Football player's performance during competitive matches greatly depends on fitness and training. The use of GPS (Global Positioning System) has been revolutionary in the monitoring of player intensity during training. The aim of the study was to investigate the difference in training intensity between defenders, midfielders and forwards and if injury sustained was directly related to the intensity of training. GPS (Catapult Minimax GPS 10Hz) was used to collect training data for a professional British football club playing in the Championship, for the year August 2011/April 2012. Each player wore a GPS unit during each training session and the raw data was logged. The GPS calculates the player load which is a measure of intensity of training. It is a summation of instantaneous change of forward, sideway and upward accelerations. Adjustments are made for match days and injuries according to a defined set of rules. A total player load was obtained for each month and at the end of the season. The different injuries sustained throughout the year were logged for each player. This study shows that there is a difference between the intensity of training in different groups of players. The midfielders trained at the highest intensity and, in this group of professional football players, defenders sustained the most injuries GPS technology allows monitoring of player intensity during training. The data obtained will guide training and fitness coaches model training for the individual group of players. This will prepare players for official matches and eventually may help predict and prevent injuries

Adductor strain is a common injury among football players. The adductor muscle group contains the three adductor muscles. (adductor longus, magnus and brevis) Adductor longus muscle is a triangular-shaped long muscle. This muscle originates from the superior ramus of the pubic bone and inserted into the middle part of the linea aspera. Adductor longus muscle is the most commonly injured muscle of adductors. Sudden acceleration, jumping, stretching, and kicking the ball are common causes of an adductor injury. Adductor muscle strains can result in missed playing time for football players. We present a 26-year-old man soccer player with pain in the left groin and proximal thigh. The symptoms had started during training and after kicking the ball with left foot (dominant side), he felt an acute pain in the groin region and proximal thigh. Despite the injury, he managed to finish the training. The team physician examined the patient immediately after training. The range of motion of both hip joints was in normal ranges and mild pain with adduction. There was a palpable mass at the inner proximal thigh during contraction of adductor muscles. There was no history of groin pain or adductor problems before this injury. Conventional radiographs showed no osseous abnormalities. 36 hours after the injury, MRI revealed acute grade IIB strain in the left adductor longus muscle, including both superior and inferior parts of the muscle. A hematoma was observed in the superior part of the left adductor muscle, with a craniocaudal length of 42 millimeters. There was an adductor muscle strain with hyperintensity extending for a craniocaudal length of approximately 12 centimeters involving more than 50% crosses sectional diameter of the muscle belly. Conservative treatment started immediately, consisting of cold therapy and soft tissue massage. Compression of the injured tissue using a 15-cm elastic bandage roll is done to limit bleeding and provide support. Iced water machine (Game Ready) was used. The team physician examined the player every day and prescribed physiotherapy protocol daily. Additionally, short interval follow-up MRI is used to evaluate the injury. (After 7 and 14 days of the injury) No injection was performed. The player is able to return to play immediately, despite MRI's strain images. The player started straight running 5 days later and joined to team training 8 days later and played 90 minutes-league-match 12 days after injury without any pain. No injection was performed. The player is able to return to play immediately, despite MRI's strain images. The player started straight running 5 days later and joined to team training 8 days later and played 90 minutes-league-match 12 days after injury without any pain. MRI is a useful technique in diagnosing trauma in football players presenting with groin pain. In this case, to estimate time-to-return-to-play, MRI alone is not strong evidence. MRI is a good option for follow up, but anamnesis and clinical examination is not inferior to diagnostic imaging

Abstract. Objective. There is no specific framework for the clinical management of sports related brachial plexus injuries. Necessarily, rehabilitation is based on injury presentation and clinical diagnostics but it is unclear what the underlying evidence base to inform rehabilitative management. Methods. A systematic review of the literature was undertaken in line with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. We applied the PEO criteria to inform our search strategy to find articles that reported the rehabilitative management of brachial plexus injuries sustained while playing contact sports. An electronic search of Medline, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus and Web of Science from inception to 3rd November 2022 was conducted. MESH terms and Boolean operators were employed. We applied an English language restriction but no other filters. Manual searches of Google Scholar and citation searching of included manuscripts were also completed. All study types were considered for inclusion provided they were published as peer-reviewed primary research articles and contained relevant information. Two investigators independently carried out the searches, screened by title, abstract and full text. Two researchers independently extracted the data from included articles. Data was cross-checked by a third researcher to ensure consistency. To assess internal validity and risk of bias, the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) critical appraisal tools were utilised. Results. The search generated 88 articles. Following removal of duplicates, 43 papers were evaluated against the eligibility criteria. Nine were eligible for full text review, with the majority of exclusions being expert opinion articles. Eight case reports were included. One article reported three individuals, resulting in data for ten athletes. The mean age was 19.8 years (±4.09). Injuries occurred in five American football players, two wrestlers, two rugby players, and a basketball player. No two studies applied the same diagnostic terminology and the severity of injury varied widely. Burning pain and altered sensation was the most commonly reported symptom, alongside motor weakness in the upper limb. Clinical presentation and management differed by injury pattern. Traction injuries caused biceps motor weakness and atrophy of the deltoid region, whereas compression injuries led to rotator cuff weakness. In all cases treatment was separated into acute and rehabilitative management phases, however the time frames related to these differed. Acute interventions varied but essentially entailed soft tissue inflammation management. Rehabilitation approaches variously included strengthening of shoulder complex and cervical musculature. Return-to-play criteria was opaque. The methodological quality of the case reports was acceptable. Four met all nine of the JBI evaluation criteria, and a further three met at least 75% of items. Conclusion(s). There is a distinct lack of evidence supporting rehabilitation management of sports related brachial plexus injury. Through systematic review we found only eight reports, representing ten individual case studies. No trials, cohort studies, or even retrospective registry-based studies are available to inform clinical management, which, necessarily, is driven by expert opinion and application of basic rehabilitation principles. Declaration of Interest. (b) declare that there is no conflict of interest that could be perceived as prejudicing the impartiality of the research reported:I declare that there is no conflict of interest that could be perceived as prejudicing the impartiality of the research project

Abstract. Background. Femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) has been extensively investigated and is strongly associated with athletic participation. The aim of this systematic review is to assess: the prevalence of cam-type FAI across various sports, whether kinematic variation between sports influences hip morphology, and whether performance level, duration and frequency of participation or other factors influence hip morphology in a sporting population. Methods. A systematic search of Embase, PubMed and the Cochrane Library was undertaken following PRISMA guidelines. The study was registered on the PROSPERO database (CRD4202018001). Prospective and retrospective case series, case reports and review articles published after 1999 were screened and those which met the inclusion criteria decided a priori were included for analysis. Results. The literature search identified 58 relevant articles involving 5,683 participants. Forty-nine articles described a higher prevalence of FAI across various ‘hip-heavy’ sports, including soccer, basketball, baseball, ice hockey, skiing, golf and ballet. In studies including non-athlete controls, a greater prevalence of FAI was reported in 66.7% of studies (n=8/12). The highest alpha angle was identified at the 1 o'clock position (n=9/9) in football, skiing, golf, ice hockey and basketball. Maximal alpha angle was found to be located in a more lateral position in goalkeepers versus positional players in ice hockey (1 o'clock vs 1.45 o'clock). A positive correlation was also identified between the alpha angle and both age and activity level (n=5/8 and n=2/3, respectively) and also between prevalence of FAI and both age and activity level (n=2/2 and n=4/5), respectively. Conclusions. Hip-heavy sports show an increased prevalence of FAI, with specific sporting activities influencing hip morphology. Both a longer duration and increased level of training also resulted in an increased prevalence of FAI

Forearm fractures are a common paediatric injury. This study was aimed to describe the epidemiological of paediatric forearm fractures in the urban population of Glasgow. We reviewed of all the forearm fracture treated by the orthopaedic service in Yorkhill Children's Hospital in 2008. Datum gathered from case notes and radiographs using the prospective orthopaedic database to identify patients with forearm fractures. The age, sex, side and type of fracture, the timing and mechanism of the injury and treatment were documented for the 436 fractures. Census data were used to derive absolute age-specific incidences. Distinction was made between torus and other types of fractures. Torus fractures require no specific orthopaedic treatment and were segregated out. For the remaining 314 fractures, the age and sex distribution, seasonal variation of fractures and treatments for each type of fracture were examined. The incidence of forearm fractures in our population is 411 fractures per 100,000 population per year. An increased number of fractures occurred during the months of May and August. A fall from less than one metre was the commonest mechanism of injury, sporting injuries were the second commonest with football the most common sport associated. This study identifies some features which are in good agreement with studies from elsewhere in Britain, such as incidence and seasonality. However, there are also interesting differences – such as the Glasgow peak incidence for forearm fractures being at age 8, with a marked decline by 12 years. Furthermore, our findings have been extended to consideration of type of intervention, and likelihood of successful treatment

Introduction. In the US over half a million people are prescribed crutches each year. More than 750,000 wheelchair users exist in the UK and wheelchair and crutch users commonly develop shoulder pathology. The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of complex topographies on heart rate (HR) and thus energy expenditure, using a wheelchair and differing crutch designs on the exertional body stress. Method. Two Paralympics Athletes from the GB amputee football squad were assessed in a Lomax Active wheelchair and 5 different types of crutches in a randomly allocated order over a course representing everyday complex terrains at the Pedestrian Accessibility and Movement Environment Laboratory (PAMELA), University College London. In addition results were compared over the same course with the athletes using their own personal pair of crutches. The PAMELA course consisted of a mixture of 4% and 2.5% cross falls (transverse) and a simulated road crossing, sprint, slalom and a slow straight. Results. Initial findings show both athletes needed to work harder, thus spend more energy (13% more) to cope with the wheelchair tasks (2.6) than with the crutches(2.3). The Total Heart Beat Index (THBI) revealed that trying to ambulate with the crutches was more difficult in 4% cross fall (3.3) than on the longitudinal slopes (3.2), followed by 2.5% cross fall (2.85), slalom (2.1) and sprint (1.8). For the same tasks executed using a wheelchair the 2.5% gradient was shown to be the higher energy demanding (3.8), followed by the 4% (3.5), slopes (2.9), slalom (2.2) and sprint (2.1). Both participants reached a lower THBI (2.2) during the same task when using their own crutches. Conclusion. The results of this study imply that ambulation with crutches puts less burden than wheelchair. This might be due to the time these athletes spend with crutches, either in training or activities of daily living. Furthermore, the physical strain which they underwent during the complex terrains was clearly reflected on their heart rate. The setting of longer distances to collect more consistent HR data should be the focus of further research. The comparison in performance between athletes and the general population should also be investigated

Objectives

The aim of the current study was to assess whether calcaneal broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA) can predict whole body and regional dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA)-derived bone mass in healthy, Australian children and adolescents at different stages of maturity.