Burst fractures were simulated Burst fractures account for almost 30% of all spinal injuries, which may result in severe neurological deficit, spinal instability and hence life impairment1. The onset of the fracture is usually traumatic, caused by a high-energy impact loading. Comminution of the endplates and vertebral body, retropulsion of fragments within the canal and increase of the intrapedicular distance are typical indicators of the injury. Experimental and numerical studies have reported strain concentration at the base of the pedicles, suggesting that the posterior processes play a fundamental role in the fracture initiation2,3. However, little is known about the dynamic behaviour of the vertebra undergoing an impact load. The aim of this study was to provide an Summary Statement
Introduction
Percutaneous radiofrequency neurotomy of the lumbar medial branch is a widely accepted treatment for pain of the lumber intervertebral joints. However its success rate has varied among authors. One reason for this inconsistency is the lack of method for objective evaluation of whether the nerve has been sufficiently denervated or not. This study has made possible real time and accurate monitoring of whether electrocauterization is properly executed or not. The subjects were 50 patients with law back pain persisting for 3 months or longer in whom facet block or medial branch block of posterior ramus was only temporarily effective. They ranged in age from 19 to 76 years (mean 54 years) and were followed up for 1 year to 7 years and 1 month (mean 2 years and 9 months). In our percutaneous radiofrequency neurotomy, the target point of denervation is defined as the groove between the mammillary process and accessory process (1) and complex muscle action potentials (CMAPs) of multifidus muscles are used as an index for objective evaluation of the effects of denervation. Improvements were observed immediately after the treatment in 39 patients (78%). The effects of this treatment, once attained, remained over a long period, and the duration of effects was 18–20 months as estimated by the cumulative success rate calculated using the Kaplan-Meyer method. Patients must be carefully selected for percutaneous radiofrequency neurotomy to be consistently effective, all the more because the procedure is simple. However, it is a reliable method for denervation of the lumbar medial branch and long-term relief from pain can be expected. This therapy, therefore, is an effective alternative for the treatment of chronic pain due to lumbar intervertebral arthropathy that resists conservative treatments and disturbs daily living.
We dissected 12 fresh-frozen leg specimens to
identify the insertional footprint of each fascicle of the Achilles tendon
on the calcaneum in relation to their corresponding muscles. A further
ten embalmed specimens were examined to confirm an observation on
the retrocalcaneal bursa. The superficial part of the insertion
of the Achilles tendon is represented by fascicles from the medial
head of the gastrocnemius muscle, which is inserted over the entire
width of the inferior facet of the calcaneal tuberosity. In three
specimens this insertion was in continuity with the plantar fascia
in the form of periosteum. The deep part of the insertion of the
Achilles tendon is made of fascicles from the soleus tendon, which
insert on the medial aspect of the middle facet of the calcaneal
tuberosity, while the fascicles of the lateral head of the gastrocnemius
tendon insert on the lateral aspect of the middle facet of the calcaneal
tuberosity. A bicameral retrocalcaneal bursa was present in 15 of
the 22 examined specimens. This new observation and description of the insertional footprint
of the Achilles tendon and the retrocalcaneal bursa may allow a
better understanding of the function of each muscular part of the
gastrosoleus complex. This may have clinical relevance in the treatment
of Achilles tendinopathies. Cite this article:
Are there any patho-anatomical features that might predispose to primary knee OA? We investigated the 3D geometry of the load bearing zones of both distal femur and proximal tibias, in varus, straight and valgus knees. We then correlated these findings with the location of wear patches measured intra-operatively. Patients presenting with knee pain were recruited following ethics approval and consent. Hips, knees and ankles were CT-ed. Straight and Rosenburg weight bearing X-Rays were obtained. Excluded were: Ahlbäck grade “>1”, previous fractures, bone surgery, deformities, and any known secondary causes of OA. 72 knees were eligible. 3D models were constructed using Mimics (Materialise Inc, Belgium) and femurs oriented to a standard reference frame. Femoral condyle Extension