Aims

The aim of this study was to validate the Mirels score in predicting pathological fractures in metastatic disease of the lower limb.

Large benign lytic lesions of the proximal femur present a significant risk of pathological fractures. We report our experience of treating 9 consecutive patients with such defects treated with curettage and fibula strut grafting without supplementary osteosynthesis to evaluate the outcome of this type of reconstruction..

The mean age at the time of diagnosis was 13 years (8–21). Follow up ranged from 2 to 215 months (median 15). Histological diagnosis was fibrous dysplasia in 10 patients and unicameral cyst in 2. All the patients were at risk of pathological fracture. None of the patients developed pathological fracture after surgery and the lesions consolidated fully within one year. Local recurrence occurred in one patient (8%). Minor donor site complications occurred four patients.

All the patients were able to fully weight usually within 3 months of surgery.

At the time of review all but one patient were completely asymptomatic and fully weight bearing. The only symptomatic patient was the patient with local recurrence which has recently been treated.

We conclude that fibula strut graft is a good method of reconstruction of cystic defects in the proximal femut. It prevents pathological fracture, allows mechanical reinforcement of the lesion and delivers biological tissue allowing early consolidation of the defect.

We reviewed ten patients with metastatic carcinoma and impending pathological fractures of the subtrochanteric region of the femur who had prophylactic insertion of the Russell-Taylor reconstruction nail. There were no operative complications or long-term mechanical failures. This reconstruction nail has some technical and biomechanical advantages over other implants and is ideal for the management of such cases

Aims. Accurate estimations of the risk of fracture due to metastatic bone disease in the femur is essential in order to avoid both under-treatment and over-treatment of patients with an impending pathological fracture. The purpose of the current retrospective in vivo study was to use CT-based finite element analyses (CTFEA) to identify a clear quantitative differentiating factor between patients who are at imminent risk of fracturing their femur and those who are not, and to identify the exact location of maximal weakness where the fracture is most likely to occur. Methods. Data were collected on 82 patients with femoral metastatic bone disease, 41 of whom did not undergo prophylactic fixation. A total of 15 had a pathological fracture within six months following the CT scan, and 26 were fracture-free during the five months following the scan. The Mirels score and strain fold ratio (SFR) based on CTFEA was computed for all patients. A SFR value of 1.48 was used as the threshold for a pathological fracture. The sensitivity, specificity, positive, and negative predicted values for Mirels score and SFR predictions were computed for nine patients who fractured and 24 who did not, as well as a comparison of areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUC of the ROC curves). Results. The sensitivity of SFR was 100% compared with 88% for the Mirels score, and the specificity of SFR was 67% compared with 38% for the Mirels score. The AUC was 0.905 for SFR compared with 0.578 for the Mirels score (p = 0.008). Conclusion. All the patients who sustained a pathological fracture of the femur had an SFR of > 1.48. CTFEA was far better at predicting the risk of fracture and its location accurately compared with the Mirels score. CTFEA is quick and automated and can be incorporated into the protocol of CT scanners. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2020;102-B(5):638–645

Aims. The modern prevalence of primary tumours causing metastatic bone disease is ill-defined in the oncological literature. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to identify the prevalence of primary tumours in the setting of metastatic bone disease, as well as reported rates of pathological fracture, postoperative complications, 90-day mortality, and 360-day mortality for each primary tumour subtype. Methods. The Premier Healthcare Database was queried to identify all patients who were diagnosed with metastatic bone disease from January 2015 to December 2020. The prevalence of all primary tumour subtypes was tabulated. Rates of long bone pathological fracture, 90-day mortality, and 360-day mortality following surgical treatment of pathological fracture were assessed for each primary tumour subtype. Patient characteristics and postoperative outcomes were analyzed based upon whether patients had impending fractures treated prophylactically versus treated completed fractures. Results. In total, 407,893 unique patients with metastatic bone disease were identified. Of the 14 primary tumours assessed, metastatic bone disease most frequently originated from lung (24.8%), prostatic (19.4%), breast (19.3%), gastrointestinal (9.4%), and urological (6.5%) malignancies. The top five malignant tumours resulting in long bone pathological fracture were renal (5.8%), myeloma (3.4%), female reproductive (3.2%), lung (2.8%), and breast (2.7%). Following treatment of pathological fractures of long bones, 90-day mortality rates were greatest for lung (12.1%), central nervous system (10.5%), lymphoma (10.4%), gastrointestinal (10.1%), and non-renal urinary (10.0%) malignancies. Finally, our study demonstrates improved 90-day and 360-day survival in patients treated for impending pathological fracture compared to completed fracture, as well as significantly lower rates of deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, urinary tract infection, and blood transfusion. Conclusion. This study defines the contemporary characteristics of primary malignancies resulting in metastatic bone disease. These data should be considered by surgeons when prognosticating patient outcomes during treatment of their metastatic bone disease. Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2023;4(6):424–431

Surgical management for acute or impending pathologic fractures in metastatic bone disease (MBD) places patients at high-risk for post-operative venous thromboembolism (VTE). Due to the combination of malignancy, systemic cancer treatment, and surgical treatment, VTE-risk is increased 7-fold in patients with MBD compared to non-cancer patients undergoing the same procedure. The extent and duration of post-operative hypercoagulability in patients with MBD remains unknown and thromboprophylaxis guidelines were developed for non-cancer patients, limiting their applicability to address the elevated VTE-risk in cancer patients. Thrombelastography (TEG) analysis is a point-of-care test that measures clot formation, stabilization, and lysis in whole blood samples. The TEG parameter, maximal amplitude (MA), indicates clot strength and the threshold of ≥65 mm has been used to define hypercoagulability and predict VTE events in non-cancer patients requiring orthopaedic surgery. Therefore, this study aims to quantify the extent and duration of post-operative hypercoagulability in patients with MBD using serial TEG analysis. Consecutive adults (≥18 years) with MBD who required orthopaedic surgery for acute or impending pathologic fractures were enrolled into this single-centre, prospective cohort study. Serial TEG analysis was performed onsite using a TEG®6s haemostasis analyzer (Haemonetics Corporation, Boston, MA) on whole blood samples collected at seven timepoints: pre-operatively; on post-operative day (POD) 1, 3, and 5; and at 2-, 6-, and 12-weeks post-operatively. Hypercoagulability was defined as MA ≥65 mm. Participants received standardized thromboprophylaxis for four weeks and patient-reported compliance with thromboprophylaxis was recorded. VTE was defined as symptomatic DVT or PE, or asymptomatic proximal DVT, and all participants underwent a screening post-operative lower extremity Doppler ultrasound on POD3. Descriptive statistics were performed and difference between pre-operative MA values of participants with VTE versus no VTE was evaluated using Student's t-test (p≤0.05). Twenty-one participants (10 female; 47.6%) with a mean age of 70 ± 12 years were enrolled. Nine different primary cancers were identified amongst participants, with breast (23.8%), colorectal (19.0%), and lung cancer (14.3%) most frequently reported. Most participants (57.1%) were hypercoagulable pre-operatively, and nearly half remained hypercoagulable at 6- and 12-weeks post-operatively (47.1 and 46.7%, respectively). VTE occurred in 5 patients (23.8%) and mean MA was 68.1 ± 4.6 mm at the time of diagnosis. Mean pre-operative MA values were significantly higher (p=0.02) in patients who experienced VTE (68.9 ± 3.5 mm) compared to those who did not (62.7 ± 6.5 mm). VTE incidence was highest in the first week post-operatively, during which time four VTE events (80%) occurred. The proportion of patients in a hypercoagulable state increased at three consecutive timepoints, beginning on POD3 (85.0%), increasing on POD5 (87.5%), and peaking at 2-weeks post-operatively (88.9%). Current thromboprophylaxis guidelines do not consider cancer-associated risk factors that contribute to increased VTE incidence and prescription duration may be inadequate to address prolonged post-operative hypercoagulability in patients with MBD. The high rate of VTE events observed and sustained hypercoagulable state indicate that thromboprophylaxis may be prematurely terminated while patients remain at high risk for VTE. Therefore, extending thromboprophylaxis duration beyond 4-weeks post-operatively in patients with MBD warrants further investigation

Long femoral nails for neck of femur fractures and prophylactic fixation have a risk of anterior cortex perforation. Previous studies have demonstrated the radius of curvature (ROC) of a femoral nail influencing the finishing point of a nail and the risk of anterior cortex perforation. This study aims to calculate a patients femoral ROC using preoperative XR and CT and therefore nail finishing position. We conducted a retrospective study review of patients with long femoral cephalomedullary nailing for proximal femur fractures (OTA/AO 31(A) and OTA/AO 32) or impending pathological fractures at a level 1 trauma centre between January 1, 2015 and December 31, 2020 with both full length lateral X-ray and CT imaging. Femoral ROC was calculated on both imaging modalities. Outcomes measured including nail finishing position, anterior cortex encroachment and impingement. The mean femoral ROC was 1026mm on CT and 1244mm on XR. CT femoral ROC strongly correlated with nail finishing point with a spearmans coefficient of 0.77. Additionally, femurs with a ROC <1000mm were associated with a higher risk of anterior encroachment (OR 6.12) and femurs with a ROC <900mm were associated with a higher risk of anterior cortex impingement (OR 6.47). To our knowledge this is the first study to compare a measured femoral ROC to nail finishing position. The use of CT to measure femoral ROC and to a lesser extent XR was able to predict both nail finishing position and risk of anterior cortex encroachment. Preoperative XRs and CTs were able to identify patients with a small femoral ROC. This predicted patients at risk of anterior cortex impingement, anterior cortex encroachment and nail finishing position. We may be able to select femoral nails that resemble the native femoral ROC and mitigate the risk of anterior cortex perforation

Many tumors metastasise to bone, therefore, pathologic fracture and impending pathologic fractures are common reasons for orthopedic consultation. Having effective treatment strategies is important to avoid complications, and relieve pain and preserve function. Thorough pre-operative evaluation is recommended for medical optimization and to ensure that the lesion is in fact a metastasis and not a primary bone malignancy. For impending fractures, various scoring systems have been proposed to determine the risk of fracture, and therefore the need for prophylactic stabilisation. Lower score lesions can often be treated with radiation, while more problematic lesions may require internal fixation. Intramedullary fixation is generally preferred due to favorable biomechanics. Arthroplasty may be required for lesions with massive bony destruction where internal fixation attempts are likely to fail. Radiation may also be useful postoperatively to minimise construct failure due to tumor progression

Introduction: Estimates suggest that 50% of new cases of invasive cancer diagnosed each year will eventually metastasise to bone. The proximal end of the femur is the most common site of long bone involvement by metastatic disease. Accepted principles for the treatment of metastatic disease of the proximal femur have been published. The results of 31 consecutive patients treated with a long intramedullary hip screw for metastatic disease of the proximal femur are reported. Patients and Methods: Retrospective case note review of all patients that had a long intramedullary hip screw for metastatic disease affecting the proximal femur over a four-year period 1998–2002. Results: The case notes of 31 patients (33 femurs) were reviewed. There were 21 females and 12 males with a mean age of 71 years. 31 femurs were Zickel group Ia or Ib, the remaining 2 were impending pathological fractures (Zickel group II) that were fixed prophylactically. Post operatively all patients were allowed to fully weight bear. 70 % of patients regained their initial level of mobility or increased their level of dependence by a factor of one. Mean hospital stay was 20.8 days (mode 7 days). Patients that died post operatively had a mean survival of 299 days (range 2–1034). Those patients that were still alive at the last follow up had a mean survival of 475 days (range 7–1384). There were no cases of fixation or implant failure. There was one case of deep infection that was treated by implant removal. Conclusion: On the basis of these findings, the long intramedullary hip screw fulfils the principles for treatment of metastatic disease and can be recommended for the treatment of pathological or impending pathological fractures of the proximal femur

To study the outcome of stabilisation of humeral shaft fractures using an elastic retrograde humeral nail that is self-locking proximally and easily locked distally. 20 closed humeral shaft fractures were stabilised in 19 patients between 1996 and 1999. There were three acute fractures, nine cases of failed non-operative treatment (three cases of loss of fracture position and six cases of non-union), five established pathological fractures and three impending pathological fractures. The average age of the patients in the acute/failed non-operative treatment group was 43. 6 years (range 18 to 83 years) and in the established/impending pathological fracture group was 73. 6 years (range 60 to 81 years). Patients in the acute/failed non-operative treatment group were followed until fracture union. This occurred without further intervention in 83% of cases at a mean of 11. 8 weeks (range 10 to 16 weeks). Shoulder and elbow movement were rated by determining the percentage loss of movement compared to the other side. Almost all these patients regained a full range of elbow and shoulder movement without residual pain or disability. Two cases needed further surgery to achieve union and it was noted that nail removal in these patients was difficult. In one of these cases the original injury was a floating elbow. All of the pathological fractures were successfully stabilised with good pain relief. Four of the five patients with established fractures survived to fracture union. This occurred at a mean of 12. 5 weeks (range 10 to 16 weeks) without the need for further procedures. There were few complications. We have obtained encouraging results with both pathological and non-pathological fractures using this nail with good preservation of both shoulder and elbow movement. We have continued to use the nail routinely

Bone loss secondary to primary or metastatic lesions of the proximal humerus remains a challenging surgical problem. Options include preservation of the joint with stabilisation using internal fixation or resection of the tumour with prosthetic replacement. Resection of the proximal humerus often includes the greater tuberosity and adjacent diaphysis, which may result in poor function secondary to loss of the rotator cuff and/or deltoid function. Preservation of the joint with internal fixation may reduce the time in hospital and peri-operative morbidity compared with joint replacement, and result in a better functional outcome. We included 32 patients with pathological fractures of the proximal humerus in this study. Functional and radiological assessments were performed. At a mean follow-up of 17.6 months (8 to 61) there was no radiological evidence of failure of fixation. The mean revised musculoskeletal Tumour Society functional score was 94.6% (86% to 99%). There was recurrent tumour requiring further surgery in four patients (12.5%). Of the 22 patients who were employed prior to presentation all returned to work without restrictions. The use of a locking plate combined with augmentation with cement extends the indications for salvage of the proximal humerus with good function in patients with pathological and impending pathological fractures

Purpose: Impending and pathologic fractures of the humerus, usually due to metastatic disease, are associated with significant pain, morbidity, loss of function, and diminished quality of life. Several methods of stabilization have been described. Here we report the outcome of fixation using intramedullary poly methyl methacrylate (bone cement) and non-locking plates. Method: A retrospective review was undertaken which included all patients treated at a tertiary musculoskeletal oncology referral center from February, 1989 to October, 2009. Patients who underwent surgical management of an impending or pathologic fracture of the humerus were included. All patients were treated using the following technique: Vascular tumors were embolized pre-operatively. Following gross tumor removal through curettage, antibiotic bone cement was placed into the humeral canal and bone defect. If there was a fracture, the bone ends were held in place as the cement cured. The humerus was stabilized using non-locking plates fixed with screws inserted through the bone and hardened bone/cement composite. Ideally, plates spanned the osseous defect by at least 2 cortical diameters and often the entire length of the bone. Results: Clinical records were available for 67 patients who underwent the above procedure. There were 44 males and 23 females with an average age of 62.2 years. In 76% of patients there was a pathologic fracture at presentation, while in 24% it was impending. The most common histology was myeloma (21%), followed by renal (20%) and lung adenocarcinoma (20%). Forty-nine patients (73%) had one plate, 16 (24%) had two plates, one patient had three plates, and one had four plates. Complications occurred in 14 (21%) cases, and eight (12%) required reoperation of the humerus. The most common cause for reoperation was disease progression (six of eight). There were two nerve palsies, one deep infection, and one hardware failure. Interestingly, the single hardware failure occurred in a patient whose pain relief and functional status improved to the point that he fractured his construct while hammering with the affected arm in a home improvement project. Conclusion: Intralesional tumor resection and stabilization of impending and pathologic fractures of the humerus with the described technique has several attributes. Most importantly, it provides immediate, absolute rigidity of the upper extremity and enables early pain relief and return of function without the need for osseous union. Radiation has no negative effects on the construct. The patient’s local disease burden is reduced, thus helping to alleviate tumor-related pain and slow local disease progression. Finally, this technique is user-friendly and cost-effective as it does not require any special equipment or devices that are not available to community orthopaedic surgeons. This technique provides a durable option for the treatment of impending and pathologic humerus fractures

INTRODUCTION. The direct anterior approach to THR has become an increasingly popular minimally-invasive technique in an effort to minimize dislocation risk, facility early recovery, and diminish soft tissue injury. However, it has been associated with unique complications including intraoperative femur fracture, cutaneous nerve palsy, stem subsidence, and wound healing complications. These risk of these complications have been documented to be more likely in the surgeon's early experience with the approach. The minimally-invasive Supercapsular Percutaneous-Assisted (SuperPATH) technique was developed to minimize capsular and short-external rotator injury, minimize dislocation risk, and provide an easier transition from the standard posterior approach. METHODS. Fifty (50) consecutive elective total hip replacements in 48 patients were performed using the SuperPATH technique. These also represented the first fifty elective THRs the surgeon performed in practice. Indications were primary or secondary osteoarthritis (92%), avascular necrosis (6%), and impending pathologic fracture (2%). Patients were evaluated retrospectively for dislocation, major, and minor complications. RESULTS. At average follow-up of 10.9 months (Range 1–27 months), there were no dislocation events. There was one periprosthetic fracture identified at 14-day follow-up that required femoral revision surgery in an elderly female patient with osteoporosis. Otherwise, there were no reoperations for any reason. There were no wound complications or deep infections. There was one stem subsidence (2%) of 4 mm. There were no neurovascular injuries. CONCLUSION. The SuperPATH technique can likely be performed at an early experience level with low early complication risk and lower early dislocation risk. This minimally-invasive technique deserves further interest and evaluation as it may present a gentle learning-curve to surgeons

Metastatic bone disease (MBD) is a significant contributor to diminished quality of life in cancer patients, often leading to pathologic fractures, hypercalcaemia, intractable bone pain, and reduced functional independence. Standard of care management for MBD patients undergoing orthopaedic surgery is multi-disciplinary, includes regular surgical follow-up, case by case assessment for use of bone protective medications, and post-operative radiation therapy to the operative site. The number of patients in southern Alberta receiving standard of care post-operative management is currently unclear. Our aim is to develop a database of all patients in southern Alberta undergoing orthopaedic surgery for MBD and to assess for deficiencies and opportunities to ensure standard of care for this complex patient population. Patients were identified for database inclusion by a search query of the Alberta Cancer Registry of all patients with a diagnosis of metastatic cancer who underwent surgery for an impending or pathologic fracture in the Calgary, South and Central Alberta Zones. Demographic information, primary cancer history, previous local and systemic treatments, anatomical location of MBD event(s), surgical fixation techniques, and post-operative care details were collected. The rate of standard of care post-operative treatment was evaluated. A comparison of outcomes between tertiary urban centres and rural centres was also completed. Survival was calculated from time of first operation to date of death. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify the impact of post-operative care variables on survival amongst patients surviving longer than one month. We identified 402 patients who have undergone surgical treatment for MBD in southern Alberta from 2006-2018. Median age at time of surgery was 66.3 years and 52.7% of patients were female. Breast, lung, prostate, renal cell and multiple myeloma were the most common primary malignancies (n=328, 81.6%). Median post-operative survival was 6.8 months (95%CI: 5.7-8.3). 203 patients (52.5%) were treated with post-operative radiotherapy and 159 patients (50.8%) had post-operative surgical follow-up. Only 39 patients (11.3%) received bone protective agents in the peri-operative period. On multivariate survival analysis, post-operative surgical follow-up was associated with improved survival (p<0.001). Patients were treated at nine hospitals across southern Alberta with most patients treated in an urban center (65.9%). Post-operative survival was significantly longer amongst patients treated in an urban center (9.0 months, 95%CI: 6.9-12.3 versus 4.3 months, 95%CI: 3.4-5.6, p<0.001). The burden of MBD is significant and increasing. With treatment occurring at multiple provincial sites, there is a need for standardized, primary disease-specific peri- and post-operative protocols to ensure quality and efficacious patient care. To provide evidence informed treatment recommendations, we have developed a database of all patients in southern Alberta undergoing orthopaedic surgery for MBD. Our results demonstrate that many patients were not treated according to post-operative standard of care recommendations. Notably, half of the included patients did not have documented surgical follow-up, post-operative radiation treatment was low and only 11% were actively treated with bone protective agents. This data justifies the need for established surgical MBD care pathways and provides reference data to benchmark prospective QA and QI outcomes in this patient population

The study was designed to assess the reproducibility and reliability of Mirels scoring system and the conventional scoring system for impending pathological fractures. The results of both classification systems influence the choice of therapeutic procedures offered to these patients. Blinded plain antero-posterior radiographs from forty-seven patients with bone metastases were scored by eight independent observers (four orthopaedic surgeons and four radiologists with varying clinical experience). Each observer scored the radiographs as per the Mirels and the conventional systems. After twelve weeks, the radiographs were scored again by the same observers. Inter– and intra-observer agreement was assessed based on the weighted kappa coefficient values for both systems. For intra-observer reproducibility, kappa values for the conventional system had a mean of 0.495 (SD 0.12) showing a moderate agreement, while Mirels scoring system had a mean of 0.386 (SD 0.143) showing a fair agreement. For inter-observer reliability, kappa values for the conventional scoring system were 0.322 for the first test and 0.47 for the second test giving fair and moderate agreements respectively. For Mirels’ scoring system, kappa coefficient for inter-observer reliability was 0.183 for the first test and 0.218 for the second giving poor and fair agreements respectively. The conventional scoring system showed a better inter and intra-observer agreement compared to Mirels’ scoring system. Consultants had a better intra-observer agreement compared to their registrars. We also found that radiologists, in our study, had better intra-observer agreement compared to orthopaedic surgeons. Radiographs should be scored cautiously by experienced doctors in a multi-disciplinary setting to achieve the best decision of whether to proceed with a prophylactic surgery or not

Objective: In 1989 Mirels published a scoring system for identifying impending pathological fractures in long bones, and it is now standard practice that long bones with metastases at risk of fracture are treated with prophylactic internal fixation. The spine is the most common site of skeletal metastases, with spinal metastases present in up to 36% of patients with terminal cancer. A pathological fracture through a vertebral body can result in paralysis, incontinence and severe pain. However, there is no equivalent of the Mirels’ scoring system to aid the spinal surgeon in determining the probability of an impending spinal fracture. A weighted scoring system is proposed to quantify the risk of sustaining a pathological fracture through a metastatic lesion in a vertebral body. This system analyzes and combines four magnetic resonance (MR) risk factors into a single score. Methods: A retrospective analysis of 100 vertebral body metastatic lesions was carried out. The original MR scans were scored, and the subsequent imaging was used to identify which vertebral body lesions fractured. Patients with no subsequent imaging within 12 months were excluded. Results: Twenty of the 100 lesions fractured within 12 months. A mean score of 0.64 was identified in the non-fracture group, where as the fracture group had a mean score of 6.80. The percentage risk of a lesion sustaining a pathological fracture was calculated for any given score. As the score increased above 3, so did the percentage risk of fracture (sensitivity 90%, specificity 91%). Conclusions: The authors propose that all painful vertebral body metastatic lesions be evaluated by MR scanning. Lesions with a score of 2 or less can be left untreated, while lesions with scores of 3 or higher should be considered for prophylactic balloon kyphoplasty

Multiple myeloma may be associated with extensive bone destruction, impending or present pathological fracture, and intractable pain. Chemotherapy and radiotherapy are usually effective, but surgical intervention may sometimes be required. We analyzed the surgical technique and the functional and oncological outcomes of patients with multiple myeloma who underwent surgery in our services between 1993-2004. There were 19 males and 15 females (age range 49– 75 years) who had destructive bone lesions located at the humerus (n=17), acetabulum (n=5), femur (n=5), or tibia (n=7). Indications for surgery included pathological fracture (n=20), impending pathological fracture (n=11), and intractable pain (n=3). Nineteen patients underwent marginal tumor resection, reconstruction with cemented hardware, and adjuvant radiation therapy and 15 patients underwent wide tumor resection with endoprosthetic reconstruction. All patients reported immediate and substantial postoperative pain relief. Function was good/excellent in 23 patients (68%), moderate in eight (23%), and poor in three (9%). Two patients (5.9%) had local tumor recurrence treated with local excision and adjuvant radiotherapy, with no evidence of further recurrence at 21 and 26 months, respectively. Thirty one (91%) patients survived > 1 year, 23 (68%) > 2 years, and 15 (44%) > 3 years postoperatively. All reconstructions remained stable at the most recent follow-ups. The relatively prolonged survival of patients with multiple myeloma justifies an aggressive surgical approach, which is safe and associated with good local tumor control and functional outcome

Introduction: Primary bone lymphoma is a rare neoplastic disease of bone. Treatment consists predominantly of chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Surgery can be considered for large lytic lesions with impending pathological fractures. This study was performed to find the functional and oncological outcome of patients who underwent limb salvage surgery and custom mega prosthesis for lymphoma of bone. Materials and Methods: Eight patients with lymphoma of bone underwent limb salvage surgery and reconstruction with custom made prosthesis. Males predominated in the study with the average age of 30 years. Lower limb was commonly involved: 6 patients had tumour involving the femur. Five patients had pathological fracture. Resection and reconstruction was done using custom mega prosthesis. Proximal humeral prosthesis was used for proximal humeral tumour and proximal femoral or total hip prosthesis for proximal femoral lesion. One patient each had total femoral prosthesis and total knee prosthesis. Results: With an average follow-up of 78.6 months, two patients died of disease and one patient was alive with disease. The patient with femoral shaft lesion had intra-operative vascular injury requiring vascular repair. The patient with total knee prosthesis had superficial skin necrosis which required skin cover. The functional outcome was satisfactory in 5 patients. Discussion: Primary bone lymphoma accounts for 7% of all bone tumours. There is a male predominance and femur is the most common site of involvement. Five patients in our series had pathological fractures warranting surgical stabilisation. Limb salvage surgery with custom mega prosthesis appears to be a feasible option as more than 65% of our patients had satisfactory functional outcome. They were able to mobilise early with good pain relief and a useful functional limb

Objective: In 1989 Mirels published a scoring system for identifying impending pathological fractures in long bones. However, the spine is the most common site of skeletal metastases. A MR-based scoring system is proposed to quantify the risk of sustaining a pathological fracture through a metastatic lesion in a vertebral body. Methods: A retrospective analysis of 101 vertebral body metastatic lesions was carried out. The metastases were identified through the onco-radiology database. Only lesions with a MR scan and subsequent imaging within 24-months of the index scan were included. Variables potentially predictive of impending fracture were analysed for significance. The significant variables were then statistically weighted. The original MR scans were scored, and the subsequent imaging was used to identify which lesions fractured. The scores were compared between the fracture and non-fracture group. Analysis was carried out for each predictive variable to establish whether they were individually as good as the scoring system alone in predicting fracture. Intra and inter-observer variability was assessed using kappa statistics. Results: Twenty-one of the 101 lesions fractured within 24 months. A mean score of 0.65 was identified in the non-fracture group, whilst the fracture group had a mean score of 6.52 (p< 0.0001). The percentage risk of a lesion sustaining a pathological fracture was calculated for any given score. As the score increased above 4, so did the percentage risk of fracture (sensitivity 85.7%, specificity 97.5%). Very good intra and inter-observer agreement was present, showing the scoring system to be reliably reproducible. Conclusions: The authors propose that all painful vertebral body metastatic lesions be evaluated by MR scanning. Lesions with a score of 3 or less can be left untreated. Lesions with scores of 4 or higher are at risk of fracture and should be considered for prophylactic cement augmentation

Purpose: We report a series of 58 patients with metastatic bone disease treated with resection and endoprosthetic reconstruction over a 5 year period at our institution. Introduction: The recent advances in adjuvant and neo-adjuvant therapy in cancer treatment has resulted in improved prognosis of patients with bone metastases. Most patients who have an actual or impending pathological fracture should have operative stabilisation or reconstruction. According to BOA guidelines patients should undergo a single procedure which allows early full weight bearing and lasts the expected lifespan of the patient. The use of modern modular endoprostheses allows these criteria to be met. Methods and Results: We retrospectively identified all patients diagnosed with metastatic disease to bone between 1999 to 2003. 171 patients were diagnosed with bone metastases. Metastatic breast and renal cancer accounted for 47% of the lesions. 58 patients with bone metastasis to the appendicular skeleton had an endo-prosthetic reconstruction. There were 28 males and 30 females. 11 patients had lesions in the upper extremity and 47 patients had lesions in the lower extremity. Mean age at presentation was 62 years (24 to 88 years). 19 patients are still alive, 34 patients had died and 5 were lost to follow-up. Patients died of disease at a mean of 22 months (2 to 51 months) from surgery. Mean follow-up was 55 months (24 to 78 months). There were 5 wound infections, 1 aseptic loosening, 3 dislocations, 1 subluxation and 1 prosthesis rotated requiring open repositioning. Patients were followed up and evaluated using the Musculoskeletal Society Tumour Score (MSTS) and the Toronto Extremity Salvage Score. The mean MSTS score was 73% (57 to 90%) and TESS was 71% (84 to 95%). Conclusions: We conclude that endoprosthetic replacement for the treatment of bone metastases in selected cases achieves the aims of restoring function, allowing early weight bearing and alleviating pain. The complication rate is low