 19 TSA performed in patients less than 50 years old with a minimum 20-year follow-up or follow-up until reoperation. Both HA and TSA resulted in significant improvements in pain scores (p<0.001), abduction (p<0.01), and external rotation (p=0.02). Eighty-one percent of shoulders were rated much better or better than pre-operatively. Unsatisfactory ratings in HA were due to reoperations in 25 (glenoid arthrosis in 16) and limited motion, pain, or dissatisfaction in 11. Unsatisfactory ratings in TSA were due to reoperations in 6 (component loosening in 4) and limited motion in 5. Estimated 20-year survival was 75.6% (confidence interval, 65.9–86.5) for HAs and 83.2% (confidence interval, 70.5–97.8) for TSAs.

Treatment for osteoarthritis (OA) has traditionally focused on joint replacement for end-stage disease. An increasing number of surgical and pharmaceutical strategies for disease prevention have now been proposed. However, these require the ability to identify OA at a stage when it is potentially reversible, and detect small changes in cartilage structure and function to enable treatment efficacy to be evaluated within an acceptable timeframe. This has not been possible using conventional imaging techniques but recent advances in musculoskeletal imaging have been significant. In this review we discuss the role of different imaging modalities in the diagnosis of the earliest changes of OA. The increasing number of MRI sequences that are able to non-invasively detect biochemical changes in cartilage that precede structural damage may offer a great advance in the diagnosis and treatment of this debilitating condition. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2013;95-B:738–46

Osteoarthritis of the knee is a global scourge. Treatment ranges from cumbersome conservative measures with too many drugs with undesirable side effects, to aggressive knee replacements which still remain elusive to an average Indian. Can we provide hope to these patients and offer them a dignified existence?

In a study conducted over 100 patients in my hospital since 1998, I have devised a very effective treatment option, a new integrated therapy incorporating Yoga and a few alternative systems. Apart from offering to combat associated problems like diabetes, hypertension, obesity, osteoporosis etc it has lessened the amount of medications used for their treatment.

Opening wedge high tibial osteotomy (OWHTO) is a treatment option for medial compartment osteoarthritis of the knee in the young active adult. Limited evidence exists in the literature regarding return to activities following OWHTO.

We performed a retrospective study of local patients who underwent OWHTO from 2005 – 2012 assessing post-operative return to sporting function. Patients with additional knee pathology, surgery or alternative issues affecting activity were excluded.

110 patients met inclusion criteria, 75 were successfully contacted.

Mean improvement in pain score = 4.8/10 (95%CI 4.2 to 5.4, p<0.01). Mean pre-operative KOS-SAS score = 0.5/2, mean post-operative KOS-SAS score = 1.1/2, mean change in KOS-SAS score following OWHTO = 0.6 (95% CI 0.5 to 0.7, p<0.01). Mean pre-morbid Tegner score = 5.9/10, pre-operative = 2.7/10, post-operative = 4.2/10. Mean change in Tegner score following OWHTO = 1.5 (95% CI 1 to 1.9, p<0.01). Following OWHTO 25% of patients achieved pre-morbid Tegner scores. Patient BMI, age, type of implant or graft used had no significant effect on outcome.

OWHTO can temporarily improve pain, activity and sporting levels in young patients with isolated medial compartment knee OA. Return to pre-morbid activity levels and even high level sports function is possible although not the norm.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a disease of the synovial joint with synovial inflammation, capsular contracture, articular cartilage degradation, subchondral sclerosis and osteophyte formation contributing to pain and disability. Transcriptomic datasets have identified genetic loci in hip and knee OA demonstrating joint specificity. A limited number of studies have directly investigated transcriptional changes in shoulder OA. Further, gene expression patterns of periarticular tissues in OA have not been thoroughly investigated. This prospective case control series details transcriptomic expression of shoulder OA by analysing periarticular tissues in patients undergoing shoulder replacement for OA as correlated with a validated patient reported outcome measure of shoulder function, an increasing (clinically worsening) QuickDASH score. We then compared transcriptomic expression profiles in capsular tissue biopsies from the OA group (N=6) as compared to patients undergoing shoulder stabilisation for recurrent instability (the control group, N=26). Results indicated that top ranked genes associated with increasing QuickDASH score across all tissues involved inflammation and response to stress, namely interleukins, chemokines, complement components, nuclear response factors and immediate early response genes. Some of these genes were upregulated, and some downregulated, suggestive of a state of flux between inflammatory and anti-inflammatory signalling pathways. We have also described gene expression pathways in shoulder OA not previously identified in hip and knee OA, as well as novel genes involved in shoulder OA

The opposable thumb is one of the defining characteristics of human anatomy and is involved in most activities of daily life. Lack of optimal thumb motion results in pain, weakness, and decrease in quality of life. First carpometacarpal (CMC1) osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the most common sites of OA. Current clinical diagnosis and monitoring of CMC1 OA disease are primarily aided by X-ray radiography; however, many studies have reported discrepancies between radiographic evidence of CMC1 OA and patient-related outcomes of pain and disability. Radiographs lack soft-tissue contrast and are insufficient for the detection of early characteristics of OA such as synovitis, which play a key role in CMC OA disease progression. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and two-dimensional ultrasound (2D-US) are alternative options that are excellent for imaging soft tissue pathology. However, MRI has high operating costs and long wait-times, while 2D-US is highly operator dependent and provides 2D images of 3D anatomical structures. Three-dimensional ultrasound imaging may be an option to address the clinical need for a rapid and safe point of care imaging device. The purpose of this research project is to validate the use of mechanically translated 3D-US in CMC OA patients to assess the measurement capabilities of the device in a clinically diverse population in comparison to MRI. Four CMC1-OA patients were scanned using the 3D-US device, which was attached to a Canon Aplio i700 US machine with a 14L5 linear transducer with a 10MHz operating frequency and 58mm. Complimentary MR images were acquired using a 3.0 T MRI system and LT 3D coronal photon dense cube fat suppression sequence was used. The volume of the synovium was segmented from both 3D-US and MR images by two raters and the measured volumes were compared to find volume percent differences. Paired sample t-test were used to determine any statistically significant differences between the volumetric measurements observed by the raters and in the measurements found using MRI vs. 3D-US. Interclass Correlation Coefficients were used to determine inter- and intra-rater reliability. The mean volume percent difference observed between the two raters for the 3D-US and MRI acquired synovial volumes was 1.77% and 4.76%, respectively. The smallest percent difference in volume found between raters was 0.91% and was from an MR image. A paired sample t-test demonstrated that there was no significant difference between the volumetric values observed between MRI and 3D-US. ICC values of 0.99 and 0.98 for 3D-US and MRI respectively, indicate that there was excellent inter-rater reliability between the two raters. A novel application of a 3D-US acquisition device was evaluated using a CMC OA patient population to determine its clinical feasibility and measurement capabilities in comparison to MRI. As this device is compatible with any commercially available ultrasound machine, it increases its accessibility and ease of use, while proving a method for overcoming some of the limitations associated with radiography, MRI, and 2DUS. 3DUS has the potential to provide clinicians with a tool to quantitatively measure and monitor OA progression at the patient's bedside

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common form of arthritis and one of the ten most disabling diseases in developed countries. Total joint replacement (TJR) is considered by far as the most effective treatment for end-stage OA patients. The majority of patients achieve symptomatic improvement following TJR. However, about 22% of the TJR patients either do not improve or deteriorate after surgery. Several potential non-genetic predictors for the TJR outcome have been investigated. However, the results were either inconclusive or had very limited predictive power. The aim of this study was to identify genetic variants for the poor outcome of TJR in primary OA patients by a genome-wide association study (GWAS). Study participants were total knee or hip replacement patients due to primary OA who were recruited to the Newfoundland Osteoarthritis Study (NFOAS) before 2017. The Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) was used to assess pain and functional impairment pre- and 3.99±1.38 years post-surgery. Two non-responder classification criteria were used in our study. One was defined by an absolute WOMAC change score. Participants with a change score less than 7/20 points for pain were considered as pain non-responders; and those with less than 22/68 points for function were classified as function non-responders. The second one was the Outcome Measures in Arthritis Clinical Trials and the Osteoarthritis Research Society International (OMERACT-OARSI) criteria. Blood DNA samples were genotyped using the Illumina GWAS microarrays genotyping platform. The quality control (QC) filtering was performed on GWAS data before the association of the genetic variants with non-responders to TJR was tested using the GenABEL package in R with adjustment for the relatedness of the study population and using the commonly accepted GWAS significance threshold p < 5*10. −8. to control multiple testing. In total, 316 knee and 122 hip OA patients (mean age 65.45±7.62 years, and 58% females) passed the QC check. These study participants included 368 responders and 56 non-responders to pain, and 364 responders and 68 non-responders to function based on the absolute WOMAC point score change classification. While 377 responders and 56 non-responders to pain, and 366 responders and 71 non-responders to function were identified by the OMERACT-OARSI classification criteria. Interestingly, the same results were obtained by both classification methods, and we found that the G allele of rs4797006 was significantly associated with pain non-responders with odds ratio (OR) of 5.12 (p<7.27×10. -10. ). This SNP is in intron one of the melanocortin receptor 5 (MC5R) gene on chr18. This gene plays central roles in immune response, pain sensitivity, and negative regulation of inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus. The A allele of rs200752023 was associated with function non-responders with OR of 4.41 (p<3.29×10. -8. ). The SNP is located in intron three of the RNA Binding Fox-1 Homolog 3 (RBFOX3) gene on chr17 which has been associated with numerous neurological disorders. Our data suggested that two chromosomal regions are associated with TJR poor outcomes and could be the novel targets for developing strategies to improve the outcome of the TJR

Introduction. The purpose of this study was to compare implant survivorship and functional outcomes in patients undergoing reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (RTSA) for acute proximal humeral fracture (PHF) with those undergoing elective RTSA in a population-based cohort study. Methods. Prospectively collected data from the New Zealand Joint Registry from 1999 to 2021 and identified 7,277 patients who underwent RTSA. Patients were categorized by pre-operative indication, including acute PHF (10.1%), rotator cuff arthropathy (RCA) (41.9%), osteoarthritis (OA) (32.2%), rheumatoid arthritis (RA) (5.2%) and old traumatic sequelae (4.9%). The PHF group was compared with elective indications based on patient, implant, and operative characteristics, as well as post-operative outcomes (Oxford Shoulder Score [OSS], and revision rate) at 6 months, 5 and 10 years after surgery. Survival and functional outcome analyses were adjusted by age, sex, ASA class and surgeon experience. Results. Implant survivorship at 10 years for RTSA for PHF was 97.3%, compared to 96.1%, 93.7%, 92.8% and 91.3% for OA, RCA, RA and traumatic sequelae, respectively. When compared with RTSA for PHF, the adjusted risk of revision was higher for traumatic sequelae (hazard ratio = 2.29; 95% CI:1.12–4.68, p=0.02) but not for other elective indications. At 6 months post-surgery, OSS were significantly lower for the PHF group compared to RCA, OA and RA groups (31.1±0.5 vs. 35.6±0.22, 37.7±0.25, 36.5±0.6, respectively, p<0.01), but not traumatic sequelae (31.7±0.7, p=0.43). At 5 years, OSS were only significantly lower for PHF compared to OA (37.4±0.9 vs 41.0±0.5, p<0.01), and at 10 years, there were no differences between groups. Discussion and Conclusion. RTSA for PHF demonstrated reliable long-term survivorship and functional outcomes compared to other elective indications. Despite lower functional outcomes in the early post-operative period for the acute PHF group, implant survivorship rates were similar to patients undergoing elective RTSA

Introduction. Wearable sensors are promising tools for fast clinical gait evaluations in individuals with osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee and hip. However, gait assessments with wearable sensor are often limited to relatively simple straight-ahead walking paradigms. Parameters reflecting more complex and relevant aspects of gait, including dual-tasking, turning, and compensatory upper body motion are often overlooked in literature. The aim of this study was to investigate turning, dual-task performance, and upper body motion in individuals with knee or hip OA in addition to spatiotemporal gait parameters, taking shared covariance between gait parameters into account. Methods. Gait was compared between individuals with unilateral knee (n=25) or hip (n=26) OA scheduled for joint replacement, and healthy controls (n=27). For 2 minutes, subjects walked back-and-forth a 6 meter trajectory making 180 degree turns, with and without a secondary cognitive task. Gait parameters were collected using four inertial measurement units on feet, waist, and trunk. To test if turning, dual-tasking, and upper body motion had added value above common spatiotemporal parameters, a factor analysis was conducted. Standardized mean differences were computed for the comparison between knee or hip OA and healthy controls. One gait parameter was selected per gait domain based on factor loading and effect size for the comparison between OA groups and healthy controls. Results. Four independent domains of gait were obtained: speed-spatial, speed-temporal, dual task cost, and upper body motion. Turning parameters were part of the speed-temporal domain. From the gait domains that were obtained, stride length (speed-spatial) and cadence (speed-temporal) had the strongest factor loadings and effect sizes for both knee and hip OA, and lumbar sagittal range of motion (upper body motion) for hip OA only. Although dual-task cost was an independent domain, it was not sensitive to knee or hip OA. Conclusions. Stride length, cadence, and lumbar sagittal range of motion were non-redundant and sensitive gait parameters, representing (compensatory) gait adaptations in individuals with knee or hip OA. Turning or dual-task parameters had limited additional value for evaluating gait in knee and hip OA, although dual-task cost constituted a separate gait domain. These findings hold promise for objective gait assessments in the clinic using wearable sensors. Future steps should include testing responsiveness of these gait domains to interventions aiming to improve mobility, including knee and hip arthroplasty

The trapeziometacarpal joint (TMCJ) is the most common hand joint affected by osteoarthritis (OA), and trapezium implant arthroplasty is a potential treatment for recalcitrant OA. This meta-analysis aimed to investigate the efficacy and safety of various trapezium implants as an interventional option for TMCJ OA. Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Cochrane library databases were searched for relevant studies up to May 2022. Preferred Reported Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis guidelines were adhered to and registered on PROSPERO. The methodological quality was assessed by National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute tools for observational studies and the Cochrane risk of bias tool. Subgroup analyses were performed on different replacement implants, the analysis was done via Open Meta-Analyst software and P values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. A total of 123 studies comprising 5752 patients were included. Total joint replacement (TJR) implants demonstrate greater significant improvements in visual analogue scale pain scores postoperatively. Interposition with partial trapezial resection implants was associated with the highest grip strength and highest reduction in the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand score. Revision rates were highest in TJR (12.3%), and lowest in interposition with partial trapezial resection (6.2%). Total joint replacement and interposition with partial trapezial resection implants improve pain, grip strength, and DASH scores more than other implant options. Future studies should focus on high-quality randomized clinical trials comparing different implants to accumulate higher quality evidence and more reliable conclusions

The 2021 Australian Orthopaedic Association National Joint Replacement Registry report indicated that total shoulder replacement using both mid head (TMH) length humeral components and reverse arthroplasty (RTSA) had a lower revision rate than stemmed humeral components in anatomical total shoulder arthroplasty (aTSA) - for all prosthesis types and diagnoses. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of component variables in the various primary total arthroplasty alternatives for osteoarthritis in the shoulder. Data from a large national arthroplasty registry were analysed for the period April 2004 to December 2020. The study population included all primary aTSA, RTSA, and TMH shoulder arthroplasty procedures undertaken for osteoarthritis (OA) using either cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) or non-cross-linked polyethylene (non XLPE). Due to the previously documented and reported higher revision rate compared to other anatomical total shoulder replacement options, those using a cementless metal backed glenoid components were excluded. The rate of revision was determined by Kaplan-Meir estimates, with comparisons by Cox proportional hazard models. Reasons for revision were also assessed. For a primary diagnosis of OA, aTSA with a cemented XLPE glenoid component had the lowest revision rate with a 12-year cumulative revision rate of 4.7%, compared to aTSA with cemented non-XLPE glenoid component of 8.7%, and RTSA of 6.8%. The revision rate for TMH was lower than aTSA with cemented non-XLPE, but was similar to the other implants at the same length of follow-up. The reason for revision for cemented aTSR was most commonly component loosening, not rotator cuff deficiency. Long stem humeral components matched with XLPE in aTSA achieve a lower revision rate compared to shorter stems, long stems with conventional polyethylene, and RTSA when used to treat shoulder OA. In all these cohorts, loosening, not rotator cuff failure was the most common diagnosis for revision

Reverse Total shoulder arthroplasty (RTSA) was initially introduced to treat rotator cuff arthropathy. With proven successful long-term outcomes, it has gained a noteworthy surge in popularity with its indications consequently being extended to treating various traumatic glenohumeral diseases. Several countries holding national registries remain a guide to the use the prosthesis, however a notable lack of epidemiological data still exists. More so in South Africa where the spectrum of joint disease related to communicable diseases such as HIV and tuberculosis may influence indications and patient demographics. By analysing the epidemiology of patients who underwent RTSA at our institution, we aimed to outline the local disease spectrum, the patients afflicted and indications for surgery. A retrospective review of all patients operated within the sports unit between 1 January 2019 and 31 December 2022 was conducted. An analysis of the epidemiological data pertaining to patient demographics, diagnosis, indications for surgery and complications were recorded. Included in the review were 58 patients who underwent primary RTSA over the 4-year period. There were 41 females and 17 male patients, age <55 years (n= 14) >55 years (n=44). The indications included 23 rotator cuff arthropathy (40%), 12 primary glenohumeral osteoarthritis (OA) (20%), 10 avascular necrosis (AVN) humeral head (17%), 7 inflammatory OA (12%), 4 chronic shoulder dislocation (7%) and 2 sequalae of proximal humerus fractures (4%). The study revealed RTSA being performed in patients older than 55 years of age, the main pathologies included rotator cuff arthropathy and primary OA, however AVN and shoulder dislocations secondary to trauma contributed significantly to the total tally of surgeries undertaken. This highlights the disease burden of developing countries contributing to patients presenting for RTSA

The aim of this study was to examine the incidence of obesity in patients undergoing primary total shoulder replacement (TSR) (stemmed and reverse) for osteoarthritis (OA) in Australia compared to the incidence of obesity in the general population. A 2017–18 cohort of 2,621 patients from the Australian Orthopaedic Association National Joint Replacement Registry (AOANJRR) who underwent TSR, were compared with matched controls from the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) National Health Survey from the same period. The two groups were analysed according to BMI category, sex and age. According to the 2017–18 National Health Survey, 35.6% of Australian adults are overweight and 31.3% are obese. Of the primary TSR cases performed, 34.2% were overweight and 28.6% were obese. The relative risk of requiring TSR for OA increased with increasing BMI category. Class-3 obese females, aged 55–64, were 8.9 times more likely to require TSR compared to normal weight counterparts. Males in the same age and BMI category were 2.5 times more likely. Class-3 obese patients underwent TSR 4 years (female) and 7 years (male) sooner than their normal weight counterparts. Our findings suggest that the obese population is at risk for early and more frequent TSR for OA. Previous studies demonstrate that obese patients undergoing TSR also exhibit increased risks of longer operative times, higher superficial infection rates, higher periprosthetic fracture rates, significantly reduced post-operative forward flexion range and greater revision rates. Obesity significantly increases the risk of requiring TSR. To our knowledge this is the first study to publish data pertaining to age and BMI stratification of TSR Societal efforts are vital to diminish the prevalence and burden of obesity related TSR. There may well be reversible pathophysiology in the obese population to address prior to surgery (adipokines, leptin, NMDA receptor upregulation). Surgery occurs due to recalcitrant or increased pain despite non-op Mx