Regional anaesthesia is integral to best practice analgesia for patients with neck of femur fractures (NOFFs). These patients are generally frail and are vulnerable to side effects of opioid analgesia. Femoral nerve block (FNB) or fascia-iliaca block (FIB) can reduce opioid requirement. Literature supports good efficacy for extra-capsular NOFFs however it is acknowledged to be suboptimal for intracapsular fractures. We present a novel technique, using point of care ultrasound guidance to perform hip ultrasound guided haematoma (HUSH) aspiration, and injection of local anaesthetic (block) for intracapsular NOFFs. This a case control series. A consecutive series of cognitively intact patients, with an isolated intra-capsular NOFF, received a HUSH block using 10mls of 0.75% Ropivicaine. Haematoma was aspirated and volume recorded. This was performed in addition to standard NOFF pathway analgesia that includes a FIB and multimodal analgesia including opioids. Visual Analogue Scale (VAS)pain scores at rest and on movement were recorded pre and post procedure as well as combined morphine equivalent units administered post HUSH block. The control arm was a retrospective group of similar patients who followed the routine care pathway including a FIB. VAS pain scores from observation charts and usage of morphine equivalent units were calculated. Ten patients consented to receive HUSH blocks and we included thirty-eight patients in our control series. The HUSH block group showed mean VAS pain score of 4.2/10 at rest and 8.6 on movement prior to block. In the time after the block, VAS pain scores reduced to 1.5 at rest (p=0.007) and 3.1 on movement (p=0.0001) with a mean total morphine equivalent use of 8.75mg. This is significantly different from the control group's mean VAS pain at rest score 6.9 (p=0.0001) and 24.1mg total morphine equivalent (p=0.07). HUSH Block in addition to fascia iliaca block appears to significantly better pain relief in intracapsular neck of femur fracture patients when compared to fascia iliaca block alone. We believe it is relatively easy to perform with readily available ultrasound scanners in emergency departments

Treatment of segmental bone defects remains a major clinical problem, and innovative strategies are often necessary to successfully reconstruct large volumes of bone. When fractures occur, the resulting hematoma serves as a reservoir for growth factors and a space for cell infiltration, both crucial to the initiation of bone healing. Our previous studies have demonstrated very clear ultrastructural differences between fracture hematomas formed in normally healing fractures and those formed in segmental bone defects. However, there is little information available regarding potential differences in the underlying gene expression between hematomas formed in normal fractures, which usually heal by themselves, and segmental bone defects, which do not. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify differences in gene expression within hematomas collected from 0.5 mm (normal fracture) and 5 mm (segmental bone defect) fracture sites during the earliest stages of bone healing. Osteotomies of 0.5 and 5 mm in the femur of Fisher 344 rats were stabilized with external fixators (RISystem AG). After 3 days the rats were sacrificed, and the fracture hematomas were collected for RNA-sequencing. Ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA) was used to identify upstream regulators and biological functions that were significantly enriched with differentially expressed genes from the RNA-sequencing analysis. Animal procedures were conducted following the IACUC protocol of the UT Health Science Center San Antonio. Key upstream regulators of bone formation were less active (e.g. TGFB1, FGF2, SMAD3) or even inhibited (e.g. WNT3A, RUNX2, BMP2) in non-healing defects when compared to normally healing fractures. Many upstream regulators that were uniquely enriched in healing defects were molecules recently discovered to have osteogenic effects during fracture healing (e.g. GLI1, EZH2). Upstream regulators uniquely enriched in non-healing defects were mainly involved in an abnormal modulation of hematopoiesis, revealing evidence of impaired maturation of functional macrophages and cytokines (e.g. IL3, CEBPE), both essential for successful bone healing. In addition, the enrichment pattern suggested a dysregulation of megakaryopoiesis (e.g. MRTFA, MRTFB, GATA2), which directly affects platelet production, and therefore fracture hematoma formation. Remarkably, the organization of the ECM was the most significantly enriched biological function in the normally healing fractures, and implies that the defect size directly affected the structural properties within the fracture hematoma. Conversely, genes encoding important ECM components (e.g. BGN, various collagens, IBSP, TNC), cell adhesion molecules, MMPs (MMP2), and TIMPs were all significantly downregulated in non-healing defects. Our most recent findings reveal new important key molecules that regulate defect size-dependent fracture healing. Combined with our previous results, which identified structural differences in fracture hematomas from both types of defects, current findings indicate that differential expression of genes is dictated by the structural properties of the hematomas formed during early fracture healing. Consequently, creating a bioscaffold that mimics the structure of normal fracture hematomas could be the first step towards developing new orthoregenerative treatment strategies that potentiate healing of large bone defects and non-healing fractures

Aim. As the number of performed total hip arthroplasties (THA) and total knee arthroplasties (TKA) has increased over the years, revision surgeries are expected to increase as well. Revision surgeries are associated with a longer operating room time, prolonged length of stay (LOS), and more frequent complications. Postoperative hematomas are a major reason for wound healing disturbances and periprosthetic joint infections (PJI). We aimed to systematically assess the use and safety of a microporous polysaccharide hemosphere (MPH) in revision THA and TKA. We focused on the risk reduction of further revision surgeries in case of wound healing disorders and hematoma, transfusion of packed red blood cells (PRBC), loss of hemoglobin (hb) and mean LOS following the use of MPH. Method. Our prospective study includes 89 patients who underwent revision surgery after THA and TKA with application of MPH and were compared to 102 patients who did not receive MPH and underwent revision surgery after THA and TKA. Five grams of MPH. 1. were applied periarticular before fascia closure and to the subcutaneous soft tissue. The follow-up was conducted in daily clinical visits during the inpatient stay and three months postoperatively in our outpatient clinic. Repeated revision surgery was performed in case of prolonged secretion (>10 days) or clinical suspicion of infection. After matching the cohorts the outcomes were statistically analyzed using paired methods. Results. A significantly lower odds ratio for repeat revisions was found for the MPH cohort (OR=0.312; 95%-CI 0.090, 0.893; p=0.027). Differences between pre- and postoperative hb levels, LOS and transfusions of PRBC did not reach significance. No intra- or postoperative complications to MPH occurred. Moreover, no infection relapse occurred after applying MPH. Conclusions. Routine use of MPH in revision arthroplasty management after TKA and THA appears to be safe and an effective way to support hemostasis, with no observed adverse events related to MPH use. There were noticeably less hematomas and revision surgeries in the MPH group. 1. Arista BD, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA

Aims. Delayed postoperative inoculation of orthopaedic implants with persistent wound drainage or bacterial seeding of a haematoma can result in periprosthetic joint infection (PJI). The aim of this in vivo study was to compare the efficacy of vancomycin powder with vancomycin-eluting calcium sulphate beads in preventing PJI due to delayed inoculation. Methods. A mouse model of PJI of the knee was used. Mice were randomized into groups with intervention at the time of surgery (postoperative day (POD) 0): a sterile control (SC; n = 6); infected control (IC; n = 15); systemic vancomycin (SV; n = 9); vancomycin powder (VP; n = 21); and vancomycin bead (VB; n = 19) groups. Delayed inoculation was introduced during an arthrotomy on POD 7 with 1 × 10. 5. colony-forming units (CFUs) of a bioluminescent strain of Staphylococcus aureus. The bacterial burden was monitored using bioluminescence in vivo. All mice were killed on POD 21. Implants and soft-tissue were harvested and sonicated for analysis of the CFUs. Results. The mean in vivo bioluminescence in the VB group was significantly lower on POD 8 and POD 10 compared with the other groups. There was a significant 1.3-log. 10. (95%) and 1.5-log. 10. (97%) reduction in mean soft-tissue CFUs in the VB group compared with the VP and IC groups (3.6 × 10. 3. vs 7.0 × 10. 4. ; p = 0.022; 3.6 × 10. 3. vs 1.0 × 10. 5. ; p = 0.007, respectively) at POD 21. There was a significant 1.6-log. 10. (98%) reduction in mean implant CFUs in the VB group compared with the IC group (1.3 × 10. 0. vs 4.7 × 10. 1. , respectively; p = 0.038). Combined soft-tissue and implant infection was prevented in 10 of 19 mice (53%) in the VB group as opposed to 5 of 21 (24%) in the VP group, 3 of 15 (20%) in the IC group, and 0% in the SV group. Conclusion. In our in vivo mouse model, antibiotic-releasing calcium sulphate beads appeared to outperform vancomycin powder alone in lowering the bacterial burden and preventing soft-tissue and implant infections. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2024;106-B(6):632–638

In reverse shoulder arthroplasty (RSA), a high complication rate is noted in the international literature (24.7%), and limited local literature is available. The complications in our developing health system, with high HIV, tuberculosis and metabolic syndrome prevalence may be different from that in developed health systems where the literature largely emanates from. The aim of this study is to describe the complications and complication rate following RSA in a South African cohort. An analytical, cross-sectional study was done where all patients’ who received RSA over an 11 year period at a tertiary hospital were evaluated. One-hundred-and-twenty-six primary RSA patients met the inclusion criteria and a detailed retrospective evaluation of their demographics, clinical variables and complication associated with their shoulder arthroplasty were assessed. All fracture, revision and tumour resection arthroplasties were excluded, and a minimum of 6 months follow up was required. A primary RSA complication rate of 19.0% (24/126) was noted, with the most complications occurring after 90 days at 54.2% (13/24). Instability was the predominant delayed complication at 61.5% (8/13) and sepsis being the most common in the early days at 45.5% (5/11). Haematoma formation, hardware failure and axillary nerve injury were also noted at 4.2% each (1/24). Keeping in mind the immense difference in socioeconomical status and patient demographics in a third world country the RSA complication rate in this study correlates with the known international consensus. This also proves that RSA is still a suitable option for rotator cuff arthropathy and glenohumeral osteoarthritis even in an economically constrained environment like South Africa

Reported wound complication in below knee surgery can be quite high. Recent study demonstrated that increased blood loss and hematoma formation increase wound complications especially in foot and ankle surgeries. Despite the evidence on the benefit of TXA on blood loss in TKA and THA it is not routinely used by surgeon in below knee surgery. To assess the efficacy and safety of this medication in reducing wound complication and blood loss and the risk of thromboembolic complications in patients undergoing below knee surgery. A systematic literature search of PubMed, Embase, Ovid, the Cochrane Library and AAOS and AOFAS conference proceedings was conducted. The primary outcome was the rate of wound complications. Data were analyzed using the Review Manager 5.3 software. Nine studies involving 861 patients met the inclusion criteria. The meta-analysis indicated that TXA, when compared to a control group, reduced wound complications (OR, 0.54; 95% IC, 0.31 to 0.95, p = 0,03), blood loss (MD = −149,4 ml; 95% CI, −205,3ml to −93,6ml), post-operative drainage (MD = −169,8 ml; 95% CI, −176,7 to −162,9 ml) and hemoglobin drop (MD = −8,75 g/dL; 95% IC, −9,6 g/dL to −7,8 g/dL). There was no significant difference in thromboembolic events (RR 0,53; 95% CI, 0,15 - 1,90; p = 0,33). This study demonstrated that TXA could be use in below knee surgery to reduce wound complication and blood loss without increased thromboembolic complications. The small number of studies limit the findings interpretation. Further studies are needed to sustain those resutls

To determine whether pre-operative cessation of anticoagulant or antiplatelet medication is necessary for patients undergoing total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA) or reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (RTSA). A prospectively maintained database was used to identify 213 consecutive patients treated with TSA or RTSA performed by a single surgeon across 3 centres. This cohort included 24 patients on an anticoagulant agent (warfarin, apixaban, rivaroxaban, dabigatran), 52 patients on an antiplatelet agent (aspirin, clopidogrel), and a control group of 137 patients not on anticoagulant or antiplatelet medication. Patients on anticoagulant or antiplatelet medications continued these agents peri-operatively. Outcomes included haemoglobin drop, intra-operative blood loss, operative time, transfusion requirements and post-operative complications. The mean age of the cohort was 74.3 years (range 47 – 93) and 75 (35.2%) of the patients were male. TSA was performed in 63 cases and RTSA in 150 cases. The mean haemoglobin drop in the control group was 17.3 g/L, compared to 19.3 g/L in the anticoagulant group (p = 0.20) and 15.6 g/L in the anti-platelet group (p = 0.14). The mean intra-operative blood loss in the control group was 107.8 mL, compared to 143.0 mL in the anticoagulant group (p = 0.03) and 134.3 mL in the anti-platelet group (0.02). The mean operative time in the control group was 49.3 minutes, compared to 47.1 minutes in the anticoagulant group (p = 0.56) and 50.3 minutes in the anti-platelet group (p = 0.78). Post-operatively no patients developed a wound infection or haematoma requiring intervention. Three patients not on anticoagulant or antiplatelet medication developed pulmonary embolism. Continuing anticoagulant or antiplatelet medication was associated with higher intra-operative blood loss, but produced no statistically significant differences in haemoglobin drop, operative time, transfusion requirements or post-operative complications. We now do not routinely stop any anticoagulant or antiplatelet medication for patients undergoing total shoulder arthroplasty

Aim. Decubitus ulcers are found in approximately 4.7% of hospitalized patients, with a higher prevalence (up to 30%) among those with spinal cord injuries. These ulcers are often associated with hip septic arthritis and/or osteomyelitis involving the femur. Girdlestone resection arthroplasty is a surgical technique used to remove affected proximal femur and acetabular tissues, resulting in a substantial defect. The vastus lateralis flap has been employed as an effective option for managing this dead space. The aim of this study was to evaluate the long-term outcomes of this procedure in a consecutive series of patients. Method. A retrospective single-center study was conducted from October 2012 to December 2022, involving 7 patients with spinal cord injuries affected by chronic severe septic hip arthritis and/or femoral head septic necrosis as a consequence of decubitus ulcers over trochanter area. All patients underwent treatment using a multidisciplinary approach by the same surgical team (orthopedic and plastic surgeons) along with infectious disease specialists. The treatment consisted of a one-stage procedure combining Girdlestone resection arthroplasty with unilateral vastus lateralis flap reconstruction, alongside targeted antibiotic therapy. Complications and postoperative outcomes were assessed and recorded. The mean follow-up period was 8 years (range 2-12). Results. Of the 7 patients, 5 were male and 2 were female, with a mean age of 50.3 years at the time of surgery. Minor wound dehiscence occurred in 28.6% of the flap sites, and 2 patients required additional revisional procedures—one for hematoma and the other for bleeding. There were no instances of flap failure, and complete wound healing was achieved in an average of 32 days (range 20-41), with the ability to load over the hip area. No cases of infection recurrence or relapse were observed. Conclusions. An aggressive surgical approach is strongly recommended for managing chronic hip septic arthritis or proximal femur osteomyelitis in patients with spinal cord injuries. A single-stage procedure combining Girdlestone resection arthroplasty with immediate vastus lateralis muscle flap reconstruction proves to be an effective strategy for dead space management and localized antibiotic delivery through the vastus muscle, giving reliable soft tissue coverage around the proximal femur to avoid the recurrence of pressure ulcers. The implementation of a standardized multidisciplinary protocol contributes significantly to the success of reconstruction efforts

Aim. Debridement, antibiotics and implant retention (DAIR) are considered as an optimal curative treatment option for prosthetic joint infection (PJI) when the biofilm is still immature and radical debridement is achievable. There are two main groups of patients suitable for DAIR. Those with an early acute PJI and patients with acute hematogenous PJI. However, there is also a third group of early PJI resulting from a wound healing problem or leaking hematoma. These may be either high or low grade depending on the microorganisms that infected the artificial joint “per continuitatem”. Methods. We retrospectively analysed 100 successive DAIR procedures on prosthetic hip and knee joints performed between January 2010 and January 2022, from total of 21000 primary arthroplasties implanted within the same time period. We only included PJI in primary total replacements with no previous surgeries on the affected joint. Patients data (demographics, biochemical, microbiological, histopathological results, and outcomes) were collected from hospital bone and joint infection registry. The aim of surgery was radical debridement and the mobile parts exchange. The standardized antibiotic regime based on antibiofilm antibiotics. Results. The mean age of patients was 70 years (60% women, 43 hips, 57 knees) with a mean follow-up of 3 years. 45 cases were early acute or related to wound healing problems, 55 were hematogenous PJI. 25 patients received preoperative antibiotics. 6 of these were culture negative. The mean symptom duration was 7 days. Mean age of the prosthesis was 30 days for early, and 1064 days for the hematogenous group. Conclusions. In our cohort the success rate of DAIR is 94% which indicates that the protocol is highly successful in PJI with short-lasting symptoms and “debridable” joints. Antibiotic protocol violation and duration of symptoms may have a role in failures

Aim. There are no studies in literature that analyze the effectiveness of closed-incisional negative pressure wound therapy (ciNPWT) in the treatment of bone and joint infections (BJI). The aim of the study was to evaluate the efficacy and the safety of the application of ciNPWT in the postsurgical wound management of patients with osteoarticular infections. Method. We conducted a perspective single-center study on patients with BJI treated between 01/2022 and 10/2022 with ciNPWT dressing application at the end of the surgical procedure. All patients were treated by a multidisciplinary team (MDT) approach and operated by the same surgical equipe. Inclusion criteria were: presence of periprosthetic joint infection (PJI), fracture-related infection (FRI), osteomyelitis (OM), septic arthritis (SA) surgically treated, after which ciNPTW was applied over the closed surgical wound. 30 patients (19M, 11F) have been analyzed with mean age of 56,10±17,11 years old; BJIs were all localized in the lower limb (16 PJI, 12 FRI, 1 SA, 1 OM). Results. We considered the following clinical local pre-operative parameters: presence of fistula (10 patients, 33,33%), presence of erythema (18 patients, 60%), presence of previous flap in the incisional site (7 patients, 23,33%). In 11 cases (36,67%) more than 3 previous surgical procedures were performed in the surgical site. The following surgical procedures were performed: 8 debridement and implants removal, 7 DAIR, 3 one-stage exchange, 6 two-stage exchange, 3 spacer exchange, 3 resection arthroplasty. Nineteen patients (63,34%) showed no occurrence of any local post-operative complication (erythema, hematoma, wound breakdown, wound blister, necrosis). Seven (23,33%) patients showed the presence of one or more postoperative complications that didn't require additional surgery. We observed four (13,33%) failures, defined as the need for further surgical procedures following the onset of a local complication: two patients had a wound breakdown before wound closure and two had a recurrence of infection after an uneventfully wound closure. All failures were within the group of joint infection (PJI+SA) and were affected by a multi drug resistant pathogen. Conclusions. In our series four patients required further surgery, but only two cases were related to incisional wound problems, that is consistent with aseptic joint revision surgeries data that are available in literature (3.4%-6.9%)[1-2]. Patients affected by BJI are a group with significant high risk of failure and therefore the use of ciNPWT should be considered. However, randomized clinical trials are needed to establish the superiority of the ciNPWT dressing over the standard one

Elderly patients undergoing surgery for a hip fracture are at risk of thromboembolic events (TEV). The risk of TEV is now rare due to thromboprophylaxis. However, hip fracture treatment has evolved over the last decade. The risk of TEV may have been modified. The objective of this study was to determine the risk of symptomatic TEV following surgery for a hip fracture, in an elderly population. Retrospective cohort study of all patients > 65 years old undergoing surgery for a femoral neck or intertrochanteric hip fracture in two academic centers, between January 1st 2008 and January 1st 2019. The follow-up was fixed at 3 months. The cumulated risk of thromboembolic events was calculated using the Kaplan-Meier estimator and a predictive logistic regression model was used to determine risk factors. 3265 patients were eligible for analysis. The mean age was 83.3 ±8.1 years old and 75.6% of patients were female. The mortality was 7.55% (N=112) at 3 months. 98.53% of this cohort received thromboprophylaxis. The cumulated risk for a thromboembolic event was 3.55% at 1 month and 6.41% at 3 months (N=99). There were 9 fatal pulmonary embolisms. 89.19% thromboembolic events occurred within 20 days following surgery. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (odds ratio 1.909 [1.179–3.089]), renal failure (odds ratio 1.896 [1.172–3.066]) and the use of a bridge between different types of anticoagulant (odds ratio 2.793 [1.057–7.384]) were associated with TEV. The risk of bleeding was 5.67% at 1 month and 9.38% at 3 months (N=142). 77% of bleeding events were hematomas. The risk of thromboembolic events is higher than expected in a population treated for this condition. Most thromboembolic events occur shortly following surgery. The risk of bleeding is high and most of them are hematomas. Future research could focus on the management of thromboprophylaxis in elderly patients undergoing surgery for a hip fracture

Introduction. A significant burden of disease exists with respect to critical sized bone defects; outcomes are unpredictable and often poor. There is no absolute agreement on what constitutes a “critically-sized” bone defect however it is widely considered as one that would not heal spontaneously despite surgical stabilisation, thus requiring re-operation. The aetiology of such defects is varied. High-energy trauma with soft tissue loss and periosteal stripping, bone infection and tumour resection all require extensive debridement and the critical-sized defects generated require careful consideration and strategic management. Current management practice of these defects lacks consensus. Existing literature tells us that tibial defects 25mm or great have a poor natural history; however, there is no universally agreed management strategy and there remains a significant evidence gap. Drawing its origins from musculoskeletal oncology, the Capanna technique describes a hybrid mode of reconstruction. Mass allograft is combined with a vascularised fibula autograft, allowing the patient to benefit from the favourable characteristics of two popular reconstruction techniques. Allograft confers initial mechanical stability with autograft contributing osteogenic, inductive and conductive capacity to encourage union. Secondarily its inherent vascularity affords the construct the ability to withstand deleterious effects of stressors such as infection that may threaten union. The strengths of this hybrid construct we believe can be used within the context of critical-sized bone defects within tibial trauma to the same success as seen within tumour reconstruction. Methodology. Utilising the Capanna technique in trauma requires modification to the original procedure. In tumour surgery pre-operative cross-sectional imaging is a pre-requisite. This allows surgeons to assess margins, plan resections and order allograft to match the defect. In trauma this is not possible. We therefore propose a two-stage approach to address critical-sized tibial defects in open fractures. After initial debridement, external fixation and soft tissue management via a combined orthoplastics approach, CT imaging is performed to assess the defect geometry, with a polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) spacer placed at index procedure to maintain soft tissue tension, alignment and deliver local antibiotics. Once comfortable that no further debridement is required and the risk of infection is appropriate then 3D printing technology can be used to mill custom jigs. Appropriate tibial allograft is ordered based on CT measurements. A pedicled fibula graft is raised through a lateral approach. The peroneal vessels are mobilised to the tibioperoneal trunk and passed medially into the bone void. The cadaveric bone is prepared using the custom jig on the back table and posterolateral troughs made to allow insertion of the fibula, permitting some hypertrophic expansion. A separate medial incision allows attachment of the custom jig to host tibia allowing for reciprocal cuts to match the allograft. The fibula is implanted into the allograft, ensuring nil tension on the pedicle and, after docking the graft, the hybrid construct is secured with multi-planar locking plates to provide rotational stability. The medial window allows plate placement safely away from the vascular pedicle. Results. We present a 50-year-old healthy male with a Gustilo & Anderson 3B proximal tibial fracture, open posteromedially with associated shear fragment, treated using the Capanna technique. Presenting following a fall climbing additional injuries included a closed ipsilateral calcaneal and medial malleolar fracture, both treated operatively. Our patient underwent reconstruction of his tibia with the above staged technique. Two debridements were carried out due to a 48-hour delay in presentation due to remote geographical location of recovery. Debridements were carried out in accordance with BOAST guidelines; a spanning knee external fixator applied and a small area of skin loss on the proximal medial calf reconstructed with a split thickness skin graft. A revision cement spacer was inserted into the metaphyseal defect measuring 84mm. At definitive surgery the external fixator was removed and graft fixation was extended to include the intra-articular fragments. No intra-operative complications were encountered during surgeries. The patient returned to theatre on day 13 with a medial sided haematoma. 20ml of haemoserous fluid was evacuated, a DAIR procedure performed and antibiotic-loaded bioceramics applied locally. Samples grew Staphylococcus aureus and antibiotic treatment was rationalised to Co-Trimoxazole 960mg BD and Rifampicin 450mg BD. The patient has completed a six-week course of Rifampicin and continues on suppressive Co-Trimoxazole monotherapy until planned metalwork removal. There is no evidence of ongoing active infection and radiological evidence of early union. The patient is independently walking four miles to the gym daily and we believe, thus far, despite accepted complications, we have demonstrated a relative early success. Conclusions. A variety of techniques exist for the management of critical-sized bone defects within the tibia. All of these come with a variety of drawbacks and limitations. Whilst acceptance of a limb length discrepancy is one option, intercalary defects of greater than 5 to 7cm typically require reconstruction. In patients in whom fine wire fixators and distraction osteogenesis are deemed inappropriate, or are unwilling to tolerate the frequent re-operations and potential donor site morbidity of the Masqualet technique, the Capanna technique offers a novel solution. Through using tibial allograft to address the size mismatch between vascularised fibula and tibia, the possible complication of fatigue fracture of an isolated fibula autograft is potentially avoidable in patients who have high functional demands. The Capanna technique has demonstrated satisfactory results within tumour reconstruction. Papers report that by combining the structural strength of allograft with the osteoconductive and osteoinductive properties of a vascularised autograft that limb salvage rates of greater than 80% and union rates of greater than 90% are achievable. If these results can indeed be replicated in the management of critical-sized bone defects in tibial trauma we potentially have a treatment strategy that can excel over the more widely practiced current techniques

Introduction. Deep venous thrombosis (DVT) is a potentially serious complication after total hip (THA) and knee (TKA) arthroplasty, traditionally justifying aggressive prophylaxis with low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) or direct oral anticoagulants (DOA) at the cost of an increased risk of bleeding. However, fast-track procedures might reduce the DVT risk and decrease the cost-benefit ratio of the current recommendations. The objective of this study was to compare thrombotic and bleeding risk in an unselected population of elective THA and TKA with a fast-track procedure. MATERIAL - METHODS. A series of 1,949 patients were analyzed prospectively. There were 1,136 women and 813 men, with a mean age of 70 years. In particular, 16% were previously treated by antiplatelet agents and 8% by anticoagulants. All patients followed a fast-track procedure including early walking within 24 hours of surgery, and 80% of patients returned home after surgery, with a mean length of stay of 3 days (THA) or 4 days (TKA). The occurrence of a thromboembolic event or hemorrhagic complication has been identified. Results. Out of the 1,110 THAs, 5 thromboembolic events were identified (0.4%): 2 non-fatal pulmonary embolism and 3 DVTs. There was no impact of these complications on the final result. 19 hemorrhagic complications were identified (1.7%): 10 significant haematomas (3 of which were complicated by infection), 9 anemias (with 4 transfusions). Out of the 839 TKAs, 9 thromboembolic events were identified (1.0%): 4 non-fatal pulmonary embolism and 5 DVTs. There was no impact of these complications on the final result. 14 hemorrhagic complications were identified (1.7%): 8 haematomas including 4 reoperations, 6 anemias (with 5 transfusions). Discussion. Thromboembolic complications after elective THA and TKA have virtually disappeared, with a rate of 0.7%. On the other hand, bleeding complications are now more frequent, with a rate of 1.7%. This suggests that the cost-benefit ratio of preventive treatments with LMWH or DOA should be reassessed. Prescribing LMWH or DOA after elective THA and TKA with fast-track procedures exposes the patient to a much higher risk of bleeding than thrombotic risk. The use of aspirin may represent an acceptable compromise in these patients

Background of study. There has been an exponential increase in the use of direct thrombin (DT) and factor Xa inhibitors (FXI) in patients with cardiovascular problems. Premature cessation of DT/FXI in patients with cardiac conditions can increase the risk of coronary events. Our aim was to ascertain whether it is necessary to stop DT and FXI preoperatively to avoid postoperative complications following hip fracture surgery. Materials and Methods. Prospective data was collected from 189 patients with ongoing DT/FXI therapy and patients not on DT/FXI who underwent hip fracture surgery. Statistical comparison on pre- and postoperative haemoglobin (Hb), ASA grades, comorbidities, operative times, transfusion requirements, hospital length of stay (LOS), wound infection, haematoma and reoperation rates between the two groups was undertaken. Results. There were 91 patients in the DT/FXI group (DTX) and 88 in the non-DTX group (NDTX). Mean age was 81.9 years. There was no difference in ASA grade, number of comorbidities (except cardiac comorbidities), age, gender and operation times between the groups. Mean preoperative Hb was 12.9 g/dl and 13.5 g/dl respectively in the DTX and NDTX. 4 and 2 patients respectively required transfusions postoperatively in the DTX and NDTX (p= 0.17). We found no difference with respect to LOS, wound infection, haematoma and reoperation rates between the two groups postoperatively. Conclusions. Our study suggests that maintaining DT and FXI therapy throughout the perioperative period in high risk patients with femoral neck fractures is not associated with an increased risk of bleeding or complications following hip fracture surgery

Total Knee Arthroplasty (TKA) necessitates disruption of well-vascularised tissue during exposure and soft tissue release as well as from the cutting of bone, and thus bleeding into the joint space routinely occurs to some degree following TKA. Defining a complication from bleeding is not necessarily straightforward, but includes 3 different conditions: hemarthrosis, hematoma, and bloody wound drainage. All of these conditions can be seen in the normal postoperative setting, and when mild, may be simply observed. However, persistent swelling resulting in clinical symptoms should be appropriately treated. A hemarthrosis is defined as blood being contained in the knee capsule. Although some bleeding is expected, “excessive” hemarthrosis results in increased pain limiting or difficulty regaining motion. If high levels of fluid pressure are present, rupture of the arthrotomy may occur. A hematoma occurs when intra-articular blood escapes the arthrotomy and drains into the overlying soft tissues. This may occur following performance of a large lateral release or an insufficient arthrotomy closure or simply secondary to a large hemarthrosis under tension. Symptoms include ecchymosis, soft tissue swelling, and potential skin complications. Increased pain and limited range of motion frequently accompany these symptoms. Wound drainage may present as a knee that continues to have bloody or serous drainage that continues long after the first or second dressing change. It is this continued wound drainage that is most worrisome, with increased wound infection rates when prolonged drainage is allowed to persist. While excessive bleeding during the early postoperative period is most common, isolated or recurrent hemarthrosis may occur long after recovery from surgery. The incidence of postoperative hemarthrosis is not well studied, but the need for surgical treatment is uncommon. Recurrent hemarthrosis is also relatively rare after TKA and has been reported at rates between 0.3% and 1.6%. The etiology of this complication can be systemic or local, and initial workup should include coagulation studies to rule out any underlying systemic coagulopathy. Conservative therapy including rest, cooling, and elevation is the preferred treatment for mild cases. If conservative treatment is not successful, or the acute hemarthrosis is clinically tense, interfering with recovery, or threatening wound healing, drainage may be the preferable option. This can be done by opening the arthrotomy in the operating room or through large bore arthroscopy cannulae. Careful attention to debridement of clotted blood must be followed by a meticulous search for potential sources of bleeding which should be managed appropriately. Recurrent hemarthrosis may occur at any time but is not commonly diagnosed until the patient has left the early recovery period. Repeated bleeding episodes may lead to an inflammatory cascade that propagates bleeding events more readily. If coagulation studies are normal, the most common source is the impingement of proliferative synovium or other retained soft tissue between the articulating components of the knee prosthesis. Other causes may be multifactorial and synergistic but are not well understood, making diagnosis and treatment more difficult. If symptoms persist, classical treatment has consisted of open or arthroscopic synovectomy. Over the past decade angiography and angiographic embolization of the source of bleeding has been successful. In a recent meta-analysis including 99 patients, technical success rates of 99% were noted, though 2 cases became infected and 10 cases suffered recurrent bleeding episodes. Radio-active synovectomy has also been successful

For soft tissue sarcoma patients receiving preoperative radiation therapy, wound complications are common and potentially devastating; they may result in multiple subsequent surgeries and significant patient morbidity. The purpose of this study was to assess the feasibility of intraoperative indocyanine green fluorescent angiography (ICGA) as a predictor of wound complications in resections of irradiated soft tissue sarcoma of the extremities. A consecutive series of patients of patients with soft tissue sarcoma of the extremities or pelvis who received neoadjuvant radiation and a subsequent radical resection received intraoperative ICGA with the SPY PHI device (Stryker Inc, Kalamazoo MI) at the time of closure. Three fellowship trained Orthopaedic Oncologic Surgeons were asked to prospectively predict likelihood of wound complications based on fluorescence. Retrospective analysis of fluorescence signal along multiple points of the wound length was performed and quantified. The primary endpoint was wound complication, defined as delayed wound healing or wound dehiscence, within 3 months of surgery. An a priori power analysis demonstrated that 5 patients were necessary to achieve statistical significance. Univariate and multivariate statistical analyses were performed to identify predictors of wound complications. 14 patients were consecutively imaged. The diagnosis was undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma in 9 (64.3%) of patients; 11 (78.6%) tumors were high grade. There were 6 patients with wound complications classified as “aseptic” in 5 cases and secondary to hematoma in 1 case. Using the ICGA, blinded surgeons correctly predicted wound complications in 75% of cases. In the area of wound complication, the mean % of maximal signal for wound complications was 49% during the inflow phase and 48% during the peak phase. The mean % maximal signal for peri-incisional tissue without wound complications was 77% during the inflow phase and 83% during the peak phase (p=0.003 and p<0.001). During the inflow phase, a mean ratio of normal of 0.62 maximized the area under the curve (AUC=0.90) for predicting wound complications with a sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 77.4%. During the peak phase, a mean ratio of normal of 0.55 maximized the area under the curve (AUC=0.95) for predicting wound complications with a sensitivity of 88.9% and a specificity 100%. Intraoperative use of indocyanine green fluorescent angiography may help to predict wound complications in patients undergoing resection of preoperatively irradiated soft tissue sarcomas of the extremities and pelvis. Future studies are necessary to validate this technology in a prospective manner and to determine if interventions can be instituted to prevent predicted wound complications

Introduction. Dual mobility (DM) total hip arthroplasty (THA) prostheses are designed to increase stability. In the setting of primary and revision THA, DM THA are used most frequently for dysplasia and instability diagnoses, respectively. As the use of DM THA continues to increase, with 8,031 cases logged in the American Joint Replacement Registry from 2012–2018, characterizing in vivo damage and clinical failure modes are important to report. Methods. Under IRB-approved implant retrieval protocol, 43 DM THA systems from 41 patients were included. Each DM THA component was macroscopically examined for standard damage modes. Clinically-relevant data, including patient demographics and surgical elements, were collected from medical records. Fretting and corrosion damage grading is planned, according to the Goldberg et al. classification system. Results. In this 43-retrieved implant series, there were 23 female and 17 male patients (n=1, unknown), with an average body mass index of 29 (range, 19–49), and average ages at index and revision of 63 years (range, 34–80) and 64 years (range, 38–88), respectively. The average duration of implantation was 12.9 months (range, 0.1–72.0). Reasons for revision included infection (n=11, 26%), mechanical complication (n=10, 23%), intraprosthetic dislocation (n=6, 14%), periprosthetic fracture (n=5, 12%), pain (n=4, 9%), acetabular-associated loosening (n=3, 7%), unknown (n=3, 7%), hematoma (n=2, 5%), leg length discrepancy (n=1, 2%), and inflammatory reaction (n=1, 2%); some cases included multiple reasons for revision. On articular surfaces, scratching was the most commonly observed damage mode on all components, with more than 40% of acetabular cup and femoral heads showing scratching damage (Figure 1A). Abrasion, burnishing, and pitting damage were also observed in more than 10% of acetabular cup and acetabular liner components; further, approximately 20% of polyethylene acetabular liners exhibited edge deformation damage. On backside surfaces, polyethylene acetabular liners showed the greatest damage, with more than 60% of components exhibiting abrasion, scratching, or pitting damage (Figure 1B). Conclusion. This series showed various reasons for revision as well as in vivo damage of retrieved DM systems following short-to-midterm implantation. Damage was observed on both articular and backside surfaces of the five components of DM THA. Modularity of DM THA prostheses may amplify rates of in vivo damage. Future studies are needed to confirm these results and clinical significance. For any figures or tables, please contact the authors directly

Bleeding related wound complications including deep infection, superficial infection and haematoma cause significant morbidity in lower limb joint arthroplasty surgery. It has been observed anecdotally that patients requiring therapeutic anti-coagulation within the peri-operative period have higher rates of bleeding related complications and those requiring intravenous heparin particularly appear to do poorly. The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between post-operative bleeding and wound complications in the patient requiring therapeutic warfarin, plus or minus heparin, in total hip arthroplasty surgery. This is a retrospective cohort study reviewing 1047 primary total hip replacements performed in a single centre over a five year period and comparing outcomes of the patients on warfarin (89) with a double-matched control group of patients not on warfarin (179). Outcomes included rates of deep infection, excessive wound ooze or haematoma, superficial infection, return to OT for washout and need for revision operation. The study group was then sub analysed comparing those on IV heparin plus oral warfarin, to those on warfarin alone. The warfarin group had significantly higher risk of deep joint infection (9% vs 2.2% p= 0.023), haematoma/wound ooze (28% vs 4% p < 0.001) and superficial infection (13.5% vs 2.2% p < 0.001) compared to the control group. In the sub analysis of the study group, those on IV heparin had significantly higher risk of haematoma/wound ooze (44% vs 28% p= 0.023) than those on warfarin alone. The requirement of therapeutic anti-coagulation in the peri-operative period is a tenuous balance between the complications of thrombo-embolic disease and bleeding-related morbidity. In the past, perhaps the full burden of bleeding related complications has not been appreciated, but now improved understanding will enable the both the surgeon and the patient to make more informed decisions regarding therapeutic anticoagulation in elective arthroplasty surgery

Total Knee Arthroplasty (TKA) necessitates disruption of well vascularised tissue during exposure and soft tissue release as well as from the cutting of bone, and thus bleeding into the joint space routinely occurs to some degree following TKA. Defining a complication from bleeding is not necessarily straightforward, but includes 3 different conditions: hemarthrosis, hematoma, and bloody wound drainage. All of these conditions can be seen in the normal post-operative setting, and when mild may be simply observed. However, persistent swelling resulting in clinical symptoms should be appropriately treated. A hemarthrosis is defined as blood being contained in the knee capsule. Although some bleeding is expected, “excessive” hemarthrosis results in increased pain limiting or difficulty regaining motion. If high levels of fluid pressure are present, rupture of the arthrotomy may occur. A hematoma occurs when intra-articular blood escapes the arthrotomy and drains into the overlying soft tissues. This may occur following performance of a large lateral release or an insufficient arthrotomy closure or simply secondary to a large hemarthrosis under tension. Symptoms include ecchymosis, soft tissue swelling, and potential skin complications. Increased pain and limited range of motion frequently accompany these symptoms. Wound drainage may present as a knee that continues to have bloody or serous drainage that continues long after the first or second dressing change. It is this continued wound drainage that is most worrisome with increased wound infection rates when prolonged drainage is allowed to persist. The incidence of post-operative hemarthrosis as a clinical problem is not well studied, but the need for surgical treatment is uncommon. Recurrent hemarthrosis is also relatively rare after total knee arthroplasty and has been reported at rates between 0.3% and 1.6%. The etiology of this complication can be systemic or local, and initial work-up should include coagulation studies to rule out any underling systemic coagulopathy. Conservative therapy including rest, cooling, and elevation is the preferred treatment for mild cases. If conservative treatment is not successful, or the acute hemarthrosis is clinically tense, interfering with recovery, or threatening wound healing, drainage may be the preferable option. This can be done by opening the arthrotomy in the operating room or through a large bore arthroscopy cannulae. Careful attention to debridement of clotted blood must be followed by a meticulous search for potential sources of bleeding which should be managed appropriately. Recurrent hemarthrosis may occur at any time after surgery. Repeated bleeding episodes may lead to an inflammatory cascade that propagates bleeding events more readily. If coagulation studies are normal, the most common source is the impingement of proliferative synovium or other retained soft tissue between the articulating components of the knee prosthesis. Other causes include damage to the geniculate or popliteal vessels with pseudo aneurysm formation. Mild to moderate clinical knee instability may be associated with bloody synovial effusions but limited clinical complaint specific to instability. Other causes may be multifactorial and synergistic but are not well understood, making diagnosis and treatment more difficult. If symptoms persist, and the resulting disability is sufficient, classical treatment has consisted of open or arthroscopic synovectomy. Over the past decade angiography and angiographic embolization of the source of bleeding has been shown to be successful. Radio-active synovectomy has also been successful

Background:. Is routine use of suction drain after joint replacement is justified. Material & Methods:. Prospective evaluation was done to compare the effects of postoperative suction drain in 56 patients with no postoperative drain in 56 patients, undergoing total knee arthroplasty at our institute. Patients having severe systemic diseases, disturbed liver function, obesity, unstable diabetes and coagulation disorders were excluded from the study. Comparative evaluation was done for the blood loss, no of units of blood transfusion, wound hematoma, wound healing, duration of hospital stay, pain and range of motions. Results:. All the patients were operated by one surgeon by using midline skin incision, midvastus approach and same method of wound closure. Sex distribution was same and no patient received anticoagulant chemoprophylaxis. Average fall in postoperative hemoglobin was 3.1 gm/dl in the drain group and 2.2 gm/dl in the non drain group. Drains were removed at 48 hrs or at 24 hr when drainage was less than 50 ml. Statistically comparative results were seen in both groups in regard of wound hematoma, wound healing, duration of hospital stay, pain and range of motions. But blood loss, fall of hemoglobin and no of units of blood transfusion was more in drain group. Conclusion. Routine use of suction drainage do not offer any advantages and it should be used in patients with coagulation defects, on heparins, unstable diabetes or other risk factor for postoperative infection and hematoma formation