Background. A wide array of measures has been developed to assess the role of psychological factors in the development and persistence of pain. Yet there is likely to be considerable conceptual overlap between such measures, and consequently a lack of clarity about the importance of psychological factors. Purpose. To investigate whether conceptual overlap exists within psychological measures used in back pain research. Methods. An observational cohort study of 1591 back pain primary care consulters provided data on anxiety, depression, self-efficacy,
With around 20–40% of our bodyweight, skeletal muscles are the biggest organ complex of the human body. Being a metabolic active tissue, muscle mass, function and fibertype composition is highly regulated in a tight spatial-temporal manner. In geriatric patients, it is essentially important to understand the underlying mechanisms of the age related losses of fiber size and total number of fibers, as well as fibertype shifting. To date, there have been few studies dealing with gene expression profiling of skeletal muscles, mostly focusing on age related differences in whole-muscle specimen. Being carried out on mouse or rat limb muscles, most other studies do not represent the conditions of human muscle, due to the differences in fibertype composition. Our study provides a fibertype-specific approach for whole-genome expression analysis in human skeletal muscle. 22 fresh frozen biceps brachii and quadriceps femoris muscle samples were acquired from the muscle bank of the Friedrich-Baur-Institut, Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany. Consecutive cross-sections were used for immunohistochemical myosine-heavy-chain-staining and individual fibers were acquired by laser-capture-microdissection. Around 100 cells of each fibertype of each biopsy were dissected, reversely transcribed, pre-amplified and labeled for microarray analysis. Fiber type-specific gene expression was analyzed with ANOVA. Correction for multiple testing was performed using the Benjamini-Hochberg procedure with a conservative threshold and the pathway analysis was carried out using the Ingenuity Pathway Analysis program (QIAGEN). By comparing type I vs. type IIa, type I vs. type IIx and type IIa vs. type IIx, we could identify 2855, 2865 and 510 differentially expressed genes. As expected, many differentially regulated genes belong to functional groups like cytoskeleton, muscle contraction and energy metabolism, proving the feasibility of our study. However, many genes that are involved in the response to oxidative stress were also differently regulated, showing distinct mechanisms of the different fiber types, of
Background. Knee replacement surgery is currently facing three dilemmas: a high dissatisfaction rate; increasing demand with financial constraints; and variation in utilisation. A patient centred approach, usually achieved through shared decision-making, has the potential to help address these dilemmas. However, such an approach requires an understanding of the factors involved in patient decision-making. This is the first study examining decision-making in knee replacements that includes patients at different stages of decision-making – this is critical when considering decision-making as a process. We base our findings in a theoretical model, proposed by Elwyn et al, that highlights the distinction between deliberation and decision-making, and propose modifications to this model specific to knee replacement decision-making. Methods. This study used two focus groups of six patients each and in-depth interviews with 10 patients to examine the factors that affect patient decision-making and their interaction at different points in the decision-making process. A qualitative analysis of themes, based on a constant comparative method, is used to analyse the data. This study was approved by the Dyfed Powys Research Ethics Committee (13/WA/0140). Results. We describe 10 themes that affect patient deliberation over the decision: decision-making style;
Background. People with back pain often experience long-term pain with recurrences and fluctuations. However, few studies have considered which factors predict long-term outcomes. Purpose. To determine the prognostic factors, measured around the time of a primary care back pain consultation, that predict clinically significant pain in both the short (6 months) and long-term (5 years). Methods. Back pain consulters at 8 GP practices received a questionnaire shortly after consultation. Information was collected on potential prognostic factors: demographics (age, gender, educational, social class), physical (pain, disability, pain duration, distal leg pain), psychological (illness perceptions,
