Aims. The pathogenesis of intraneural ganglion cysts is controversial. Recent reports in the literature described medial plantar intraneural ganglion cysts (mIGC) with articular branches to subtalar joints. The aim of the current study was to provide further support for the principles underlying the articular theory, and to explain the successes and failures of treatment of mICGs. Patients and Methods. Between 2006 and 2017, five patients with five mICGs were retrospectively reviewed. There were five men with a mean age of 50.2 years (33 to 68) and a mean follow-up of 3.8 years (0.8 to 6). Case history, physical examination, imaging, and intraoperative findings were reviewed. The outcomes of interest were ultrasound and/or MRI features of mICG, as well as the clinical outcomes. Results. The five intraneural cysts followed the principles of the unifying articular theory. Connection to the posterior subtalar joint (pSTJ) was identified or suspected in four patients. Re-evaluation of preoperative MRI demonstrated a degenerative pSTJ and denervation changes in the abductor hallucis in all patients. Cyst excision with resection of the articular branch (four), cyst incision and drainage (one), and percutaneous aspiration/steroid injection (two) were performed. Removing the connection to the pSTJ prevented recurrence of mIGC, whereas medial plantar nerves remained cystic and symptomatic when resection of the communicating articular branch was not performed. Conclusion. Our findings support a standardized treatment algorithm for mIGC in the presence of degenerative disease at the pSTJ. By understanding the pathoanatomic mechanism for every cyst, we can improve treatment that must address the articular branch to avoid the recurrence of intraneural ganglion cysts, as well as the degenerative pSTJ to avoid extraneural cyst formation or recurrence. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2018;100-B:183–9

Tendinopathy can commonly occur around the foot and ankle resulting in isolated rupture, debilitating pain and degenerative foot deformity. The pathophysiology and key cells involved are not fully understood. This is partly because the dense collagen matrix that surrounds relatively few resident cells limits the ability of previous techniques to identify and target those cells of interest. In this study, we apply novel single cell RNA sequencing (CITE-Seq) techniques to healthy and tendinopathic foot/ankle tendons. For the first time we have identified multiple sub-populations of cells in human tendons. These findings challenge the view that there is a single principal tendon cell type and open new avenues for further study. Healthy tendon samples were obtained from patients undergoing tendon transfer procedures; including tibialis posterior and FHL. Diseased tendon samples were obtained during debridement of intractable Achilles and peroneal tendinopathy, and during fusion of degenerative joints. Single cell RNA sequencing with surface proteomic analysis identified 10 sub-populations of human tendon derived cells. These included groups expressing genes associated with fibro-adipogenic progenitors (FAPs) as well as ITGA7+VCAM1- recently described in mouse muscle but, as yet, not human tendon. In addition we have identified previously unrecognised sub-classes of collagen type 1 associated tendon cells. Each sub-class expresses a different set of extra-cellular matrix genes suggesting they each play a unique role in maintaining the structural integrity of normal tendon. Diseased tendon harboured a greater proportion of macrophages and cytotoxic lymphocytes than healthy tendon. This inflammatory response is potentially driven by resident tendon fibroblasts which show increased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Finally, identification of a previously unknown sub-population of cells found predominantly in tendinopathic tissue offers new insight into the underlying pathophysiology. Further work aims to identify novel proteins targets for possible therapeutic pathways

Introduction. Severe, multiplanar, fixed, pantalar deformities present a challenge to orthopaedic surgeons. Surgical options include limb salvage or amputation. This study compares outcomes of patients with such deformities undergoing limb preservation with either pantalar fusion (PTF) or talectomy and tibiocalcaneal fusion (TCF), versus below knee amputation (BKA). Methods. Fifty-one patients undergoing either PTF, TCF and BKA for failed management of severe pantalar deformity were evaluated retrospectively. Twenty-seven patients underwent PTF, 8 TCF and 16 BKA. Median age at surgery was 55.0 years (17 to 72 years) and median follow-up duration was 49.9 months (18.0 to 253.7 months). Patients with chronic regional pain syndrome, tumour, acute trauma or diabetic Charcot arthropathy were excluded. Clinical evaluation was undertaken using the MOxFQ, EQ-5D and Special Interest Group in Amputee Medicine score (SIGAM). Patients were also asked whether they were satisfied with their surgical outcome and whether they would have the same surgery again. Results. There was no statistically significant difference in patient reported outcomes, satisfaction, or complication profile between the groups. Twenty-two patients undergoing PTF (81.5%), 6 patients undergoing TCF (75%), and 15 patients undergoing BKA (93.8%) were satisfied overall (p=0.414). Similarly, there was no difference in the proportion of patients who would opt for the same procedure again (p=0.142): 23 in the PTF group (85.2%), 8 in the TCF group (100%), and 11 in the BKA group (68.8%). Seven patients undergoing PTF (25.9%), 2 patients undergoing TCF (25%) and 6 patients undergoing BKA (37.5%) had major complications (p=0.692). Conclusion. This study has shown that PTF, TCF and BKA can all provide an acceptable outcome in treatment of severe, degenerative deformities of the lower extremity. Therefore, surgical decisions must be based on individual patient considerations. This data may also be useful in counselling patients when considering limb salvage versus amputation for severe deformity

Introduction. AlloStem/Cellular Bone Allograft and autologous bone graft are accepted methods for managing hindfoot degenerative arthritis. The purpose was to evaluate outcomes of AlloStem and autograft in subtalar arthrodesis and compare overall fusion rates. Methods. This study was conducted in IRB compliance. Patients between 18–80 years who qualified for a subtalar fusion were randomized 1:1 to AlloStem or autologous graft. The AOFAS hindfoot ankle scale, FFI-R and SF-12 were collected pre-operatively, 6 weeks, 3 & 6 months, 1 and 2 year. Weight-bearing 3-view ankle X-rays were done at the same intervals. A CT scan was obtained at 6 months. Results. 140 patients were enrolled; 124 patients had surgery(60-AlloStem and 64-Control). Withdrawals included 14 voluntarily before surgery and 2 intra-operative failures. 19 were lost to follow-up. Mean age for AlloStem was 56.69(20.3–79.6) and Autograft was 54.60(20.74–80.07). 59 AlloStem patients completed their 6 month visit and 45 completed 2 years. AOFAS score improved: 40.02 at pre-op to 72.16(6 mo) to 79.51 at 1 year and 80.38 at 2 year. SF-12 improved 58.29 at pre-op to 65.67 at 6 month and 71.59 at 2 year. FFI-R improved 236.88 at pre-op to 203.53 at 6 month 149.93 at 2 year.60 Autograft patients completed their 6 month visit and 51 patients completed their 2 year. AOFAS score improved 42.89 at pre-op to 75.67 (6 mo) to 79.75 at 1 year and 78.62 at 2 year. Autograft SF-12 improved 60.55 at pre-op to 70.40 at 6 month and 75.26 at 2 year. Autograft FFI-R improved 217.16 at pre-op to 166.77 at 6 month and 145.43 at 2 year. AlloStem patients had a mean posterior fusion rate of 28.9% at 6 months whereas the Autograft had 46.3%(p=.049). Non-union rates were AlloStem(9/57)(15.7%) whereas Autograft was 3/60(5%). Conclusion. AlloStem trended to be inferior to Autologous graft

Aims

The optimal management of posterior malleolar ankle fractures, a prevalent type of ankle trauma, is essential for improved prognosis. However, there remains a debate over the most effective surgical approach, particularly between screw and plate fixation methods. This study aims to investigate the differences in outcomes associated with these fixation techniques.

Aims

Surgical reconstruction of deformed Charcot feet carries a high risk of nonunion, metalwork failure, and deformity recurrence. The primary aim of this study was to identify the factors contributing to these complications following hindfoot Charcot reconstructions.

Aims. Few reports compare the contribution of the talonavicular articulation to overall range of movement in the sagittal plane after total ankle arthroplasty (TAA) and tibiotalar arthrodesis. The purpose of this study was to assess changes in ROM and functional outcomes following tibiotalar arthrodesis and TAA. Patients and Methods. Patients who underwent isolated tibiotalar arthrodesis or TAA with greater than two-year follow-up were enrolled in the study. Overall arc of movement and talonavicular movement in the sagittal plane were assessed with weight-bearing lateral maximum dorsiflexion and plantarflexion radiographs. All patients completed Short Form-12 version 2.0 questionnaires, visual analogue scale for pain (VAS) scores, and the Foot and Ankle Ability Measure (FAAM). Results. In all, 41 patients who underwent TAA and 27 patients who underwent tibiotalar arthrodesis were enrolled in the study. The mean total arc of movement was 34.2° (17.0° to 59.1°) with an average contribution from the talonavicular joint of 10.5° (1.2° to 28.8°) in the TAA cohort. The average total arc of movement was 24.3° (6.9° to 44.3°) with a mean contribution from the talonavicular joint of 22.8° (5.6° to 41.4°) in the arthrodesis cohort. A statistically significant difference was detected for both total sagittal plane movement (p = 0.00025), and for talonavicular motion (p < 0.0001). A statistically significant lower VAS score (p = 0.0096) and higher FAAM (p = 0.01, p = 0.019, respectively) was also detected in the TAA group. Conclusion. TAA preserves more anatomical movement, has better pain relief and better patient-perceived post-operative function compared with patients undergoing fusion. The relative increase of talonavicular movement in fusion patients may play a role in the outcomes compared with TAA and may predispose these patients to degenerative changes over time. Take home message: TAA preserves more anatomic sagittal plane motion and provides greater pain relief and better patient-perceived outcomes compared with ankle arthrodesis. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2016;98-B:634–40

Aims

This is a multicentre, non-inventor, prospective observational study of 503 INFINITY fixed bearing total ankle arthroplasties (TAAs). We report our early experience, complications, and radiological and functional outcomes.

Aims

Preoperative talar valgus deformity ≥ 15° is considered a contraindication for total ankle arthroplasty (TAA). We compared operative procedures and clinical outcomes of TAA in patients with talar valgus deformity ≥ 15° and < 15°.

Background. Hallux rigidus is a degenerative condition of the first metatarsophalangeal joint (MTPJ) of the great toe, which can result in significant pain and stiffness. Treatment using joint replacement, either by means of hemiarthroplasty or total arthroplasty of the metatarsophalangeal joint is becoming an increasingly popular option for patients with severe disease. Aim. To evaluate mid-term functional and radiological outcomes of a widely used first generation resurfacing arthroplasty system in the treatment of hallux rigidus. Method. Prospective review of patients from 2009 onwards. All patients were operated on by the senior author using the same first generation hemiarthroplasty prosthesis (HemiCAP®, Arthrosurface, USA) and surgical technique. Radiological and clinical outcomes were assessed at 3, 6, 12 and 24 months post-operatively. Patients were assessed pre- and post-operatively on an outpatient basis for MTPJ range of motion as well as outcomes using AOFAS and visual analogue scale scores. Results. 20 prostheses in 19 patients over a two year period. Mean follow-up was 18 months (range 12–24). Mean AOFAS score improved from 38.66 pre-operatively to 74.93 at 12 months post-operatively. Mean VAS score improved from 9.95 pre-operatively to 4.05 post-operatively. There was radiological subsidence in one patient. 5 patients (26%) required revision to arthrodesis due to ongoing pain and stiffness. Conclusion. Despite significant improvements in functional scores and positive radiological outcomes in most patients, we have seen high revision rates with this first generation prosthesis due to ongoing pain and stiffness. Since this study, there has been a redesign of this implant with the addition of a dorsal flange, but the first generation prosthesis still remains in use. Following our results, we have discontinued our use of this product in favour of either the newer generation hemiarthroplasty or total arthroplasty system for patients with severe hallux rigidus

We present a series of 16 patients treated between 1993 and 2006 who had a failed total ankle replacement converted to an arthrodesis using bone grafting with internal fixation. We used tricortical autograft from the iliac crest to preserve the height of the ankle, the malleoli and the subtalar joint. A successful arthrodesis was achieved at a mean of three months (1.5 to 4.5) in all patients except one, with rheumatoid arthritis and severe bone loss, who developed a nonunion and required further fixation with an intramedullary nail at one year after surgery, before obtaining satisfactory fusion. The post-operative American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society score improved to a mean of 70 (41 to 87) with good patient satisfaction. From this series and an extensive review of the literature we have found that rates of fusion after failed total ankle replacement in patients with degenerative arthritis are high. We recommend our method of arthrodesis in this group of patients. A higher rate of nonunion is associated with rheumatoid arthritis which should be treated differently

We have evaluated the clinical effectiveness of a metal resurfacing inlay implant for osteochondral defects of the medial talar dome after failed previous surgical treatment. We prospectively studied 20 consecutive patients with a mean age of 38 years (20 to 60), for a mean of three years (2 to 5) post-surgery. There was statistically significant reduction of pain in each of four situations (i.e., rest, walking, stair climbing and running; p ≤ 0.01). The median American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society ankle-hindfoot score improved from 62 (interquartile range (IQR) 46 to 72) pre-operatively to 87 (IQR 75 to 95) at final follow-up (p < 0.001). The Foot and Ankle Outcome Score improved on all subscales (p ≤ 0.03). The mean Short-Form 36 physical component scale improved from 36 (23 to 50) pre-operatively to 45 (29 to 55) at final follow-up (p = 0.001); the mental component scale did not change significantly. On radiographs, progressive degenerative changes of the opposing tibial plafond were observed in two patients. One patient required additional surgery for the osteochondral defect. This study shows that a metal implant is a promising treatment for osteochondral defects of the medial talar dome after failed previous surgery. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2013;95-B:1650–5

Aims

In the context of tendon degenerative disorders, the need for innovative conservative treatments that can improve the intrinsic healing potential of tendon tissue is progressively increasing. In this study, the role of pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMFs) in improving the tendon healing process was evaluated in a rat model of collagenase-induced Achilles tendinopathy.

Aims

Arthroplasty for end-stage hallux rigidus (HR) is controversial. Arthrodesis remains the gold standard for surgical treatment, although is not without its complications, with rates of up to 10% for nonunion, 14% for reoperation and 10% for metatarsalgia. The aim of this study was to analyze the outcome of a double-stemmed silastic implant (Wright-Medical, Memphis, Tennessee, USA) for patients with end-stage HR.

Persistent pain is a common cause of disability in patients after fractures of the calcaneum. Amongst the possible causes for post traumatic pain is the development of degenerative osteoarthritis of the posterior facet of the subtalar joint. However there are many other causes of post-traumatic hindfoot pain which require consideration prior to treatment. Knowledge of the patho-anatomy of calcaneal fractures is required to reach an accurate diagnosis. Significant symptoms and disability may be treated by arthrodesis of the subtalar joint. Post-traumatic arthritis in the non-operatively treated calcaneal fracture is however usually associated with deformity of the hindfoot, disordered hindfoot biomechanics, lateral wall fibular impingement and fibular tendon dysfunction. Fractures treated by primary open reduction and fixation should be well aligned but despite anatomic reduction may also develop posterior facet arthritis. Symptoms may also be caused by prominence or impingement of the implant, particularly of locked perimeter plates on the lateral wall. Patients therefore require careful assessment prior to surgery and any operative measures have to address these key features in order to produce a satisfactory clinical result. This lecture will address the potential problems of this type of surgery and key features in the clinical assessment and imaging of these patients. Subtalar arthrodesis in the presence of deformity is technically complex and requires careful planning in order to correct the deformity and to produce a well aligned hindfoot to allow corrected biomechanics without impingement and the fitment of suitable footwear. The surgical techniques and different types of surgery required to adequately manage the posterior facet and deformity will be covered and will include arthroscopically assisted in-situ fusion, the safe approaches for open surgery and techniques to reconstruct the lateral wall, fibular tendon function and osteotomies required to restore calcaneal height and alignment

Aims

The purpose of this study was to determine the functional outcome and implant survivorship of mobile-bearing total ankle arthroplasty (TAA) performed by a single surgeon.

Aims

Arthroscopically controlled fracture reduction in combination with percutaneous screw fixation may be an alternative approach to open surgery to treat talar neck fractures. The purpose of this study was thus to present preliminary results on arthroscopically reduced talar neck fractures.

Sporting injuries around the ankle vary from simple sprains that will resolve spontaneously within a few days to severe injuries which may never fully recover and may threaten the career of a professional athlete. Some of these injuries can be easily overlooked altogether or misdiagnosed with potentially devastating effects on future performance. In this review article, we cover some of the common and important sporting injuries involving the ankle including updates on their management and outcomes.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2016;98-B:874–83.

Aims

The mainstay of surgical correction of hallux valgus is first metatarsal osteotomy, either proximally or distally. We present a technique of combining a distal chevron osteotomy with a proximal opening wedge osteotomy, for the correction of moderate to severe hallux valgus.

Aims

This retrospective cohort study compared the results of vascularised and non-vascularised anterior sliding tibial grafts for the treatment of osteoarthritis (OA)of the ankle secondary to osteonecrosis of the talus.