Aims. Morton’s neuroma is common condition of the forefoot, but its aetiology remains unclear. Our aim was to evaluate the relationship between the width of the forefoot and the development of a Morton’s neuroma. . Patients and Methods. Between January 2013 and May 2016, a total of 84 consecutive patients (17 men, 67 women) with a unilateral Morton’s neuroma were enrolled into the study. The involved and uninvolved feet of each patient were compared. A control group of patients with symptoms from the foot, but without a neuroma who were matched for age, gender, affected side, and web space location, were enrolled. The first to fifth intermetatarsal distance, intermetatarsal angle and intermetatarsal distance of involved web space on standing radiographs were assessed. Results. The inter- and intra-observer reliability was excellent. The three parameters did not differ significantly between the involved and uninvolved feet. Neither did they differ significantly between the patients and the controls. Conclusion . We conclude that there is no significant relationship between the width of the forefoot and the development of a Morton’s neuroma. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2017;99-B:365–8

Aims. A local injection may be used as an early option in the treatment of Morton’s neuroma, and can be performed using various medications. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of injections of hyaluronic acid compared with corticosteroid in the treatment of this condition. Methods. A total of 91 patients were assessed for this trial, of whom 45 were subsequently included and randomized into two groups. One patient was lost to follow-up, leaving 22 patients (24 feet) in each group. The patients in the hyaluronic acid group were treated with three ultrasound-guided injections (one per week) of hyaluronic acid (Osteonil Plus). Those in the corticosteroid group were treated with three ultrasound-guided injections (also one per week) of triamcinolone (Triancil). The patients were evaluated before treatment and at one, three, six, and 12 months after treatment. The primary outcome measure was the visual analogue scale for pain (VAS). Secondary outcome measures included the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) score, and complications. Results. Both groups showed significant improvement in VAS and AOFAS scores (p < 0.05) after 12 months. The corticosteroid group had a significantly greater reduction in VAS and increase in AOFAS scores compared with the hyaluronic acid group, at one, three, and six months, but with no significant difference at 12 months. There were no complications in the hyaluronic acid group. There were minor local complications in six patients (six feet) (25.0%) in the corticosteroid group, all with discolouration of the skin at the site of the injection. These minor complications might have been due to the three weekly injections of a relatively high dose of corticosteroid. No patient subsequently underwent excision of the neuroma. Conclusion. An ultrasound-guided corticosteroid injection showed statistically significantly better functional and pain outcomes than an ultrasound-guided injection of hyaluronic acid for the treatment of a Morton’s neuroma at many timepoints. Thus, a corticosteroid injection should be regarded as a primary option in the treatment of these patients, and the only indication for an injection of hyaluronic acid might be in patients in whom corticosteroid is contraindicated. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2024;106-B(10):1093–1099

A Morton's neuroma is a compressive neuropathy most commonly affecting the common digital nerve of the third inter-space. Symptoms are variable but usually the diagnosis can be made quite easily and the diagnosis is essentially a “clinical” one. When symptoms relate to the second inter-space the clinician needs to be alert to mechanical causes of metatarsalgia leading to secondary irritation of the nerve. Imaging with MRI scanning and/or ultrasound can be helpful but equally can be misleading, as there may be false positives and false negatives. In the case of ultrasound the accuracy of imaging depends on the experience and expertise of the radiologist. Morton's neuroma surgery is usually associated with high levels of success but some reports suggest as many as 30% of patients under-going such surgery are dissatisfied with the outcome. The reasons for failed surgery can be broadly divided into three groups: a) wrong diagnosis b) wrong surgery and c) right diagnosis and right operation but unfavourable outcome. Wrong diagnosis is most commonly encountered in second space pathology when there is an underlying mechanical reason for the symptoms such as second MTP joint synovitis. This is usually secondary to joint overload associated with first ray insufficiency eg hallux valgus. This is the so-called Moron's neuroma. Wrong surgery occurs when the wrong space is operated upon, when mechanical causes are overlooked or when a plantar incision is made over the weight-bearing part of the forefoot, leading to painful scar formation. Wrong surgery can also involve failure to recognise anomalous anatomy within the space or insufficient nerve resection. Unfavourable outcomes include infection, stump neuroma formation or the onset of CRPS. Occasionally despite an appropriate assessment and operation a patient will derive no relief of symptoms and the cause of the pain remains totally unexplained. Careful history and examination and careful pre-operative planning can reduce the incidence of failed Morton's neuroma surgery. The role of imaging is probably greater in such cases compared with those presenting with a primary Morton's neuroma but the diagnosis remains essentially clinical. Stump neuroma resection should be considered in patients presenting with repeat symptoms especially if there is initial surgical success followed by recurrent symptoms. If two explorations result in no success then a third exploration is unlikely to resolve the problem. Some patients are left with intractable symptoms and should be referred to a pain specialist, as further surgery often has nothing more to offer

Background. Infiltration is considered the first treatment option for symptomatic Morton's neuroma and can be performed with various medications. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of hyaluronic acid infiltration versus corticosteroid injection in the treatment of Morton's neuroma. Methods. A randomised clinical trial was conducted with 46 patients (50 feet) diagnosed with Morton's neuroma. After randomisation, the control group (CG) received three injections (one per week) of triamcinolone (Triancil®) guided by ultrasound, while the study group (SG) received three applications of hyaluronic acid (Osteonil Plus®). Patients were followed up for six months after the intervention. The primary outcome measure used was the Visual Pain Analog Scale (VAS). Secondary endpoints included patient-reported outcome measures using the American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society (AOFAS) score and complications. Results. Both groups showed significant improvement in VAS and AOFAS scores (p < 0.001). The CG showed greater improvement than the SG in the VAS (p < 0.05) and AOFAS (p < 0.001) variables. Four patients in the CG experienced skin hypochromia at the injection site, while there were no complications in the SG. Conclusion. Ultrasound-guided hyaluronic acid infiltration in Morton's Neuroma proved to be safe, showing improvement in pain and function after six months of follow-up, without major complications, but with a significantly lower improvement when compared to corticosteroid injection. Taking into account cost implications and the potential for longer lasting improvement from viscosupplementation further medium- and long-term studies are needed

Introduction. Morton's Neuroma is routinely treated by excision of the interdigital nerve. Traditional surgery works by denervation, but the results are variable, and recurrence is common. Multiple Morton's Neuromas present a difficult clinical challenge. MR and ultrasound often demonstrate a normal nerve or an interdigital bursa. Some experts advise division of the intermetatarsal ligament rather than excision. This case series evaluates an alternative method of treatment. Methods. Patients with a clinical diagnosis of Morton's Neuroma, with symptoms only on weight bearing, were treated with division of the intermetatarsal ligaments and Weil's osteotomies. The nerve was not excised. Patients wore a postoperative shoe for six weeks. If radiographs were satisfactory, they returned to weight bearing in a normal shoe. They were evaluated at 12 weeks with AOFAS scoring, as part of the routine clinical pathway. Results. 14 patients were treated with Weil's osteotomy, including one who had recurrence of symptoms following traditional surgery. The mean AOFAS score rose from 71 to 91. No patient had recurrent symptoms after surgery. The patient who had previously been treated with excision of the nerve also had some improvement. Discussion. The success of this surgery in relief of symptoms in this case series raises questions about the pathology, diagnosis and treatment of Morton's Neuroma. Many MR studies find abnormal nerves in asymptomatic patients, and no neuroma in symptomatic patients. Patients have symptoms exacerbated by weight bearing, and nerve compression may play an important part in the pathophysiology. Weil's osteotomy works by decreasing the effective weight bearing in the involved rays. It is particularly useful if symptoms exist in multiple intermetatarsal areas. Conclusions. Multiple Weil's osteotomies are an effective method for treatment of Morton's Neuroma. The basis for the traditional approach of excision of the nerve may be flawed and merits further study

Current knowledge regarding outcomes following surgical treatment of Morton's neuroma remains incomplete. This is the first prospective study to report the pre- and post-operative patient reported outcomes and satisfaction scores following excision of interdigital Morton's neuroma. Over a seven year period, 99 consecutive patients (112 feet) undergoing surgical excision of Morton's neuroma were prospectively studied. 78 patients were female with a mean age at operation of 56 years. Patient recorded outcomes and satisfaction were measured using the Manchester-Oxford Foot Questionnaire (MOXFQ), Short Form-12 (SF12) and a supplementary patient satisfaction survey three months pre and six months post-operatively. Statistically significant differences were found between the mean pre- and post-operative MOXFQ and physical component of the SF-12 (p< 0.05). No difference in outcome was identified in patients in whom multiple neuromas were operated compared to single site surgery. However, revision surgery proved to statistically worsen MOXFQ outcomes post-operatively p< 0.004. Overall satisfaction was reported as excellent (49%) or good (29%) by the majority of patients but 10% were dissatisfied with poor (8%) or very poor (2%) results expressed. Only 64% were pain free at the time of follow-up and 8% of patients MOXFQ scores worsened. These findings illustrate that overall, patient reported outcomes following resection of symptomatic Morton's neuroma are acceptable but may not be as favourable as earlier studies suggest. Caution should be taken when considering revision surgery which has shown to be a poor prognostic indicator. Contrary to current knowledge, multiple site surgery can be safely undertaken

Background. The aim of this prospective study was to assess the effectiveness of a single ultrasound-guided steroids injection in the treatment of Morton's neuromas and whether the response to injection correlates with the size of neuroma. Methods. Forty three patients with clinical features of Morton's neuroma underwent ultrasound scan assessment. Once the lesion was confirmed in the relevant web space, a single corticosteroids injection was given using 40 mg Methylprednisolone along with 1% Lidocaine. All scans and injections were performed by a single musculoskeletal radiologist. Patients were divided into two groups based on the size of the lesion measured on the scan. Group 1 included patients with neuromas of 5mm or less and Group 2 patients had neuromas larger than 5mm. The Visual Analogue Scale (Scale:0 to 10), the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society score (AOFAS) and the Johnson satisfaction scale were used to assess patients prior to injection and then at 6 weeks, 6 months and 12 months following the injection. Results. Thirty nine patients had confirmed neuromas. Group 1 (lesion ≤5mm) included 17 patients (mean age, 30 years) (7 males, 10 females) and Group 2 (lesion >5mm) had 22 patients (mean age, 33 years) (8 males, 14 females). VAS scores, AOFAS scores and Johnson scale improved significantly in both groups at 6 weeks (p < 0.0001). At 6 months post-injection, this improvement remained significant only in group 1 with regards to all scores (p < 0.001). At 12 months, there was no difference between both groups and outcome scores nearly approached pre-injection scores. The need for surgical treatment for persistent symptoms was similar in both groups (p = 0.6). Conclusion. A single ultrasound-guided corticosteroids injection offers generally a short-term pain relief for symptomatic Morton's neuromas. The effectiveness of the injection is likely to be more significant and long-lasting for lesions smaller than 5mm

Aims. The objective of this double-blind randomised controlled trial was to assess whether ultrasound guidance improved the efficacy of corticosteroid injections for Morton’s neuroma (MN). . Patients and Methods. In all, 50 feet (40 patients) were recruited for this study but five feet were excluded due to the patients declining further participation. The mean age of the remaining 36 patients (45 feet) was 57.8 years (standard deviation (. sd. ) 12.9) with a female preponderance (33F:12M). All patients were followed-up for 12 months. Treatment was randomised to an ultrasound guided (Group A) or non-ultrasound guided (Group B) injection of 40 mg triamcinolone acetonide and 2 ml 1% lignocaine, following ultrasound confirmation of the diagnosis. . Results. The mean visual analogue score for pain improved significantly in both groups (Group A – from 64 mm, . sd. 25 mm to 29 mm, . sd. 27; Group B – from 69 mm, . sd. 23 mm to 37 mm, . sd. 25) with no statistical difference between them at all time-points. The failure rate within 12 months of treatment was 11/23 (48%) and 12/22 (55%) in Groups A and B, respectively (p = 0.458). The improvement in Manchester Oxford Foot Questionnaire Index and patient satisfaction favoured Group A in the short-term (three months) that almost reached statistical significance (p = 0.059 and 0.066 respectively). However, this difference was not observed beyond three months. . Conclusion. This study has shown that ultrasound guidance did not demonstrably improve the efficacy of corticosteroid injections in patients with MN. Take home message: In the presence of a clear diagnosis of MN, a trained clinician who understands the forefoot anatomy may perform an injection without ultrasound guidance with good and safe results. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2016;98-B:498–503

Aims . This is the first prospective study to report the pre- and post-operative patient reported outcomes and satisfaction scores following excision of interdigital Morton’s neuroma. Patients and Methods. Between May 2006 and April 2013, we prospectively studied 99 consecutive patients (111 feet) who were to undergo excision of a Morton’s neuroma. There were 78 women and 21 men with a mean age at the time of surgery of 56 years (22 to 78). Patients completed the Manchester-Oxford Foot Questionnaire (MOXFQ), Short Form-12 (SF-12) and a supplementary patient satisfaction survey three months pre-operatively and six months post-operatively. Results. Statistically significant differences were found between the mean pre- and post-operative MOXFQ and the physical component of the SF-12 scores (p = 0.00081 and p = 0.00092 respectively). Most patients reported their overall satisfaction as excellent (n = 49, 49.5%) or good (n = 29, 29.3%), but ten patients were dissatisfied, reporting poor (n = 8, 8.1%) or very poor (n = 2, 2.0%) results. Only 63 patients (63%) were pain-free at follow-up: in eight patients (8.1%), the MOXFQ score worsened. There was no statistically significant difference in outcome between surgery on single or multiple sites. However, the MOXFQ scores were significantly worse after revision surgery (p = 0.004). Conclusions. The patient-reported outcomes after resection of a symptomatic Morton’s neuroma are acceptable but may not be as good as earlier studies suggest. Surgery at several sites can be undertaken safely but caution should be exercised when considering revision surgery. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2016;98-B:1376–81

Introduction. Up to 70% of patients with symptomatic Morton's neuroma proceed to surgery having failed non-operative management. The success of surgical excision is up to 85% but carries with it significant morbidity. Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is a less invasive alternative. Methods. We studied a consecutive cohort of patients with Morton's neuroma that had failed non-operative treatment. Instead of undergoing surgical excision, these patients were referred for RFA. Under a local anaesthetic nerve block, RFA was performed under ultrasound-guidance, as an out-patient procedure, by a single radiologist. The procedure was repeated after 4 weeks if necessary. We followed patients for a minimum of 6 months to assess their change in visual analogue pain scores (VAS), overall symptom improvement, complications and progression to surgical excision. Results. 30 feet in 25 patients were studied. There were 4 males and 21 females with an average age of 55 years (range 33–73 y). All had tried previous methods of non-operative management. 40% presented with 2. nd. space neuromas and 60% with 3. rd. space. The average number of treatment sessions was 1.6 (range 1–3, mode 1). Prior to treatment, all patients had pain on activity (VAS average: 6.0, range 3–9). At 6 months post treatment, there was a statistically significant reduction in pain scores (post RFA VAS average: 1.7, range 0–8, p<0.001). The average overall symptom improvement was 76%. There was one minor complication of temporary nerve irritation. 3 neuromas (10%) have progressed to surgical excision. 1 patient has ongoing, unchanged pain with no obvious cause. At 6 months, 26 out of 30 feet had a satisfactory outcome. Conclusion. RFA has potentially reduced the need for surgical excision of Morton's neuromas by >85%

Background. Morton's Neuroma is a proximal neuralgia that affects the web spaces of the toes and is currently of unknown aetiology. Currently surgical excision is considered the gold standard treatment based on RCT and cohort studies. However patient derived outcomes have not previously been assessed. We addressed these aspects with our study. Methods. The validadated patient derived Manchester Oxford Foot and Ankle Questionnaire (MOXFQ) was used to assess patient derived outcomes of surgery prospectively. The MOXFQ enables the generation of four scores, a combined global score as well as a pain, walking and social score. Participants were asked to fill out the 16 item questionnaire prior to surgery and were followed up after a minimum of 6 months. All participants were treated with neurectomy following clinical diagnosis. Results. 3 patients (13.6%) were lost to follow up. Final Cohort: 19 feet from 17 participants (F=16, M=1), mean age of 56. The mean reduction in the total MOXFQ score was significant (p=0.001). The pre surgical mean score was 38.1 (95% confidence interval = 33.4 - 42.8) and after a mean follow up period of 20 months was 13.1 (95% confidence interval = 7.5 – 18.6). The reductions observed in the three metric scores of pain, walking and social were all significant (p=0.005, p=0.008, p=0.006 respectively). Eighty four percent of patients in the study experienced a clinically significantly improved pain domain, 95% in the walking domain and 58% in the social domain of the MOXFQ. Conclusions. Surgical excision is an effective intervention for treating Morton's interdigital Neuroma with improvements seen in all three domains of the MOXFQ. The pain metric scores were consistent with previous studies. Neurectomy produces excellent functional improvements for patients. However patient derived social outcomes from surgical excision were slightly more modest than for those of pain and walking

While many forefoot procedures may be performed as a day case, there are no specific guidelines as to which procedures are suitable. This study assessed the early post-operative pain after forefoot surgery performed a day case, compared with conventional inpatient management.

A total of 317 consecutive operations performed by a single surgeon were included in the study. Those eligible according to the criteria of the French Society of Anaesthesia (SFAR) were managed as day cases (127; 40%), while the remainder were managed as inpatients.

The groups were comparable in terms of gender, body mass index and smoking status, although the mean age of the inpatients was higher (p < 0.001) and they had higher mean American Society of Anaesthesiologists scores (p = 0.002). The most severe daily pain was on the first post-operative day, but the levels of pain were similar in the two groups; (4.2/10, sd 2.5 for day cases, 4.4/10, sd 2.4 for inpatients; p = 0.53). Overall, 28 (9%) of patients who had their surgery as a day case and 34 (11%) of inpatients reported extreme pain (≥ 8/10). There were more day case patients rather than inpatients that declared their pain disappeared seven days after the surgery (p = 0.02). One day-case patient with excessive bleeding was admitted post-operatively.

Apart from the most complicated cases, forefoot surgery can safely be performed as a day case without an increased risk of pain, or complications compared with management as an inpatient.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2015;97-B:1645–50.