Introduction:. Irradiated ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE), used in the fabrication of joint implants, has increased wear resistance [1]. But, increased crosslinking decreases the mechanical strength of the polymer [2], thus limiting the crosslinking to the surface is desirable. Here, we usedelectron beam irradiation with low energy electrons to limit the penetration of the radiation exposure and achieve surface cross-linking. Methods:. Medical grade 0.1 wt% vitamin E blended UHMWPE (GUR1050) was consolidated and irradiated using an electron beam at 0.8 and 3 MeV to 150 kGy. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) was used from the surface along the depth at an average of 32 scans and a resolution of 4 cm. −1. A transvinylene index (TVI) was calculated by normalizing the absorbance at 965 cm. −1. (950–980 cm. −1. ) against 1895 cm. −1. (1850–1985 cm. −1. ). TVI in irradiated UHMWPE is linearly correlated with the radiation received [3]. Vitamin E indices were calculated as the ratio of the area under 1265 cm. −1. (1245–1275 cm. −1. ) normalized by the same. Pin-on-disc (POD) wear testing was conducted on cylindrical pins (9 mm dia., 13 mm length, n = 3) as previously described at 2 Hz [4] for 1.2 million cycles (MC). Wear rate was measured as the linear regression of gravimetric weight change vs. number of cycles from 0.5 to 1.2 MC. Double notched IZOD impact testing was performed (63.5 × 12.7 × 6.35 mm) in accordance with ASTM F648. Cubes (1 cm) from 0.1 wt% blended and 150 kGy irradiated pucks (0.8 MeV) were soaked in vitamin E at 110°C for 1 hour followed by homogenization at 130°C for 48 hours. Results:. The penetration of the electron beam for cross-linking was limited at low beam energy and cross-linking of the surface 2 mm was achieved (Fig 1). The wear rate of samples irradiated at 0.8 and 3 MeV was 1.12 ± 0.15, and 0.98 ± 0.11, respectively (p > 0.5). In addition, the wear rate of the surface (0.8 MeV) irradiated UHMWPE was 0.33 ± 0.02 mg/MC 1 mm below the surface. The impact strength of UHMWPE irradiated at 0.8 MeV was 73 kJ/m. 2. and 54.2 kJ/m. 2. for that irradiated at 3 MeV (p = 0.001). Doping with vitamin E and homogenization increased the surface vitamin E concentration from undetectable levels to 0.11 ± 0.01. Discussion:. The wear rate of this surface cross-linked UHMWPE was comparable to uniformly cross-linked UHMWPEs irradiated at higher electron beam energies. Even lower wear rate subsurface suggested the feasibility of machining 1 mm from the surface in implant fabrication. Limiting cross-linking to the surface resulted in higher impact strength compared to a uniformly cross-linked UHMWPE. Vitamin E was optionally replenished by additional doping after cross-linking; an advantage of this method may be increased oxidation resistance. Significance: Low energy irradiation of vitamin E blended UHMWPE is feasible to fabricate total joint implants with high wear resistance and impact strength

Knee dislocation is a rare injury in high energy trauma, but it is even rarer in low energy injuries. We present, to our knowledge, the only case in the world literature of knee dislocation following a cricketing injury. The patient was a 46 year old recreational fast bowler who, whilst bowling, slipped on the pitch on the follow through. He sustained an anteromedial knee dislocation which was reduced under intravenous sedation. He also sustained a neuropraxia of the common peroneal nerve with grade 2 weakness of ankle and toe dorsiflexion. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) confirmed a complete rupture of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), lateral collateral ligament (LCL) and postero-lateral corner (PLC). Patient underwent surgical reconstruction and repair of his PLC along with repair of LCL with combination of anchor sutures and metal staple within 72 hours of the injury. He was treated in a cast brace. The ACL insufficiency was treated conservatively. Patient made an uneventful recovery and follow up at 3 months revealed a full range of knee movements with asymptomatic ACL laxity

International and national predictions from the late 1990s warned of alarming increases in hip fracture incidence due to an ageing population globally. Our study aimed to describe contemporary, population-based longitudinal trends in outcomes and epidemiology of hip fracture patients in a tertiary referral trauma centre.

A retrospective review was performed of all patients aged 65 years and over with a diagnosis of fractured neck of femur (AO classification 31 group A and B) admitted to the John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, New South Wales between 1st January 2002 and 30th December 2009. Datawas collated and cross referenced from several databases (Prospective Long Bone Fracture Database, Operating Theatre Database and the Hospital Coding Unit). Mortality data was obtained via linkage with the Cardiac and Stroke Outcomes Unit, Planning and Performance, Division of Population Health. Main outcome measures were 30-day mortality, in-hospital mortality, length of stay.

The JHH admitted (427 ± 20/year, range: 391–455) patients with hip fractures over the 9 year study period. The number of admissions per year increased over the study period (p = 0.002), with no change in the age-standardised incidence (p = 0.1). The average age (83.5 ± 0.2) and average percentage female (73.7%) did not change. There was an overall trend to decreased 30-day mortality from 12.4% in 2002 to 7% in 2009 (p = 0.05). The factors that were associated with increased mortality were age (p < 0.0001), male gender (p = 0.0004), time to operating theatre (p = 0.0428) and length of stay (p < 0.0001).

In accordance with national and international projections on increased incidence of geriatric hip fractures, the incidence of fractured neck of femur in our institution increased from 2002–2009, reflecting our ageing population. 30-day mortality improved and longer length of stay corresponded with increased 30-day mortality.

Introduction of the National Hip fracture database, best practice tariff and NICE guidelines has brought uniformity of care to hip fracture patients & consequently improved outcomes. Low energy femoral shaft fractures of the elderly are not within these guidelines, but represent a similar though significantly smaller patient cohort. A retrospective review was performed at Huddersfield Royal Infirmary using theatre, coding & hip fracture databases. Data was filtered to include patients ≥75, excluding non-femoral injuries. Imaging & notes were then reviewed confirming femoral shaft fractures; excluding open, peri-prosthetic & high energy fractures. Between September 2008 and July 2016 24 patients were identified and split into two equal cohorts, before June 2011 NICE Guidelines and after. The groups were equal in terms of age (Mean: 85.25:84.67, P=0.) & sex (12 females Pre-NICE, 9 Post-Nice, P= 0.22). Our main outcome measures of length of stay were 31.89 days:26 days (p=0.38), time to surgery was 29.8hours: 28.4 hours (p=0.8) and 1-year survival rate conditional odds ratio of 1.48 (p=1.00). A secondary measure demonstrated a significantly higher proportion of post-NICE patients receiving surgery after midday 5/12:11/12 (P= 0.03). The infrequency of low energy femoral shaft fractures makes them difficult to study and production of an adequately powered study in a single centre impossible. The authors hope this work can inspire discussion and a coordinated multicentre approach to answer this question. These patients could easily be treated with the same level of enthusiasm as hip fractures

Delayed management of high energy femoral shaft fractures is associated with increased complication rates. It has been suggested that there is less urgency to stabilize lower energy femoral shaft fractures. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of surgical delay on 30-day complications following fixation of lower energy femoral shaft fractures. Patients ≥ 18 years who underwent either plate or nail fixation of low energy (falls from standing or up to three steps' height) femoral shaft fractures from 2005 – 2016 were identified from the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) via procedural codes. Patients with pathologic fractures, fractures of the distal femur or femoral neck were excluded. Patients were categorized into early (< 2 4 hours) or delayed surgery (2–30 days) groups. Bivariate analyses were used to compare demographics and unadjusted rates of complications between groups. A multivariable logistic regression was used to compare the rate of major and minor complications between groups, while adjusting for relevant covariables. Head injury patients and polytrauma patients are not included in the NSQIP database. Of 2,716 lower energy femoral shaft fracture patients identified, 2,412 (89%) were treated within 1 day of hospital admission, while 304 (11.2%) were treated between 2 and 30 days post hospital admission. Patient age, American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) classification score, presence of diabetes, functional status, smoking status, and surgery type (nail vs. plate) were significantly different between groups (p After adjusting for all relevant covariables, delayed surgery significantly increased the odds of 30-day minor complications (p=0.02, OR = 1.48 95%CI 1.01–2.16), and 30-day mortality (p < 0 .001), OR = 1.31 (95%CI 1.03–2.14). The delay of surgical fixation of femoral shaft fractures appears to significantly increase patients' risk of minor adverse events as well as increase mortality. With only 89% of patients being treated in the 24 hour timeframe that constitutes best practice for treatment of femoral shaft fractures, there remains room for improvement. These results suggest that early treatment of all femoral shaft fractures, even those with a lower energy mechanism of injury, leads to improved outcomes

We performed a randomized feasibility trial to examine the impact of preoperative femoral nerve block (FNB) on elderly patients with hip fractures, including those with mild to moderate cognitive impairment. We evaluated the impact of preoperative FNB on the following outcomes within 5 days of surgical fixation: 1. Pain levels, 2. Total narcotic consumption, 3. Postoperative mobilization. Randomized allocation of 73 patients in a 2:1 intervention:control ratio. To allow comparison between the 2 groups as well as sub- analysis of the intervention group to examine treatment fidelity (i.e. the ability to deliver the intervention as planned). Inclusion criteria: Patient age≥ 65 years admitted with a low energy hip fracture, ambulatory preinjury, Mini Mental State Exam MMSE score≥13 (moderate dementia), Able to provide direct or proxy consent. Exclusion criteria: Admission ≥ 30 hours after injury, prior regular use of opiates. Potential participants were identified and either participants or proxy respondents provided signed informed consent. Participants allocated to the intervention group received a FNB administered by the UAH acute pain service (APS) within 20 hours of admission to hospital in addition to the usual care. Participants in the control group received usual care. Participants were followed for 5 days postoperatively with daily assessment of pain, narcotic consumption, delirium and mobility. Main outcome measure: (1) Pain at rest and activity (2) Preoperative and postoperative opioid consumption, (3) Mobilization in POD#1. Overall, 73 participants were enrolled (23 Control: 50 FNB). The FNB group was slightly older (mean [SD] 80.1 [8.7] vs. 76.2 [9.2], p=0.09) and had more males (21 [42%] vs. 5 [22%], p=0.09) than the Control group. The mean MMSE score for both groups was >24 (p=0.35 for group comparison), suggesting minimal cognitive impairment of participants. The FNB group reported significantly less pain at rest and activity than the control group over time (p < 0 .001 for both). Opioid consumption were non-significantly higher and more variable in the control group preoperatively (Median [25, 75 quartile] 10.6 [0, 398] vs 7.5 [0, 125], p=0.26) and postoperatively (13.1 [0, 950] vs 10 [0, 260], p=0.31). 41 (85%) of FNB participants mobilized on day 1 vs. 16 (73%) of control participants (p=0.21). Preoperative FNB significantly reduced pain. Opioid consumption was not significantly different, but more variable in the control group. Although not significant, more FNB patients successfully mobilized on day 1 postoperatively. Participants with cognitive impairment were not enrolled due to difficulty in obtaining proxy consent. A definitive randomized trial would be feasible and add valuable information about pain management following hip fracture

Introduction. Intracapsular fractures of the femoral neck in young adults are a surgical emergency. Recent literature reviews have questioned whether the timing of surgery reduces the incidence of avascular necrosis, non-union and revision. A study was performed to determine how many patients met a 12-hour target for operative fixation with this injury. Possible sources of delay to theatre were reviewed. Methods. A Fractures Outcomes Research Database was used to identify patients aged 18–64 who were admitted to the Royal Victoria Hospital in Belfast between 1. st. Jan 2008 and 31. st. Dec 2009. Intracapsular fractures of the femoral neck which were treated with a 2-hole dynamic hip screw were included. Time of injury, time of presentation in A&E, time of admission to fracture ward, operation time, demographic data, and the mechanism of injury were extracted from the database. Results. 81 patients were identified who met the inclusion criteria. Median age was 56 years (range 26–64y). 64 injuries were low energy. 16 patients were alcoholics, 34 smoked cigarettes. 31 of 81 operations were performed within 12 hours of the injury. Of the delayed 50 patients, 25 sustained their injury between 1700–2359. 51 of 81 operations were performed on daytime lists (0900–1659), 23 in the evening (1700–2359) and 7 overnight (0000–0859). Median time from injury to presentation at A&E was 1 hour 39 minutes. Time from A&E presentation to ward admission was 4 hours. Time from ward admission to surgery was 8 hours 13 minutes. Conclusions. The time from ward admission to arrival in theatre accounted for the greatest delay, and is modifiable. Injuries which occur in the evening are often operated on the next day. The majority of the patients had low energy injuries, and a minority smoke cigarettes and abuse alcohol. The long-term implications of this delay will require further work

Spinal fractures are common following underbody blast. Most injuries occur at the thoracolumbar junction, and fracture patterns suggest the spine is flexed at the moment of injury. However, current mechanistic descriptions of vertebral fractures are based on low energy injuries, and there is no evidence to correlate fracture pattern with posture at the loading rates seen in blast injury. The T12-L1 segment of 4 human spines was dissected to preserve the paraspinal ligaments and potted in polymethylmecrylate. The specimens were impacted with a 14 kg mass at 3.5m/s in a drop tower; two specimens were impacted in neutral posture, one in flexion, and one in extension. A load cell measured the load history. CT scans and dissection identified the injury patterns. Each specimen sustained a burst fracture. The neutral specimens demonstrated superior burst fractures, the flexed specimen demonstrated a superior burst fracture with significant anterior involvement, and the extended specimen showed a posterior vertebral body burst fracture. At high loading rates, the posture of the spine at the moment of injury appears to affect the resulting fracture. This supports understanding the behaviour of the spine in blast injury and will allow improved mitigation system design in the future

The aim of this study was to assess the incidence, management and survival of unstable pelvic ring injuries in patient aged 65 years or older. Prospectively kept data was analysed from April 2008 to October 2016. Information regarding the mechanism, fracture type, associated injuries, treatment and complications of the treatment were collected. Annual incidence was calculated and a Kaplan Meier survival analysis for carried out at 30 days, 1 year and 5 years. 404 patient records were available. 125 were 65 years or older (60 males and 65 females). 24 (19%) patients required surgical stabilisation to permit mobilisation the remaining 101 patients, treated conservatively were mobilised with immediate weight-bearing under the supervision of a physical therapist with assistive devices. Mean age was 73.5 years (SD 9.9 yrs). Fracture types were − 61.B2 47(37.6%), 61.B1 24(32%), 61.A2 17(13.6%), 61.C1 16(12.8%), 61.C2 5(4%), 61.A1 2(1.6%) and 61.C3 3(2.4%). Mechanisms of injury included fall from standing height − 41 (32%), road traffic collisions − 46(36.8%), fall from higher than standing height − 10(8%), fall from horse − 6(4.8%), jumped from bridge − 3(2.4%) & others 19(15%). Complications in surgical group included 1 death from PE and 1 wound infection treated with vacuum assisted dressing. Survivorship was 91.7%(30 days), 82.5%(1 year) and 49.7%(5 years). Most common fracture type is 61.B2. Over one third of fractures resulted from low energy mechanism. The majority 81% could be managed conservatively. One-year survival figure closely resembles the fracture neck of femur group, highlighting the frailty of this population

Prevalence. Periprosthetic fractures around a total knee are uncommon but not rare; various large database studies suggest 0.3–2.5%. Patients at highest risk are typically older patients and those with poor quality bone from various etiologies. Supracondylar femur fractures are often associated with a high stress zone at the metaphysis/diaphysis junction near the superior edge of femoral component. Etiology. Low energy trauma is the most common preceding event as most of these occur in patients with poor bone quality. Elderly patients are at particular risk because standing-height falls generate enough energy to create fractures. Given the durable nature of most modern TKA designs the prosthesis is usually fixed well. Goals. The goals of treatment are typically fracture union, avoidance of infection, avoidance of stiffness, and maintenance of overall limb alignment. Recent gains in knowledge indicate the need to attain maximal distal fragment fixation in order to achieve the surgical goals. Correct alignment, length and rotation are often best assessed with a combination of radiographic images and intra-operative clinical inspection. Modern internal fixation principles emphasise the need to minimise stripping/devascularization of comminuted zones. Options. Three major treatment options exist for supracondylar fractures. Retrograde nails have advantages in that they are tissue-friendly and are mechanically advantageous in the face of medial comminution. Difficult to use with most posterior stabilised TKA (box). There are limited distal fixation options and malalignment is often hard to avoid. With plating the distal fixation can be maximised and there is less risk for malalignment. Typically requires more soft tissue dissection. Locked plates provide good coronal plane stability and 2nd generation locked plates allow variable screw angles such that far distal fixation is possible. Revision TKA is required when implants are loose. Revision may be more reliable than fixation options in very elderly with badly comminuted bone. Be aware that a hinged tumor type implant may be needed in many cases

Distal femoral replacement is an operation long considered as salvage operation for neoplastic conditions. Outcomes of this procedure for difficult knee revisions with bone loss of distal femur have been sparsely reported. We present the early results of complex revision knee arthroplasty using distal femoral replacement implant, performed for severe osteolysis and bone loss. Retrospective review of clinic and radiological results of 25 consecutive patients operated at single centre between January 2010 and December 2014. All patients had single type of implant. All data was collected till the latest follow up. Re-revision for any reason was considered as primary end point. Mean age at surgery was 72.2 years (range 51 – 85 years). Average number of previous knee replacements was 2.28 (range 1 to 6). Most common indications were infection, aseptic loosening and peri-prosthetic fracture. Average follow up was 24.5 months (range: 3–63 months). 1 patient died 8 months post-op due to unrelated reasons. Re-revision rate was 2/25 (8%) during this period. One was re-revised for aseptic loosening and one was revised for peri-prosthetic fracture of femur. Two other peri-prosthetic fractures were managed by open reduction and internal fixation. All 3 peri-prosthetic fractures occurred with low energy trauma. It is noteworthy that there was no hinge or mechanical failures of the implant. Peri-prosthetic fracture in 12% of patients in this series is of concern. There are no similar studies to compare this data with. The length of the stem, type of fixation of the stem, weight of the distal femoral component of implant can be postulated as factors contributing to risk of peri-prosthetic fracture

Over the last 10 years atypical femoral fractures (AFFs) have become recognised as a complication of standard-dose bisphosphonate use. In 2014 the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research published updated diagnostic criteria for AFF. We undertook a 5-year retrospective analysis of the trauma admission database at a major trauma centre to establish the incidence of this problem in our patient population. Initial screening was performed using keyword-matching methodology to produce a shortlist of patients with low-energy femoral fractures. These patients’ case notes, radiographs, and electronic discharge summaries were reviewed to discriminate AFF from typical femoral fractures. Initial filtering identified a total of 112 low energy femoral fractures. Of these, 12 were confirmed as AFFs. 58% (7/12) of the AFF group were on bisphosphonates compared to 15% (15/100) of the typical femoral fracture group. This finding was statistically significant (p = 0.0004). These data show that there is a link between bisphosphonate use and AFF. However, a causal relationship cannot be inferred. The incidence of AFF in our study is broadly in line with the published data

Acetabular fractures, particularly in the geriatric population are on the rise. A recent study indicated a 2.4-fold increase in the incidence of acetabular fractures, with the fastest rising age group, those older than the age of 55. Controversy exists as to the role and indications for total hip arthroplasty (THA), particularly in the acute setting. Three common scenarios require further evaluation and will be addressed. 1.) What is the role of THA in the acute setting for young patients (< 55 years old)? 2.) What is the role and indications for THA in the older patient population (>55 years) and what are surgical tips to address these complex issues? 3.) What are the outcomes of THA in patients with prior acetabular fractures converted to THA?. Acetabular fractures in young patients are often the result of high energy trauma and are a life changing event. In general, preservation of the native hip joint and avoidance of arthroplasty as the first line treatment should be recommended. A recent long-term outcome study of 810 acetabular fractures treated with Open Reduction and Internal Fixation (ORIF) demonstrated 79% survivorship at 20 years with need for conversion to THA as the endpoint. Risk factors for failure were older age, degree of initial fracture displacement, incongruence of the acetabular roof and femoral head cartilage lesions. In selected younger patients, certain fracture types with concomitant injuries to articular surfaces may best be treated by acute THA. In the elderly patient population, acetabular fractures are more likely the result of low energy trauma but often times result in more displacement, comminution and damage to the articular surface. Osteoporosis and generalised poor bone quality make adequate reduction and fixation a challenge in these acute injuries. As such, the role of acute arthroplasty is becoming more widespread. Consideration should be given to delayed arthroplasty in certain patients to allow time for fracture healing followed by THA. However, early mobilization and weight bearing is important in the elderly population and consideration should be given to acute THA. The challenge remains gaining appropriate acetabular fixation in the fractured, osteoporotic bone. Early results showed high complication rates with acetabular fixation. However, newer fixation surfaces and advances in ORIF techniques have led to improved results. In addition, the need for complex acetabular reconstruction with the use of cages or cup cage constructs may be required in this setting. Appropriate 3-D imaging is essential to evaluate the extent of involvement of the anterior and posterior columns as well as the acetabular walls. Mears et al. reported on 57 patients who underwent THA for acute acetabular fracture and reported results at a mean of 8.1 years. 79% of patient reported good or excellent results and no acetabular cups were revised for loosening. One of the more common scenarios is the patient that presents with a prior ORIF of an acetabular fracture that has developed post-traumatic arthritis or avascular necrosis of the hip and requires conversion to THA. Challenges in this patient population include dealing with prior hardware that may interfere with THA component fixation, severe stiffness of the joint making exposure difficult and prior heterotopic ossification that may put neurovascular structures at risk. Previous studies have demonstrated lower long-term survivorship of the acetabular component (71% at 20 years) compared to primary THA for osteoarthritis. New acetabular fixation surfaces should mitigate the risk of aseptic loosening in this challenging patient population

Total hip replacement (THR) is one of the most successful orthopedic operations, yet it continues to be plagued with problems despite the many advances in the procedure. Inconsistent placement of the acetabular cup persists even in the hands of most experienced surgeons, leading to early and late failure including instability, impingement, polyethylene wear, osteolysis, and component loosening. Cup mal-position is the single greatest cause of early instability and late polyethylene wear. Despite advent of recent technology including navigation and use of fluoroscopy cup mal-alignment persists. Several studies show 50% of experienced surgeons missing the target ranges using Lewinnnk desired safe zones. The act of impaction of the cup with a mallet is a crude and unreliable process. The surgeon's mallet imparts large and uncontrolled forces on the impaction rod creating variable torques, leading to inconsistent cup placement. Navigation and Fluoroscopy add precision to the operation however that level of precision is not maintained throughout the course of the operation. There is a market need for a tool that helps maintain “precision tolerance” through out the course of the operation. A new device is theoretically proposed and prototyped for this process (Patent Pending). The new paradigm involves elimination of impaction forces created by unpredictable blows of the mallet. A low energy and high frequency device is utilized to insert and position the acetabular cup without the use of the mallet. The cup is inserted (not impacted) with significantly less force than the typical 2000N forces created with a mallet. The cup is also simultaneously positioned to the desired alignment while the device is active with the surgeon effectively feeling minimal haptic resistance to the movement of the cup. The system therefore proposes to eliminate cup mal-alignment for all surgeons, removing the primary cause of hip dislocations as well as factors contributing to late failure. In addition the idea allows the academic surgeon to better study the relationship of the position of the cup and clinical outcomes eliminating the need to use “safe zone ranges”. As well, this process completely eliminates acetabular fractures as a complication of this operation. Two devices were prototyped with use of electrical and pneumatic energy. Both devices proved the concept. Both devices allowed modulation of the applied force and “effective” disarming of the frictional forces involved in cup impaction, allowing insertion and positioning of the acetbular cup to occur with smooth haptic control and without the use of violent force. The device can be used individually, with navigation and fluoroscopy, with robots and/or with any other intra-operative measurement device and can be a significant adjunct for THR. Cup Mal-Alignment is an unsolved problem in THR surgery causing poor outcomes for patients, anxiety and a sense of failure for the surgeons, and a great cost to society in general. A new device is described to solve this problem. The science involved is proposed and described in detail and primarily involves understanding and utilizing the mechanical properties of bone/pelvis and understanding and manipulating the complex frictional forces at play

Osteotomy in spine and skull base surgery is a highly demanding task that requires very high precision. Compared to conventional surgical tools, laser allows contactless hard tissue removal with fewer traumas to the patient and higher machining accuracy. However, a key issue remains unsolved: how to terminate the ablation while the underlying critical soft tissue is reached?. Our research group has realised a closed-loop control of a CO. 2. -laser osteotomy system under the guidance of an optical coherence tomography (OCT). The OCT provides three-dimensional information about the microstructures beneath the bone surface with a resolution on micrometre scale and an imaging depth of about 0.5 mm. The OCT and CO. 2. -laser systems are integrated using a coaxial setup and a registration between their working spaces (mean absolute error 19.6 μm) was performed. The laser ablation and OCT scan are performed in turn. After correction of image distortions and speckle noise reduction, the position of the critical structure can be segmented in the enhanced OCT scans. The laser parameters for the next round of ablation are foresightedly planned based on the overlying residual bone thickness. After patient motion compensation by tracking artificial landmarks in the OCT scans (accuracy: RMS 27.2 μm), the ablation pattern can be precisely carried out by the CO. 2. -laser. The system was evaluated by performing laser cochleostomy on native porcine cochlea and mean ablation accuracy of 30 μm has been achieved. However, for narrow incisions that are only several tens of micrometres wide, very few pixels are visible beneath the incision bottom in the OCT and a robust segmentation of the critical structure is impossible. We are now developing a hybrid control system, which monitors the ablation-induced acoustic emission (AE) as a secondary control mechanism in addition to the OCT. When a pre-defined “switching” depth is reached, the AE-based control module is activated. Instead of analysing the acquired signals with conventional Fourier transform, a wavelet transform-based approach has been developed, which compares the correlation coefficients of the wavelet spectra of successive laser pulses. At the transition from bone tissue to the underlying soft tissue layer, a significant change in the coefficients can be observed, which is regarded as the signal for terminating the ablation. In order to keep the injury to the soft tissue layer to a minimal level, the laser energy is reduced after the switching. Preliminary experiments revealed that the wavelet-based approach is capable of controlling the ablation using pulses with extremely low energy down to 0.04mJ/pulse, resulting in an injured tissue layer of less than 10 μm. We expect to achieve the ablation accuracy on tens of micrometre scale using the proposed hybrid control mechanism

Traditional teaching, and indeed the impression from the BOA BAPS working party report on open tibial fractures, suggests that soft tissue cover of the distal third of the leg will often need a free flap. However, more recently with the introduction of propeller flaps by Quaba, and the reintroduction of the concept of Ponten's nerve oriented flaps with the reverse sural artery flap, the role of free tissue transfer comes into question. The attraction of local flaps for distal third fractures is the reduced operating time, reduced morbidity of donor site, versatility and reliability. However, detractors would argue that muscle enhances bone union and reduces local infection. Previous reviews of lower limb soft tissue cover look at all areas of the leg. This series of 30 (14 free and 16 local flaps) cases looks exclusively at the distal third fractures, compares the complication rate of free versus local flaps and looks at the change in approach to distal third fractures with the more recently described fascio-cutaneous flaps. Our results challenge the conventional teaching and indicate that fasciocutaneous flaps can play a more active role in distal third fractures. Our study shows that the local flaps are a valuable alternative to free flaps for managing soft tissue defects in distal third fractures of tibia especially in smaller wound size and low energy fractures. The advantages are lesser operating time, reliability, versatility, lesser wound complication and osteomyelitis incidence, earlier flap cover and lesser post op morbidity leading to shorter hospital stay. The free flaps on balance are probably better with larger soft tissue defects and with more severe limb injury. This supports the use of fascio-cutaneous flaps in distal third tibial fractures

Introduction. Isolated trochlea fractures are very rare and have only been described previously as case reports. Aims. To report on a case of isolated trochlea fracture and to present a review of the literature. Results. There have only been four previous reports of isolated trochlea fracture. Our fifth case is included in the analysis of the literature given below. Average age 26 (Range 12–33). 60% female, 80% left sided. Dominance only stated in 40% of cases- 50% dominant side. Mechanism of injury: 60% low velocity fall onto an outstretched hand, 40% high velocity- RTA & fall off horse- exact mechanism of injury unknown. Patients all presented with elbow held in flexion, pain and swelling over the medial aspect and a painfully reduced range of motion. Diagnosis made on plain radiographs in 80%, tomograms required in 20%. AP noted to be essential to differentiate from more common capitellum fracture. 20% of fractures associated with comminution. Management consisted of open reduction through a medial approach and internal fixation in 80% (20% headless screw, 20% k-wire, 40% 4.0mm partially threaded cancellous screws) and olecranon traction in 20%. Elbows were immobilised from 3 to 8 weeks. Time to union ranged from 6 weeks (80%) to 13 weeks (20%). Outcomes were uniformly excellent with 40% being asymptomatic with a FROM, 20% asymptomatic with 10 degrees loss of extension and 40% asymptomatic with 5–20 degrees loss of flexion. There were no reported complications. Conclusion. These are rare injuries and can occur through high and low energy mechanisms. They tend to occur in younger age groups. Diagnosis can be made readily with plain radiographs- the AP is essential in differentiating it from the more common capitellum fracture. The prognosis for this intra-articular fracture is good to excellent

Data was collected on 139 eligible patients a minimum of 18 months post surgery who had had 2 or more ligaments reconstructed. 63 patients were available for clinical follow up. It is the largest single surgeon series studied. 27% of injuries were high energy traffic accidents. 73% were low energy, mainly sports related. 63% of patients were delayed referrals to our unit. Of these nearly 48% had already undergone knee surgery, often more than 6 months post injury. 17% of all cases presented with failed ligament reconstructions. Of those patients followed up 19% were operated upon within 3 weeks of injury, 56% were delayed reconstructions with a mean time to surgery of 21 months and 25% were revision reconstructions. Time to follow up ranged from 18 months to 10 years. The median KOS ADL, KOS Sports Activity and Lysholm scores for uni-cruciate surgery were all better than those for bi-cruciate surgery. All results were better for acute rather than chronic cases, which in turn were better than those for revision cases. The Tegner score showed that only acute uni-cruciate reconstructions returned to their pre-injury level. TELOS stress radiographs demonstrated a mean post drawer of 5.9 mm side-to-side difference after reconstructions involving the PCL. IKDC grades showed 6% of knees were normal and 57% were nearly normal. 37% required further surgery, mainly to increase movement or for hardware removal. There was 1 deep infection and 2 cases of thrombosis. There were no vascular complications but 2 had transient nerve injuries. Multi-ligament surgery can produce good functional outcomes but the knee is never normal. There is an increased risk of PCL laxity post op. Early referral to a specialist unit is suggested as delayed referral to a specialist unit potentially subjects the patient to unnecessary surgery and may affect outcome

Introduction. Open tibial fractures are associated with increased risk of complications, particularly a higher risk of infections and decreased functional outcome. Objectives. To evaluate the incidence of complications and the functional outcomes after managing open tibial fractures with circular fine-wire fixators. Methods. Retrospective review of 35 open tibial fractures treated with circular fine-wire fixators {Ilizarov and Taylor Spatial Frame (TSF)} in a teaching hospital. Patients were reviewed with x rays and clinical outcomes measured using Iowa Knee Score questionnaire, Olerud-Molander Ankle Scores (OMAS), Ankle Evaluation Score and Euroqol EQ-5D descriptive system (generic health questionnaire). Results. Ilizarov frame was used for 19 (56%) and TSF was used for 16 (44%) patients. Mean patient age was 47.1 years. 74% had high energy while 26% had low energy injury. 4 patients (12%) had grade I, 3 (9%) had grade II, 27 (79%) patients had grade III injury as per Gustilo & Anderson Classification. 14% patients had proximal, 17% had mid-shaft, 67% had distal tibial fractures respectively. Average time to union was 28.9 weeks. 12 (35%) had pin-track infection treated with antibiotics. Grade IIIB fractures healed in 29.6 weeks. 17 required soft tissue coverage and only two developed skin graft complications. There was no case of deep infection & mal-union and one patient had non-union. Patients had good satisfaction scores (EQ-5D descriptive system) following surgery (mean = 0.751). The mean Iowa Knee Evaluation score, OMAS and Ankle Evaluation score was 87.32, 73.48 and 74 respectively (maximum being 100). The ankle range of movement was similar in operated and contra lateral normal ankles. Conclusions. We report fewer complications with no incidence of deep infection rates and infection only limited to superficial tissues. Healing time is considerably reduced and there are high satisfaction rates with good functional outcomes

Introduction. Open tibial fractures are associated with an increased risk of infection. The infection rate increases with increasing severity and grade of fracture. Various management options available for fracture treatment are in turn associated with complications including infection. Circular fine-wire fixators cause minimal intra-operative soft tissue disruption and possibly have a better outcome and low complication rates. Objectives. To analyse the effectiveness of circular fine-wire fixators in managing open tibial fractures and to determine the incidence of complications, particularly infection associated with use of these fixators. Methods. A retrospective review of 34 open tibial fractures treated with circular fine-wire fixators [Ilizarov and Taylor Spatial Frame (TSF)] in a teaching hospital. Results. We treated 34 patients (n=34) with fine-wire fixators. An Ilizarov frame was used for 19 (56%) and TSF was used for 16 (44%) patients. Mean patient age was 47.1 years. Seventy four percent had high energy while 26% had low energy injury. Consequently 4 (12%) had grade I, 3 (9%) had grade II, 6(17%) had grade IIIA and 21(62%) had grade IIIB injury as per the Gustilo-Anderson Classification. Forteen percent of patients had proximal, 17% had mid-shaft, 67% had distal tibial fractures respectively. Average time to union was 28.9 weeks. Grade IIIB fractures healed in 29.6 weeks. Fifty percent of these patients were full weight bearing immediately after surgery. 17 required soft tissue coverage and only two developed skin graft complications. Twelve (35%) had pin-site infection treated with antibiotics. There was one case of non-union and no reported mal-union or deep infections. Conclusion. We report fewer complications with the use of fine-wire fixators. The infection rate is low and only limited to superficial tissues. Healing time is considerably reduced and patients are full weight bearing almost immediately. These devices are particularly effective in management of grade IIIB open distal tibial fractures with decreased time to union of tibia