Abstract. Background. Meniscal tears affect 222 per 100,000 of the population and can be managed non-operatively or operatively with an arthroscopic partial meniscectomy (APM), meniscal repair or meniscal transplantation. The purpose of this review is to summarise the outcomes following treatment with a meniscal tear and explore correlations between outcomes. Methodology. A systematic review was performed of MEDLINE, EMBASE, AMED and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials to identify prospective studies describing the outcomes of patients with a meniscal tear. Comparisons were made of outcomes between APM and non-operative groups. Outcomes were graphically presented over time for all treatment interventions. Pearson's correlations were calculated between outcome timepoints. Results. 35 studies were included, 28 reported outcomes following APM; four following meniscal repair and three following meniscal transplant. Graphical plots demonstrated a sustained improvement for all treatment interventions. A moderate to very strong correlation was reported between baseline and three-month outcomes. In the medium term, there was small significant difference in outcome between APM and non-operative measures (SMD 0.17; 95 % CI 0.04, 0.29), however, this was not clinically significant. Conclusions. Patients with a meniscal tear demonstrated a sustained initial improvement in function scores, which was true of all treatments examined. APM may have little benefit in older people, however, previous trials did not include patients who meet the current indications for surgery as a result the findings should not be generalised to all patients with a meniscal tear. Further trials are required in patients who meet current operative indications

Abstract. Introduction. Previous research has demonstrated no clinically significant benefit of arthroscopic meniscectomy in patients with a meniscal tear, however, patients included in these studies would not meet current treatment recommendations. Prior to further randomised controlled trials (RCTs) research is needed to understand a younger population in more detail. Aim. To describe the baseline characteristics of patients with a meniscal tear and explore any association between baseline characteristics and outcome. Methodology. A prospective, national multicentre cohort study was performed recruiting patients aged 18 to 55 presenting to secondary care. MRI analysis of arthritis was performed using Whole Organ Magnetic Resonance Imaging Score (WORMS) and bone shape analysis. Outcomes included the Western Ontario Meniscal Evaluation Tool (WOMET) and Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS4) at 12 months. Results. 150 participants were recruited across eight sites with a mean age of 43.47 (SD 9.63). MRI analysis using WORMS score and bone shape analysis revealed no or early osteoarthritis. At 12 months, 67 (44.67%) of participants were managed non-operatively and 68 (45.33%) were operatively. Participants in the operative group were significantly younger with a lower BMI (p<0.05). A stepwise logistic regression model including 17 characteristics revealed that only baseline score and surgery significantly affected 12-month WOMET and KOOS4. Conclusion. This study in contrast to previous trials demonstrated a benefit of surgery for patients with a meniscal tear. The METRO study demonstrates that it is feasible to recruit younger patients and a future RCT is required using the study population included in this cohort

Aims. The aim of this study was to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of arthroscopic partial meniscectomy versus physical therapy plus optional delayed arthroscopic partial meniscectomy in young patients aged under 45 years with traumatic meniscal tears. Methods. We conducted a multicentre, open-labelled, randomized controlled trial in patients aged 18 to 45 years, with a recent onset, traumatic, MRI-verified, isolated meniscal tear without knee osteoarthritis. Patients were randomized to arthroscopic partial meniscectomy or standardized physical therapy with an optional delayed arthroscopic partial meniscectomy after three months of follow-up. We performed a cost-utility analysis on the randomization groups to compare both treatments over a 24-month follow-up period. Cost utility was calculated as incremental costs per quality-adjusted life year (QALY) gained of arthroscopic partial meniscectomy compared to physical therapy. Calculations were performed from a healthcare system perspective and a societal perspective. Results. A total of 100 patients were included: 49 were randomized to arthroscopic partial meniscectomy and 51 to physical therapy. In the physical therapy group, 21 patients (41%) received delayed arthroscopic partial meniscectomy during follow-up. Over 24 months, patients in the arthroscopic partial meniscectomy group had a mean 0.005 QALYs lower quality of life (95% confidence interval -0.13 to 0.14). The cost-utility ratio was €-160,000/QALY from the healthcare perspective and €-223,372/QALY from the societal perspective, indicating that arthroscopic partial meniscectomy incurs additional costs without any added health benefit. Conclusion. Arthroscopic partial meniscectomy is arthroscopic partial meniscectomy is unlikely to be cost-effective in treating young patients with isolated traumatic meniscal tears compared to physical therapy as a primary health intervention. Arthroscopic partial meniscectomy leads to a similar quality of life, but higher costs, compared to physical therapy plus optional delayed arthroscopic partial meniscectomy. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2023;105-B(11):1177–1183

Abstract. Introduction. Recent research has questioned the role of arthroscopic meniscectomy in patients with a meniscal tear leading to the development of treatment recommendations for these patients. There is a clear need to understand patient perceptions of living with a meniscal tear in order to plan future research and treatment guidelines. Aims. To explore the experiences and expectations of treatment of young patients with a meniscal tear of the knee. Methodology. Ten participants diagnosed with a meniscal tear were recruited from the METRO cohort study using a purposive sampling strategy. These patients underwent semi-sructured interviews between April and May 2021. Thematic analysis was used to code the transcripts and generate key themes in order to describe the data. Results. Themes identified relate to the broad areas of: the effect of symptoms, the expericne of the clinical consultation and the experience of the treatment modality undertaken. Meniscal tears have a profound impact on pain and many patients experience effects on their family and financial life in addition to physical symptoms. Participants expected the majority of their management to occur in secondary care and most thought surgery would be a definitive treatment, while the effectiveness of physiotherapy could not be guaranteed as it would not fix the physical tear. Conclusion. Patient experience of meniscal tear may not correspond with current available clinical evidence. Clinicians should consider the common misconceptions highlighted in this study when conducting a consultation and pre-empt them to optimally manage patient expectations

The diagnosis of a meniscal tear may require MRI, which is costly. Ultrasonography has been used to image the meniscus, but there are no reliable data on its accuracy. We performed a prospective study investigating the sensitivity and specificity of ultrasonography in comparison with MRI; the final outcome was determined at arthroscopy. The study included 35 patients with a mean age of 47 years (14 to 73). There was a sensitivity of 86.4% (95% confidence interval (CI) 75 to 97.7), a specificity of 69.2% (95% CI 53.7 to 84.7), a positive predictive value of 82.6% (95% CI 70 to 95.2) and a negative predictive value of 75% (95% CI 60.7 to 81.1) for ultrasonography. This compared favourably with a sensitivity of 86.4% (95% CI 75 to 97.7), a specificity of 100.0%, a positive predictive value of 100.0% and a negative predictive value of 81.3% (95% CI 74.7 to 87.9) for MRI. Given that the sensitivity matched that of MRI we feel that ultrasonography can reasonably be applied to confirm the clinical diagnosis before undertaking arthroscopy. However, the lower specificity suggests that there is still a need to improve the technique to reduce the number of false-positive diagnoses and thus to avoid unnecessary arthroscopy

Aims. The aim of this study was to determine the long-term risk of undergoing knee arthroplasty in a cohort of patients with meniscal tears who had undergone arthroscopic partial meniscectomy (APM). Patients and Methods. A retrospective national cohort of patients with a history of isolated APM was identified over a 20-year period. Patients with prior surgery to the same knee were excluded. The primary outcome was knee arthroplasty. Hazard ratios (HRs) were adjusted by patient age, sex, year of APM, Charlson comorbidity index, regional deprivation, rurality, and ethnicity. Risk of arthroplasty in the index knee was compared with the patient’s contralateral knee (with vs without a history of APM). A total of 834 393 patients were included (mean age 50 years; 37% female). Results. Of those with at least 15 years of follow-up, 13.49% (16 256/120 493; 95% confidence interval (CI) 13.30 to 13.69) underwent subsequent arthroplasty within this time. In women, 22.07% (95% CI 21.64 to 22.51) underwent arthroplasty within 15 years compared with 9.91% of men (95% CI 9.71 to 10.12), corresponding to a risk ratio (RR) of 2.23 (95% CI 2.16 to 2.29). Relative to the general population, patients with a history of APM were over ten times more likely (RR 10.27; 95% CI 10.07 to 10.47) to undergo arthroplasty rising to almost 40 times more likely (RR 39.62; 95% CI 27.68 to 56.70) at a younger age (30 to 39 years). In patients with a history of APM in only one knee, the risk of arthroplasty in that knee was greatly elevated in comparison with the contralateral knee (no APM; HR 2.99; 95% CI 2.95 to 3.02). Conclusion. Patients developing a meniscal tear undergoing APM are at greater risk of knee arthroplasty than the general population. This risk is three-times greater in the patient’s affected knee than in the contralateral knee. Women in the cohort were at double the risk of progressing to knee arthroplasty compared with men. These important new reference data will inform shared decision making and enhance approaches to treatment, prevention, and clinical surveillance. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2019;101-B:1071–1080

We reviewed 5086 patients with a mean age of 30 years (9 to 69) undergoing primary reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) in order to determine the incidence of secondary pathology with respect to the time between injury and reconstruction. There was an increasing incidence of medial meniscal tears and chondral damage, but not lateral meniscal tears, with increasing intervals before surgery. The chances of requiring medial meniscal surgery was increased by a factor of two if ACL reconstruction was delayed more than five months, and increased by a factor of six if surgery was delayed by > 12 months. The effect of delaying surgery on medial meniscal injury was also pronounced in the patients aged < 17 years, where a delay of five to 12 months doubled the odds of medial meniscal surgery (odds ratio (OR) 2.0, p = 0.001) and a delay of > 12 months quadrupled the odds (OR 4.3, p = 0.001). Increasing age was associated with a greater odds of chondral damage (OR 4.6, p = 0.001) and medial meniscal injury (OR 2.9, p = 0.001), but not lateral meniscal injury. The gender split (3251 men, 1835 women) revealed that males had a greater incidence of both lateral (34% (n = 1114) vs 20% (n = 364), p = 0.001) and medial meniscal tears (28% (n = 924) vs 25% (n = 457), p = 0.006), but not chondral damage (35% (n = 1152) vs 36% (n = 665), p = 0.565). We conclude that ideally, and particularly in younger patients, ACL reconstruction should not be delayed more than five months from injury. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2013;95-B:59–64

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The aim of the British Association for Surgery of the Knee (BASK) Meniscal Consensus Project was to develop an evidence-based treatment guideline for patients with meniscal lesions of the knee.

Abstract. Introduction. There is currently very little evidence which can be used to guide surgeons treating skeletally immature patients with suspected meniscal injury. The aim of our modified Delphi study was to develop comprehensive recommendations for the management of isolated meniscal tears in skeletally immature children. Methodology. An international, two round, modified Delphi consensus was completed. Included ‘experts’ were identified as having an established adult and/or paediatric knee practice and either: 1) Faculty at the international kid's knee meeting, 2) Active member of the complex national paediatric MDT group, or 3) faculty on recognised national course aimed at teaching knee surgeons regarding the management of meniscal lesions. A threshold of 70% was used to identify consensus. Results. A total of 43 experts (Round 1) and 41 experts (Round 2) took part in the Delphi study. Surgeons from the UK, Europe, USA and South America took part. 34 statements were identified exploring 4 main domains – clinical diagnosis, investigation, management and specialist tears. Following round 1 consensus was reached on 17 (50%) statements, subsequently after completion of round 2 consensus was reached on 28 (82%) statements, leaving 6 (18%) with no consensus. Conclusions. This is the first modified delphi consensus which provides evidence for surgeons treating skeletally immature children with isolated meniscal tears. Further studies are required to provide evidence for the areas where no consensus was reached

Abstract. INTRODUCTION. To preserve knee function and reduce degenerative, meniscal tears should be repaired where possible. Meniscal wrapping with collagen matrices has shown promising clinical outcome (AAOS meniscal algorithm), however there is limited basic science to support this. AIM. to model the contact pressures on the human tibial plateau beneath a (1) a repaired radial meniscal tear and (2) a wrapped and repaired radial meniscal tear. METHODOLOGY. Complete anterolateral radial tears were formed across 4 lateral human menisci, before repairing with ‘rip-stop’ H sutures using 2mm Arthrex Meniscal Suture tape. This was then repeated with the addition of a ChondroGide collagen matrix wrapping. From this experimental setup a finite element (FE) analysis model was construted. FE models of the two techniques (i) suture alone and (ii) suture and collagen-matrix wrap, were then modelled; bone was linear elastic, articular cartilage was a hyperelastic Yeoh model, and a linear elastic and transversely isotropic material model for the meniscus. The contact areas of the articulating surfaces, meniscus kinematics, and stress distribution around the repair were compared between the two systems. RESULTS. Meniscal suture-tape repair had higher local stresses and strains (σ_max=51 MPa ε_max=25%) around the repair compared to with Collagen wrapping (σ_max=36.6MPa ε_max=15%). Radial displacement and pressure on the meniscal contact surfaces were higher in the suture only repair. CONCLUSION. Collagen-matrix wrapping strengthens the repair, reducing local peak stresses and strains around the suture-tape. This could reduce the chance of suture-tape pull-out and subsequent repair failure

Abstract. Introduction. Meniscal repair is an accepted surgical option for meniscal tears. However, there remains trepidation with regard to offering such surgery to older patients. We aim to evaluate the outcomes in these such patients. Methodology. A single surgeons log was used to identify patients who underwent meniscal repair and were over the age of 40. Patients having concurrent anterior cruciate ligament reconstructions were excluded. Demographic data, surgical data and outcomes (pain visual analogue score (VAS); single assessment numerical evaluation (SANE) and knee injury and osteoarthritis outcome joint replacement (KOOS Jr) score) were collected prospectively. Final outcomes were collected between 6–12 months following surgery. Results. 24 meniscal tears in 22 knees (22 patients) were identified. Mean age was 52.2 (range; 40.6-70.3). Morphology of the tears were medial meniscus posterior root tear 10 (42%); medial meniscus posterior horn tear 9 (38%); lateral meniscus posterior horn tear 2 (8.3%); lateral meniscus posterior root tear 1 (4.2%); lateral meniscus body tear 1 (4.2%) and lateral meniscus anterior horn tear 1 (4.2%). Response rate was 86%. Statistically significant improvements in pain VAS (p=0.0001); SANE (p=0.0001) and KOOS Jr Score (p=0.0005) were found. 68% and 74% of patients had surpassed the MCID in their KOOS symptoms and KOOS quality of life subscales, respectively. Conclusion. Meniscal repair in patients over 40 years of age is an acceptable treatment with significant improvements in patients reported outcome measures, SANE and pain VAS

We reviewed 183 patients who had undergone reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament. The incidence of meniscal tears and degenerative change was assessed and related to the timing from injury to surgery. Degenerative change was scored using the French Society of Arthroscopy system. The patients were divided into an early (surgery within 12 months of injury) and a late group (surgery more than 12 months from injury). The late group was also subdivided into four groups of 12-month periods ranging from one year to more than four years after injury. There was a significantly higher incidence of meniscal tears in patients undergoing reconstruction after 12 months compared with those in the early group (71.2% vs 41.7%; p < 0.001). This was due to a large increase in medial meniscal tears in the late group. An increased incidence of degenerative change was also found in the late group (31.3% vs 10.7%; p < 0.001). Analysis of the subgroups showed that the incidence of meniscal tears and degenerative change did not differ significantly when surgery was performed after 12 months from injury. We conclude that reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament should be carried out within 12 months of injury to minimise the risk of meniscal tears and degenerative change

We reviewed a single-surgeon series of 300 athletic patients who had undergone reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament in order to establish the relationship between the timing of the reconstruction and the incidence of meniscal and chondral pathology. The patients were divided into five groups according to the time from their injury to surgery as follows: less than two months, two to six months, six to 12 months, 12 to 18 months and more than 18 months. The presence of meniscal tears was recorded and chondral pathology was scored according to the system of the French Society of Arthroscopy. There was a significantly higher chance of a medial meniscal tear occurring in patients undergoing reconstruction after one year from their injury (odds ratio (7.99, p = 0.004). The odds of having a lateral meniscal tear did not change significantly with an increasing interval to reconstruction. The chance of patients developing degenerative changes was found to be significantly higher in the groups operated on after six months from injury (odds ratio 4.04, p = 0.005). We advocate that patients with deficiency of the anterior cruciate ligament should be counselled that there is a significant relationship between the duration of the instability of their knee and the subsequent incidence of both chondral changes and meniscal tears. In order to minimise these risks, we recommend that reconstruction be performed within the first year from injury

Aims. Patients with osteoarthritis of the knee commonly have degenerative meniscal tears. Arthroscopic meniscectomy is frequently performed, although the benefits are debatable. Recent studies have concluded that there is no role for arthroscopic washout in osteoarthritis of the knee. Our aim was to perform a systematic review to assess the evidence for the efficacy of arthroscopic meniscectomy in patients with meniscal tears and degenerative changes in the knee. Patients and Methods. A literature search was performed, using the PubMed/MEDLINE database, for relevant articles published between 1975 and 2015. A total of six studies, including five randomised controlled trials and one cross-sectional study of a prospective cohort, met the inclusion criteria. Relevant information including study design, operations, the characteristics of the patients, outcomes, adverse events and further operations were extracted. Results. The degree of osteoarthritis in the patients who were included and the rate of cross over from one form of treatment to another varied in the studies. Two randomised controlled trials showed a benefit of arthroscopic surgery in patients with limited degenerative joint disease, compared with conservative treatment. One cross-sectional study showed that patients with less severe degenerative changes had better outcomes. Conclusion. Patients with symptomatic meniscal tears and degenerative changes in the knee can benefit from arthroscopic meniscectomy, particularly if the osteoarthritis is mild. A trial of conservative management may be effective and should be considered, especially in patients with moderate osteoarthritis. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2016;98-B:934–8

Abstract. Introduction. The popularity of all-inside meniscal repair devices has led to a shift away from inside-out meniscus repair without comparative studies to support the change. The aim of this study was to compare the failure rate and time to failure of all-inside and inside-out meniscus repair performed in elite athletes. Methodology. A retrospective review was performed of all elite athletes who underwent meniscal repair, with a minimum of two-year follow-up between 2013 and 2019. Repairs were classified as all-inside or inside-out according to the repair technique. Failure was defined as undergoing a subsequent surgery to address a persistent meniscal tear. Results. 192 (135 lateral and 57 medial) meniscal repairs in elite athletes were included and 41 (21%) failed. Medial meniscus tears repaired with the all-inside technique failed at a significantly higher rate (58%) than medial meniscus tears repaired with the inside-out (23%) or lateral meniscus tears repaired with the all-inside (12%) or inside-out (14%) technique (p<.001). At 1 year following repair, 8% of lateral meniscus repairs had failed regardless of technique. Medial meniscus repairs failed at an approximate rate of 15% for inside-out technique and 42% for all-inside technique. By 2 years, approximately 54% of all-inside medial meniscus repairs had failed and by 5 years over 60% of repairs had failed. Conclusion. All-inside medial meniscal repair led to a higher rate of failure compared to inside-out medial or lateral meniscus repair in elite athletes. Medial meniscus repairs failed at a high rate than lateral meniscal repairs

Abstract. Methodology. Prospective single-surgeon case-series evaluating patients undergoing surgery by this technique. 76 cases (mean age of 33.2 years) who had primary ACL reconstruction with BTB or quadriceps tendon with bone block, were divided into 2 matched groups (age, sex and type of graft) of 38 each based on the method of femoral fixation used (interference screw or adjustable cortical suspension). Patients were followed up clinically and using PROMS from NLR with EQ-5D, KOOS, IKDC and Tegner scores. Complications and return to theatre were noted. Paired two-tailed student t-tests and Chi-square tests were employed for statistical analysis. Results. At a mean follow-up of 82 months, peri-operative mean EQ-5D VAS, EQ-5D Index, KOOS, IKDC and Tegner activity scores showed significant improvement (p<0.05), but no significant difference between the two groups (p>0.05). Mean graft length and diameter was 77mm and 9.3 respectively. Mean interval from injury to surgery was 10.5 months. 18(23.7%) patients had associated meniscal tear with 73.3 % undergoing repair. 10 cases (13.2 %) returned to theatre including, MUA for arthrofibrosis (n=2) and intra-substance graft failure (n=2). 3 cases had to be converted to interference screw fixation due to the tightrope cutting through from the femoral bone block as a result of a technical pitfall. Conclusion. Primary ACL reconstruction using adjustable cortical suspension on femoral side for BTB or quadriceps bone-block tendon graft is a safe technique with added advantages of 360 degree bone ingrowth and no screw in the femoral tunnel

We reviewed 87 patients who underwent revision reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament. The incidence of meniscal tears and degenerative change was assessed and related to the interval between failure of the primary graft and revision reconstruction. Patients were divided into two groups: early revision surgery within six months of graft failure, and delayed revision. Degenerative change was scored using the French Society of Arthroscopy system. There was a significantly higher incidence of articular cartilage degeneration in the delayed group (Mann-Whitney U-test, 53.2% vs 24%, p < 0.01). No patient in the early group had advanced degenerative change, compared to 9.2% of patients in the delayed group. There was no significant difference (Mann-Whitney U-test, p = 0.3) in the incidence of meniscal tears between the two groups. We conclude that revision reconstruction should be carried out within six months of primary graft failure, in order to minimise the risk of degenerative change

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between chondral injury and interval from anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tear to surgical reconstruction (ACLr).

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The aim of this study was to compare patient-reported outcomes (PROMs) following isolated anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR), with those following ACLR and concomitant meniscal resection or repair.

Hypothesis. Avascular meniscal tears can be repaired with good clinical outcomes. Background. The mechanical disadvantage and detrimental effect to articular cartilage following meniscectomy has been well documented in the literature. Meniscal repair in the avascular (white on white zone) is controversial and would be deemed inappropriate by many. Methods. Between 1999 and 2008 our department prospectively collected data on all meniscal repairs as part of a sports injury database. 423 patients underwent meniscal repair at our unit during this time period. We identified 88 patients who underwent a meniscal repair of a non peripheral tear (white on white zone) where there was no co-existent ACL injury or instability. There were 74 males and 14 females with a mean age of 26 years (13-54). There were 50 medial meniscal tears and 38 lateral tears, all in the non peripheral area of the meniscus. The criterion for failure was any reoperation on the same meniscus requiring excision or re fixation. Results. The mean follow up was 44 months (5–106). Twenty nine patients required further surgery on their repaired meniscus. There were nine re-repairs and twenty partial menisectomies. Of the nine re-repairs only one has gone on to have a further procedure with meniscectomy. This represents a success rate of 67% (59/88). The mean pre-operative Lysholm score was 61 (4-88) which rose to 75 (12-100) postoperatively, (p=0.002). The mean pre-operative Tegner score was 6 (3-10) and this did not change significantly post operatively, mean 6 (0-10) (p=0.4). Conclusions. Isolated white on white avascular meniscal tears can be successfully repaired in the majority of cases with a good clinical and functional result