Aims. Periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) demonstrates the most feared complication after total joint replacement (TJR). The current work analyzes the demographic, comorbidity, and complication profiles of all patients who had in-hospital treatment due to PJI. Furthermore, it aims to evaluate the in-hospital mortality of patients with PJI and analyze possible risk factors in terms of secondary diagnosis, diagnostic procedures, and complications. Methods. In a retrospective, cross-sectional study design, we gathered all patients with PJI (International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-10 code: T84.5) and resulting in-hospital treatment in Germany between 1 January 2019 and 31 December 2022. Data were provided by the Institute for the Hospital Remuneration System in Germany. Demographic data, in-hospital deaths, need for intensive care therapy, secondary diagnosis, complications, and use of diagnostic instruments were assessed. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for in-hospital mortality were calculated. Results. A total of 52,286 patients were included, of whom 1,804 (3.5%) died. Hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and obesity, the most frequent comorbidities, were not associated with higher in-hospital mortality. Cardiac diseases as atrial fibrillation, cardiac pacemaker, or three-vessel coronary heart disease showed the highest risk for in-hospital mortality. Postoperative anaemia occurred in two-thirds of patients and showed an increased in-hospital mortality (OR 1.72; p < 0.001). Severe complications, such as organ failure, systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), or septic shock syndrome showed by far the highest association with in-hospital mortality (OR 39.20; 95% CI 33.07 to 46.46; p < 0.001). Conclusion. These findings highlight the menace coming from PJI. It can culminate in multi-organ failure, SIRS, or septic shock syndrome, along with very high rates of in-hospital mortality, thereby highlighting the vulnerability of these patients. Particular attention should be paid to patients with cardiac comorbidities such as atrial fibrillation or three-vessel coronary heart disease. Risk factors should be optimized preoperatively, anticoagulant therapy stopped and restarted on time, and sufficient patient blood management should be emphasized. Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2024;5(4):367–373

Aims. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between additional rehabilitation at the weekend, and in-hospital mortality and complications in patients with hip fracture who underwent surgery. Methods. A retrospective cohort study was conducted in Japan using a nationwide multicentre database from April 2010 to March 2018, including 572,181 patients who had received hip fracture surgery. Propensity score matching was performed to compare patients who received additional weekend rehabilitation at the weekend in addition to rehabilitation on weekdays after the surgery (plus-weekends group), as well as those who did not receive additional rehabilitation at the weekend but did receive weekday rehabilitation (weekdays-only group). After the propensity score matching of 259,168 cases, in-hospital mortality as the primary outcome and systemic and surgical complications as the secondary outcomes were compared between the two groups. Results. The plus-weekends group was significantly associated with lower in-hospital mortality rates compared with the weekdays-only group (hazard ratio 0.86; 95% confidence interval 0.8 to 0.92; p < 0.001). Systemic complications such as acute coronary syndrome, heart failure, renal failure, and sepsis were significantly lower in the plus-weekends group, whereas urinary tract infection (UTI) and surgical complications such as surgical site infection and haematoma were significantly higher in the plus-weekends group. Conclusion. Additional weekend rehabilitation was significantly associated with lower in-hospital mortality, as well as acute coronary syndrome, heart failure, renal failure, and sepsis, but was also significantly associated with a higher risk of UTI and surgical complications. This result can facilitate the effective use of the limited rehabilitation resources at the weekend and improve the clinical awareness of specific complications. To establish more robust causal associations between additional rehabilitation over the weekend and clinical outcomes, further prospective studies or randomized controlled trials with larger sample sizes are warranted. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2023;105-B(8):872–879

Aims. There is an increasing demand for hip arthroplasty in China. We aimed to describe trends in in-hospital mortality after this procedure in China and to examine the potential risk factors. Patients and Methods. We included 210 450 patients undergoing primary hip arthroplasty registered in the Hospital Quality Monitoring System in China between 2013 and 2016. In-hospital mortality after hip arthroplasty and its relation to potential risk factors were assessed using multivariable Poisson regression. Results. During the study period, 626 inpatient deaths occurred within 30 days after hip arthroplasty. Mortality decreased from 2.9% in 2013 to 2.6% in 2016 (p for trend = 0.02). Compared with their counterparts, old age, male sex, and divorced or widowed patients had a higher rate of mortality (all p < 0.05). Risk ratio (RR) for mortality after arthroplasty for fracture was two-fold higher (RR 2.0, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.5 to 2.6) than that for chronic disease. RRs for mortality were 3.3 (95% CI 2.7 to 3.9) and 8.2 (95% CI 6.5 to 10.4) for patients with Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) of 1 to 2 and CCI ≥ 3, respectively, compared with patients with CCI of 0. The rate of mortality varied according to geographical region, the lowest being in the East region (1.8%), followed by Beijing (2.1%), the North (2.9%), South-West (3.6%), South-Central (3.8%), North-East (4.1%), and North-West (5.2%) regions. Conclusion. While in-hospital mortality after hip arthroplasty in China appears low and declined during the study period, discrepancies in mortality after this procedure exist according to sociodemographic factors. Healthcare resources should be allocated more to underdeveloped regions to further reduce mortality. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2019;101-B:1209–1217

Periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) is one of the most devastating complications of total joint arthroplasty (TJA). Only a few studies have investigated PJI's impact on the most worrisome of all endpoints, mortality. The purpose of this study was to perform a large-scale study to determine the rates of PJI associated in-hospital mortality, and compare it to other surgical procedures. The Nationwide Inpatient Sample was queried from 2002 to 2010 to assess the risk of mortality for patients undergoing revision for PJI or aseptic failures. Elixhauser comorbidity index and ICD-9 codes were used to obtain patients’ medical conditions and identify PJI. Multiple logistic-regression analyses were used to determine the associated variables with mortality. In-hospital mortality was compared to the followings: coronary-artery bypass graft, mastectomy, prostatectomy, appendectomy, kidney transplant, carotid surgery, cholecystectomy, and coronary interventional procedures. PJI was associated with an increased risk (odds ratio 2.04) of in-hospital mortality (0.77%) compared to aseptic revisions (0.38%). The in-hospital mortality of revision THAs done for PJI (1.38%, 95%CI, 1.12–1.64%) was comparable to or higher than interventional coronary procedure (1.22%, 95%CI, 1.20–1.24%), cholecystectomy (1.13%, 95%CI, 1.11–1.15%), kidney transplantation (0.70%, 95%CI, 0.61%–0.79%) and carotid surgery (0.89%, 95%CI, 0.86%–0.93%) (Figure 1). The following comorbidities were independent risk factors for in-hospital mortality after TJA: liver disease, metastatic disease, fluid and electrolyte disorders, coagulopathy, weight loss and malnutrition, congestive heart failure, pulmonary circulation disorder, renal failure, and peripheral vascular disease. PJI is associated with a two-fold increase in mortality and have mortality rates comparable to kidney transplantation and carotid surgery. Considering the fact that patients with PJI often require multiple surgical procedures, the rate of actual in-hospital mortality for patients with PJI may be considerably higher. Surgeons should be cognizant of the potentially fatal outcome of PJI and must emphasize the importance of infection control to reduce the risk of mortality

The aims of this study were to identify the early in-hospital mortality rate after hip fracture, identify factors associated with this mortality, and identify the cause of death in these patients. A retrospective cohort study was performed on 4426 patients admitted to our institution between the 1 January 2006 and 31 December 2013 with a hip fracture (1128 male (26%), mean age 82.0 years (60 to 105)). Admissions increased annually, but despite this 30-day mortality decreased from 12.1% to 6.5%; 77% of these were in-hospital deaths. Male gender (odds ratio (OR) 2.0, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.3 to 3.0), increasing age (age ≥ 91; OR 4.1, 95% CI 1.4 to 12.2) and comorbidity (American Society of Anesthesiologists grades 3 to 5; OR 4.2, 95% CI 2.0 to 8.7) were independently and significantly associated with increased odds of in-hospital mortality. From 220 post-mortem reports, the most common causes of death were respiratory infections (35%), ischaemic heart disease (21%), and cardiac failure (13%). A sub-group of hip fracture patients at highest risk of early death can be identified with these risk factors, and the knowledge of the causes of death can be used to inform service improvements and the development of a more didactic care pathway, so that multidisciplinary intervention can be focused for this sub-group in order to improve their outcome. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2015;97-B:246–51

Hospital type is an indicator for structures and processes of care. The effect of hospital type on hip fracture in-hospital mortality is unknown. We determine whether hip fracture in-hospital mortality differs according to hospital type. We retrieved records of hip fracture for 167,816 patients aged 65 years and older, who were admitted to a Canadian acute hospital between 2004 and 2012. For each hospital type we measured and compared the cumulative incidence of in-hospital death by in-patient day, accounting for discharge as a competing event. The cumulative incidence of in-hospital death at in-patient day 30 was lowest for teaching hospital admissions (7.3%) and highest for small community hospital admissions (11.5%). The adjusted odds of in-hospital death were 12% (95% CI 1.06–1.19), 25% (95% CI 1.17–1.34), and 64% (95% CI 1.50–1.79) higher for large, medium, and small community hospital versus teaching hospital admissions. The adjusted odds of nonoperative death were 1.6 times (95% CI 1.42–1.86), and 3.4 times (95% CI 2.96–3.94) higher for medium and small community hospital versus teaching hospital admissions. The adjusted odds of postoperative death were 14% (95% CI 1.07–1.22) and 20% (95% CI 1.10–1.31) higher at large and medium community hospitals versus teaching hospitals. The adjusted odds of postoperative death were largest at small community hospitals but the confidence interval crossed 1 (OR = 1.25, 95% CI 0.92–1.70). A higher proportion of hip fracture patients die at non-teaching compared to teaching hospitals accounting for length of stay. Higher mortality at small community hospitals may reflect disparities in access to resources and delay to treatment

Aim:. This prospective cohort study investigated whether the use of preoperative anticoagulants is an independent risk factor for the outcomes of surgical treatment of patients with a neck of femur fracture. Methods:. Data was obtained from a prospectively collected database. All patients admitted for a neck of femur fracture between Nov 2010 and Oct 2011 were included. This resulted in three hundred twenty-eight patients with 330 neck of femur fractures. Four groups were defined; patients preoperatively (i) on aspirin (n = 105); (ii) on clopidogrel (n = 28); (iii) on warfarin (n = 30); and (iv) without any anticoagulation history (n = 167, the control group). The non-warfarin group included the aspirin group, clopidogrel group and the control group. Primary outcome was the in-hospital mortality. Secondary outcomes were the postoperative complications, return to theatre and length of stay. Results:. Thirteen in-hospital deaths were identified, 4 deaths in the aspirin group, 1 death in the clopidogrel group, 2 deaths in the warfarin group and 6 deaths in the control group. No significant difference in the mortality rates was found between the different groups. Also in the secondary outcomes, no significant difference was found between the four groups. A trend to a higher wound complication rate for the warfarin group was detected. Conclusion:. The use of clopidrogel or aspirin pre operatively is not an influence on short term patient outcome for patients with a neck of femur fracture. Surgical procedures should not be delayed to reverse their influence

Aims. Hospital case volume is shown to be associated with postoperative outcomes in various types of surgery. However, conflicting results of volume-outcome relationship have been reported in hip fracture surgery. This retrospective cohort study aimed to evaluate the association between hospital case volume and postoperative outcomes in patients who had hip fracture surgery. We hypothesized that higher case volume would be associated with lower risk of in-hospital and one-year mortality after hip fracture surgery. Methods. Data for all patients who underwent surgery for hip fracture from January 2008 to December 2016 were extracted from the Korean National Healthcare Insurance Service database. According to mean annual case volume of surgery for hip fracture, hospitals were classified into very low (< 30 cases/year), low (30 to 50 cases/year), intermediate (50 to 100 cases/year), high (100 to 150 cases/year), or very high (> 150 cases/year) groups. The association between hospital case volume and in-hospital mortality or one-year mortality was assessed using the logistic regression model to adjust for age, sex, type of fracture, type of anaesthesia, transfusion, comorbidities, and year of surgery. Results. Between January 2008 and December 2016, 269,535 patients underwent hip fracture surgery in 1,567 hospitals in Korea. Compared to hospitals with very high volume, in-hospital mortality rates were significantly higher in those with high volume (odds ratio (OR) 1.10, 95% confidence interval ((CI) 1.02 to 1.17, p = 0.011), low volume (OR 1.22, 95% CI 1.14 to 1.32, p < 0.001), and very low volume (OR 1.25, 95% CI 1.16 to 1.34, p < 0.001). Similarly, hospitals with lower case volume showed higher one-year mortality rates compared to hospitals with very high case volume (low volume group, OR 1.15, 95% CI 1.11 to 1.19, p < 0.001; very low volume group, OR 1.10, 95% CI 1.07 to 1.14, p < 0.001). Conclusion. Higher hospital case volume of hip fracture surgery was associated with lower in-hospital mortality and one-year mortality in a dose-response fashion. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2020;102-B(10):1384–1391

Introduction: Fractures are common with well described morbidities. Few small studies have reported in-hospital mortality of patients with fractures. This study aims to describe the distribution of fractures, the incidence of in-hospital fracture mortality and its risk factors. Materials and Methods: All patients with fractures related to the hip, pelvis, femur, tibia and spine over a 10 year period in a university hospital were identified using the ICD-9 codes upon discharge. Age, gender, race, length of hospital stay and in-hospital mortality data were collected from electronic records. Detailed analysis of the mortality data was performed with statistical analysis using SPSS software. Results: 8709 fractures were identified, of which 30.3% were hip fractures [1422(54%) NOF and 1216(46%) IT fractures], 24.4% were spinal fractures [144 (7%) cervical; 558(26%) thoracic; 1038(49%) lumbar; 47(2.2%) sacral and 335(16%) unclassified spine fractures], 24.1% were tibial fractures [proximal and shaft], 14.4% were femoral fractures [1037(83%) shaft and 215(17%) supracondylar] and 6.9% were pelvic fractures [265(42%) non rami and 351(58%) rami fractures]. 25% of the fractures occurred between age 21–40 years and 65% fractures occurred in patients older than age 41 years. 53% of the patients were male. 69%, 12% and 11% of the fractures were found in Chinese, Malay and Indian respectively. 90% were closed fractures. Overall in-hospital fracture mortality was 1.3% (117 fractures). Fracture specific in-hospital mortality was 2.8% (75 fractures) for hip fractures, 5% (13) for non rami pelvic fractures, 1% (20) for spinal fractures, 0.5% (6) for femoral fractures and near 0%(1) for tibial fractures. In-hospital mortality increased with age (0.4% mortality between 21–40 years, 0.6% between 41–60 years, 0.9% between 61–70 years, 1.7% between 71–80 and 4% between 81–90 years). Infection related causes of death were most common. The mean duration from hospital admission until death was 19 days (SD 20, range 1–34). More hip and spine fractures were seen in Chinese and more femoral and tibial fractures were seen in Malay and Indian patients, and this difference was statistically significant. Logistic regression analysis showed only increased patient age, male gender and fracture type as statistically significant risk factors for increased in-hospital mortality. Subgroup analysis showed a 30 and 20 times increased risk of in-hospital mortality for pelvic (p=0.001, 95% CI 4, 241) and hip (p=0.003, 95% CI 3, 159) fractures respectively. Conclusion: The overall in-hospital fracture mortality was 1.3% (2.8 % for hip and 5% for pelvic fractures). Increased patient age, male gender, hip and pelvic fractures were found to be risk factors for increased mortality

In this study, we reviewed the records of 881 patients with fracture neck of femur over 5 years. Of these, 372 patients underwent hemiarthroplasty (231 cemented and 141 uncemented). The aim was to analyse the factors, which may contribute towards the mortality in cemented versus uncemented group.

The mean age in the cemented and uncemented group was 82 and 81 years respectively. 136 (58.8%) patients were operated within 24 hours of admission in the cemented group as compared to 63 (44.6%). The mean operative time was 81minutes for cemented hemiarthroplasty and 61 minutes for uncemented hemiarthroplasty. 77% of the cemented hemiarthroplasty was performed by Registrar grade as compared to 69% in the uncemented group. Of the 231 patients in the cemented group, 52% received general and 48% received spinal anaesthesia. Of the 141 patients in the uncemented group, 30% received general and 70% received spinal anaesthesia.

There was an 8% 30-day mortality compared to 11% 30-day mortality in uncemented group (p< 0.05). The mean age of patients in the mortality group was age 86 yrs in cement and 84 yrs in uncemented group. Most operations were done within 24–48 hours. There was significant co morbidity in patients who died. The average operative time of patients who died in both groups was same.

There was an increased mortality rate in the uncemented group as compared to the cemented group (p< 0.05). Based on our study, we conclude that cement is not a risk factor. Duration and timing of surgery is not associated with increased mortality. There was no difference in 30-day mortality rates between patients receiving general or spinal anaesthesia. Significant co morbid factor is associated with increased mortality.

Aims. The use of multimodal non-opioid analgesia in hip fractures, specifically acetaminophen combined with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), has been increasing. However, the effectiveness and safety of this approach remain unclear. This study aimed to compare postoperative outcomes among patients with hip fractures who preoperatively received either acetaminophen combined with NSAIDs, NSAIDs alone, or acetaminophen alone. Methods. This nationwide retrospective cohort study used data from the Diagnosis Procedure Combination database. We included patients aged ≥ 18 years who underwent surgery for hip fractures and received acetaminophen combined with NSAIDs (combination group), NSAIDs alone (NSAIDs group), or acetaminophen alone (acetaminophen group) preoperatively, between April 2010 and March 2022. Primary outcomes were in-hospital mortality and complications. Secondary outcomes were opioid use postoperatively; readmission within 90 days, one year, and two years; and total hospitalization costs. We used propensity score overlap weighting models, with the acetaminophen group as the reference group. Results. We identified 93,018 eligible patients, including 13,068 in the combination group, 29,203 in the NSAIDs group, and 50,474 in the acetaminophen group. Propensity score overlap weighting successfully balanced patient characteristics among the three groups, with no significant difference in in-hospital mortality rates observed among the groups (combination group risk difference 0.0% (95% CI -0.5 to 0.4%); NSAIDs group risk difference -0.2% (95% CI -0.5 to 0.2%)). However, the combination group exhibited a significantly lower risk of in-hospital complications than the acetaminophen group (risk difference -1.9% (95% CI -3.2 to -0.6%)) as well as a significantly lower risk of deep vein thrombosis (risk difference -1.4% (95% CI -2.2 to -0.7%)). Furthermore, total hospitalization costs were higher in the NSAIDs group than in the acetaminophen group (difference USD $438 (95% CI 249 to 630); p < 0.001). No significant differences in other secondary outcomes were observed among the three groups. Conclusion. The combination of acetaminophen with NSAIDs appears to be safe and advantageous in terms of reducing in-hospital complications. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2024;106-B(8):849–857

Aims. Periprosthetic fractures (PPFs) around the knee are challenging injuries. This study aims to describe the characteristics of knee PPFs and the impact of patient demographics, fracture types, and management modalities on in-hospital mortality. Methods. Using a multicentre study design, independent of registry data, we included adult patients sustaining a PPF around a knee arthroplasty between 1 January 2010 and 31 December 2019. Univariate, then multivariable, logistic regression analyses were performed to study the impact of patient, fracture, and treatment on mortality. Results. Out of a total of 1,667 patients in the PPF study database, 420 patients were included. The in-hospital mortality rate was 6.4%. Multivariable analyses suggested that American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) grade, history of peripheral vascular disease (PVD), history of rheumatic disease, fracture around a loose implant, and cerebrovascular accident (CVA) during hospital stay were each independently associated with mortality. Each point increase in ASA grade independently correlated with a four-fold greater mortality risk (odds ratio (OR) 4.1 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.19 to 14.06); p = 0.026). Patients with PVD have a nine-fold increase in mortality risk (OR 9.1 (95% CI 1.25 to 66.47); p = 0.030) and patients with rheumatic disease have a 6.8-fold increase in mortality risk (OR 6.8 (95% CI 1.32 to 34.68); p = 0.022). Patients with a fracture around a loose implant (Unified Classification System (UCS) B2) have a 20-fold increase in mortality, compared to UCS A1 (OR 20.9 (95% CI 1.61 to 271.38); p = 0.020). Mode of management was not a significant predictor of mortality. Patients managed with revision arthroplasty had a significantly longer length of stay (median 16 days; p = 0.029) and higher rates of return to theatre, compared to patients treated nonoperatively or with fixation. Conclusion. The mortality rate in PPFs around the knee is similar to that for native distal femur and neck of femur fragility fractures. Patients with certain modifiable risk factors should be optimized. A national PPF database and standardized management guidelines are currently required to understand these complex injuries and to improve patient outcomes. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2024;106-B(2):158–165

Aims. Current guidelines recommend surgery within 48 hours among patients presenting with hip fractures; however, optimal surgical timing for patients on oral anticoagulants (OACs) remains unclear. Individual studies are limited by small sample sizes and heterogeneous outcomes. The aim of this study was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to summarize the effect of pre-injury OACs on time-to-surgery (TTS) and all-cause mortality among older adults with hip fracture treated surgically. Methods. We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) from inception to 14 October 2019 to identify studies directly comparing outcomes among hip fracture patients receiving direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) or vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) prior to hospital admission to hip fracture patients not on OACs. Random effects meta-analyses were used to pool all outcomes (TTS, in-hospital mortality, and 30-day mortality). Results. A total of 34 studies (involving 39,446 patients) were included in our systematic review. TTS was 13.7 hours longer (95% confidence interval (CI) 9.8 to 17.5; p < 0.001) among hip fracture patients on OACs compared to those not on OACs. This translated to a three-fold higher odds of having surgery beyond the recommended 48 hours from admission (odds ratio (OR) 3.0 (95% CI 2.1 to 4.3); p = 0.001). In-hospital mortality was higher (OR 1.4 (95% CI 1.0 to 1.8); p < 0.03) among anticoagulated patients. Among studies comparing anticoagulants, there was no statistically significant difference in time-to-surgery between patients taking a DOAC compared to a VKA. Conclusion. Patients presenting with a hip fracture who were taking OACs prior to injury experience a delay in time-to-surgery and higher mortality than non-anticoagulated patients. Patients on DOACs may be at risk of further delays. Evaluating expedited surgical protocols in hip fracture patients on OACs is an urgent priority, with the potential to decrease morbidity and mortality in this group of high-risk patients. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2021;103-B(2):222–233

Necrotising soft-tissue infections (NSTIs) of the upper limb are uncommon, but potentially life-threatening. We used a national database to investigate the risk factors for amputation of the limb and death. . We extracted data from the Japanese Diagnosis Procedure Combination database on 116 patients (79 men and 37 women) who had a NSTI of the upper extremity between 2007 and 2010. The overall in-hospital mortality was 15.5%. Univariate analysis of in-hospital mortality showed that the significant variables were age (p = 0.015), liver dysfunction (p = 0.005), renal dysfunction (P < 0.001), altered consciousness (p = 0.049), and sepsis (p = 0.021). Logistic regression analysis showed that the factors associated with death in hospital were age over 70 years (Odds Ratio (OR) 6.6; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.5 to 28.2; p = 0.011) and renal dysfunction (OR 15.4; 95% CI 3.8 to 62.8; p < 0.001). Univariate analysis of limb amputation showed that the significant variables were diabetes (p = 0.017) mellitus and sepsis (p = 0.001). Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that the factors related to limb amputation were sepsis (OR 1.8; 95% CI 1.5 to 24.0; p = 0.013) and diabetes mellitus (OR 1.6; 95% CI 1.1 to 21.1; p = 0.038). . For NSTIs of the upper extremity, advanced age and renal dysfunction are both associated with a higher rate of in-hospital mortality. Sepsis and diabetes mellitus are both associated with a higher rate of amputation. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2014;96-B:1530–4

Death during the first year after hip fracture may be influenced by the type of hospital in which patients are treated as well as the time spent awaiting surgery. We studied 57 315 hip fracture patients who were admitted to hospital in Ontario, Canada. Patients treated in teaching hospitals had a decreased risk of in-hospital mortality (odds ratio (OR) 0.89; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.83 to 0.97) compared with those treated in urban community institutions. There was a trend toward increased mortality in rural rather than urban community hospitals. In-hospital mortality increased as the surgical delay increased (OR 1.13; 95% CI 1.10 to 1.16) for a one-day delay and higher (OR 1.60; 95% CI 1.42 to 1.80) for delays of more than two days. This relationship was strongest for patients younger than 70 years of age and with no comorbidities but was independent of hospital status. Similar relationships were seen at three months and one year after surgery. This suggests that any delay to surgery for non-medical reasons is detrimental to a patient’s outcome

Background Hip fracture is a common clinical problem that leads to considerable morbidity and mortality in the United Kingdom. Recommendations in our hospital suggest that elderly patients suffering from these fractures should have surgery within two calendar days from admission. Methods From August 2002 to July 2003, we studied 407 patients over the age of 65 who had a fracture of the hip. (Cases were recorded prospectively in our department trauma database). This was to determine the effect of operative delay and patients age on in-hospital mortality and on post operative length of stay. An operative delay was defined as an interval more than two calendar days between the time of admission to the hospital and the operation. Results In 199 (47%) cases, operation was performed within two calendar days from admission. The in-hospital mortality rate was 11%. The mean length of stay was 17 days. In the cases studied, neither the operative delay nor the age of the patient had a significant effect on the length of stay post operation. There was an increase in the in-hospital mortality rate associated with the operative delay, although this was not significant statistically. There was a statistically significant increase in the inhospital mortality rate with an increase in the patients age (5 % if less than 80 years old, 11% if between 80 and 89 years old, 19% if 90 years or older, p is less or equal to 0.05). In all three age groups the mortality rate did not statistically significantly decrease if the surgery was performed within two calendar days from admission. Conclusion Early surgery is not associated with significantly improved in-hospital mortality rate. Early surgery is not associated with decreased length of stay. Age is a prime factor in predicting the in-hospital mortality rate. We recommend early medical input for patient optimisation to reduce the proven high mortality rate

Revision total knee arthroplasty (TKA) procedures performed secondary to periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. These poor outcomes may be further complicated by the development of postoperative infection requiring aggressive antibiotic treatment. However, this antibiotic overuse may suppress patients' native bacterial flora, leading to Clostridium difficile infection (CDI). With the increased demand for primary TKAs and expected rise in revision TKA due to PJI, it is important to identify factors contributing to CDI. Therefore, we aimed to study the: 1) incidence, 2) demographics, length of stay (LOS), and total costs, and 3) risk factors and mortality associated with CDI in revision TKA patients. The National Inpatient Sample database was queried for all individuals diagnosed with PJI and who underwent revision TKA between 2009 and 2013. Patients who developed CDI during their in-patient hospital stay were identified, yielding 83,806 patients (799 with CDI) with a mean age of 65 (S.D.=11.2). Logistic regression analysis was conducted to assess the association between hospital- and patient-specific characteristics and the development of CDI. During the study period, the overall incidence of CDI after revision TKA was 1%. These patients were significantly older (mean age 69.05 vs. 65.52 yrs), had greater LOS (median 11 vs. 5 days), had greater costs ($30,612.93 vs. 18,873.75), and had higher in-hospital mortality (3.6 vs. 0.5%, p < 0 .001 for all) compared to those without infection. Patients with CDI were more likely to be treated in urban, not-for-profit, medium or large bed-sized hospitals located in the Northeast or Midwest (p < 0 .05 for all). Patients with underlying depression (OR 4.267, p=0.007) or fluid/electrolyte disorders (OR 3.48, p=0.001) were more likely to develop infection. Although CDI is a rare event following revision TKA, it can have detrimental consequences. Our report demonstrates that CDI is associated with longer LOS, higher costs, and greater in-hospital mortality. With increased legislative pressure to lower healthcare expenditures, it is crucial to identify means of preventing costly complications

PFFs are an increasing burden presenting to the acute trauma services. The purpose of this study is to show that cemented revision for Vancouver B2/B3 PFFs is a safe option in the geriatric population, allows early pain-free weight bearing and comparable to a control-group of uncemented stems with regard to return to theatre and revision surgery. A retrospective review was conducted of all PFFs treated in a Level 1 trauma centre from 2015-2020. Follow up x-rays and clinical course through electronic chart was reviewed for 78 cemented revisions and 49 uncemented revisions for PFF. Primary endpoints were all cause revision and return to theatre for any reason. Secondary endpoints recorded mobility status and all-cause mortality. In the cemented group there were 73 Vancouver B2, 5 Vancouver B3 PFF; the mean age was 79.7 years and mean radiological follow-up of 11.9 months. In the cementless group there were 32 Vancouver B2 and 17 Vancouver B3 PFFs; with all 49 patients undergoing distally bearing uncemented revision, the mean age was 72.7 years and mean radiological follow-up of 21.3 months. Patients treated with a cemented prosthesis had significantly higher ASA score (2.94 -v- 2.43, p<0.001). The primary endpoints showed that there was no significant difference in all cause revision 3/78 and 5/49 p=0.077, or return to theatre 13/78 -v- 12/49 p=0.142. Secondary endpoints revealed no significant difference in in-hospital mortality. The cementless group were more likely to be mobilising without any aid at latest follow-up 35/49 -v- 24/78 p<0.001. The use of cemented revision femoral component in the setting of PFFs is one option in the algorithm for management of unstable PFFs according to the Vancouver classification. Evidence from this case-control study, shows that the all-cause revision and return to theatre for any cause was comparable in both groups

Introduction:. Primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is associated with perioperative bleeding, and some patients will require allogenic blood transfusion during their inpatient admission. While blood safety has improved in the last several decades, blood transfusion still carries significant complications and costs. Transfusion indications and alternative methods of blood conservation are being explored. However, there is limited nationally representative data on allogenic blood product utilization among TKA patients, and its associated outcomes and financial burden. The purpose of this study was to use a national administrative database to investigate the trends in utilization and outcomes (i.e. in-hospital mortality, length of stay, admission costs, acute complications) of allogenic blood transfusion in primary TKA patients. Methods:. The Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS), the largest all-payer inpatient care database representing a 20% stratified sample of United States hospitals, was utilized. Primary TKA (ICD-9-CM 81.54) cases from 2000 to 2009 were retrospectively queried (n = 4,544,999; weighted national frequency). A total of 67,841 admissions were excluded (Figure 1). The remaining 4,477,158 cases were separated into two study cohorts: (1) patients transfused with allogenic blood products (red blood cells, platelets, serum) (n = 540,270) and (2) patients not transfused (n = 3,936,888). Multivariable regression and generalized estimating equations were used to examine the effect of transfusion on outcomes, adjusting for patient/hospital characteristics and comorbidity. Results:. During the study period, the overall allogenic blood transfusion rate in primary TKA patients was 12.1%. The rate increased ∼5% from 2000 to 2009, and stayed constant around 13% from 2006 to 2009. Transfusion rates were higher in older patients (80–89 yrs, 21.4%; ≥ 90 yrs, 30.7%), blacks (19.6%), females (14.0%), Medicare patients (14.6%), and Medicaid patients (14.4%). Transfused TKA patients had a greater percent of comorbidities than their non-transfused peers. The largest differences in comorbidity prevalence among transfused and non-transfused patients were: deficiency anemia (27.5% vs. 10.1%), renal failure (4.0% vs. 1.4%), chronic blood loss (3.7% vs. 1.4%), and coagulopathy (3.1% vs. 1.0%) (p < 0.001). Unadjusted trends show that from 2000 to 2009, in-hospital mortality rate decreased (Figure 2A), mean length of stay decreased (Figure 2B), and mean admission cost increased (Figure 2C) for both transfused and non-transfused patients following TKA. Adjusting for patient and hospital characteristics, transfused patients had a 22% (95% CI, 4%–43%) greater likelihood of in-hospital mortality (p = 0.013), 0.68 ± 0.02 days longer length of stay (p < 0.001), and $2,237 ± 76 increased admission costs (p < 0.001). Additionally, patients who received a transfusion had a greater adjusted risk of a postoperative infection (odds ratio, 2.35), pulmonary insufficiency (odds ratio, 1.60), and other complications (p < 0.001) (Figure 3). Conclusions:. The allogenic blood transfusion rate increased between 2000 and 2009 in the United States. Transfusion has a considerable burden on patients and healthcare institutions, increasing in-hospital mortality, length of stay, admission costs, and acute complications. Preoperative optimization strategies, transfusion criteria, and hemostatic agents for at-risk patients need to be further researched as possible ways to reduce transfusion occurrence and its effects

Background and Purpose. Serum lactate has been shown to be an indicator of adverse clinical outcomes in patients admitted secondary to general trauma or sepsis. We retrospectively investigated whether admission serum venous lactate can predict in-hospital mortality in patients with hip fractures. Method and Results. Over a 38-month period the admission venous lactate of 807 patients with hip fractures was collated. Mean age was 82 years. The overall in-hospital mortality for this cohort was 9.4%. Mortality was not influenced by the fracture pattern or the type of surgery - be it internal fixation or arthroplasty (p = 0.7). A critical threshold of 3 mmol/L with respect to the influence of venous lactate level on mortality was identified. Mortality rate in those with a lactate level of less than 3 mmol/L was 8.6% and 14.2% for those whose level was 3 mmol/L or greater. A 1 mmol/L increase in venous lactate was associated with a 1.2 (1.02–1.41) increased risk of in-hospital mortality. Patients with a venous lactate of 3 mmol/L or higher had twice the odds of death in hospital compared to matched individuals. There was no statistically significant difference in ASA distribution between those with a lactate of less than or greater than 3 mmol/L. Conclusions. Patients with an elevated venous lactate following hip trauma should be identified as being at increased risk of death and may benefit from targeted medical therapy