Abstract. Purpose. Intracanal rib head penetration is a well-known entity in dystrophic scoliotic curves in neurofibromatosis type 1. There is potential for spinal cord injury if this is not recognised and managed appropriately. No current CT-based classification system is currently in use to quantify rib head penetration. This study aims to propose and evaluate a novel CT-based classification for rib head penetration primarily for neurofibromatosis but which can also be utilised in other conditions of rib head penetration. Materials and methods. The grading was developed as four grades: normal rib head (RH) position—Grade 0, subluxed ext-racanal RH position—Grade 1, RH at pedicle—Grade 2, intracanal RH—Grade 3. Grade 3 was further classified depending on the head position in the canal divided into thirds. Rib head penetration into proximal third (from ipsilateral side)—Grade 3A, into the middle third—Grade 3B and into the distal third—Grade 3C. Seventy-five axial CT images of Neurofibromatosis Type 1 patients in the paediatric age group were reviewed by a radiologist and a spinal surgeon independently to assess interobserver and intraobserver agreement of the novel CT classification. Agreement analysis was performed using the weighted Kappa statistic. Results. There was substantial interobserver correlation with mean Kappa score (k = 0.8, 95% CI 0.7–0.9) and near perfect intraobserver Kappa of 1.0 (95% CI 0.9–1.0) and 0.9 (95% CI 0.9–1.0) for the two readers. Conclusion. The novel CT-based classification quantifies rib head penetration which aids in management planning

Classifying trochlear dysplasia (TD) is useful to determine the treatment options for patients suffering from patellofemoral instability (PFI). There is no consensus on which classification system is more reliable and reproducible for this purpose to guide clinicians in order to treat PFI. There are also concerns about validity of the Dejour classification (DJC), which is the most widely used classification for TD, having only a fair reliability score. The Oswestry-Bristol classification (OBC) is a recently proposed system of classification of TD and the authors report a fair-to-good interobserver agreement and good-to-excellent intra-observer agreement in the assessment of TD. The aim of this study was to compare the reliability and reproducibility of these two classifications. 6 assessors (4 consultants and 2 registrars) independently evaluated 100 magnetic resonance axial images of the patella-femoral joint for TD and classified them according to OBC and DJC. These assessments were again repeated by all raters after 4 weeks. The inter and intra-observer reliability scores were calculated using Cohen's kappa and Cronbach's alpha. Both classifications showed good to excellent interobserver reliability with high alpha scores. The OBC classification showed a substantial intra-observer agreement (mean kappa 0.628)[p<0.005] whereas the DJC showed a moderate agreement (mean kappa 0.572) [p<0.005]. There was no significant difference in the kappa values when comparing the assessments by consultants to those by registrars, in either classification systems. This large study from a non-founding institute shows both classification systems to be reliable for classifying TD based on magnetic resonance axial images of the patella-femoral joint, with the simple to use OBC having a higher intra-observer reliability score compared to the DJC

Abstract. Purpose. No clinical CT based classification system is currently in use for Lumbar Foraminal Stenosis. MRI scanners are not easily available, are expensive and may be contraindicated in an increasing number of patients. This study aims to propose and evaluate the reproducibility of a novel CT based classification for lumbar foraminal stenosis. Materials and Methods. The grading was developed as 4 grades. Normal foramen – Grade 0, Anteroposterior(AP)/Superoinferior (SI)(single plane) fat compression – Grade 1, Both AP/SI compression (two planes) – Grade 2 (both AP and SI) without distortion of nerve root, Grade 2 with distortion of nerve root – Grade 3. 800 lumbar foramen of a cohort of 100 random patients over the age of 60 who had undergone both CT and MRI scans were reviewed by two radiologists independently to assess agreement of the novel CT classification against the MRI based grading system of Lee et al. Interobserver(n=400) and intraobserver agreement(n=160) was also evaluated. Agreement analysis was performed using the Weighted Kappa statistic. Results. 100 patients (M:F = 45:55) with a mean age of 68.5 years (range 60 – 83 years were included in the study. The duration between CT and MRI scans was 98 days(range 0 – 540, SD – 108). There was good correlation between CT and MRI with Kappa scores (k=0.81) and intraobserver Kappa of 0.89 and 0.98 for the two readers. Conclusion. The novel CT based classification correlates well with the MRI grading system and can safely and accurately replace it where required

Aim. To classify Fracture-related Infection (FRI) allowing comparison of clinical studies and to guide decision-making around the main surgical treatment concepts. Method. An international group of FRI experts met in Lisbon, June 2022 and proposed a new FRI classification. A core group met during the EBJIS Meeting in Graz, 2022 and on-line, to determine the preconditions, purpose, primary factors for inclusion, format and the detailed description of the elements of an FRI Classification. Results. Historically, FRI was classified by time from injury alone (early, delayed or late). Time produces pathophysiological changes which affect the bone, the soft-tissues and the patient general health, over a continuum. No definitive cut-off is therefore possible. Also, in several studies, time was not identified as an independent predictor of outcome. The most important primary factors were characteristics of the fracture (F), relevant systemic co-morbidities of the patient (R) and impairment of the soft-tissue envelope (I). These factors determine FRI severity, choice of treatment method and are predictors of outcome. For the fracture (F), the state of healing, the potential for bone healing and the presence or absence of a bone defect are critical factors. Co-morbidities are listed and the degree of end-organ damage is important (R). The ability to close the wound directly or the need for soft tissue reconstruction determines the impairment of the soft tissue component (I). Hence the FRI Classification was designed. The final proposal of the FRI Classification is presented here. The new classification has five stages; from simple cases of infected healed fractures, in healthy individuals with good soft tissues (Stage 1), through unhealed fractures with variable potential for bone healing (Stages 2, 3 or 4) to Stage 5, with no limb-sparing or reconstructive options. For instance, the need for a free flap (I4), over a well-healed fracture (F1), in a patient with 2 co-morbidities (R2) gives a classification of F1R2I4 for that patient. Conclusions. This novel approach to FRI classification builds on previous work in osteomyelitis, PJI and chronic medical conditions. It focusses attention on the elements of the disease which need treatment. It now requires validation in large patient cohorts. On behalf of the FRI Classification Consensus Group

Dysmorphic pelves are a known risk factor for malpositioned iliosacral screws. Improved understanding of pelvic morphology will minimise the risk of screw misplacement, neurovascular injuries and failed fixation. Existing classifications for sacral anatomy are complex and impractical for clinical use. We propose a CT-based classification using variations in pelvic anatomy to predict the availability of transosseous corridors across the sacrum. The classification aims to refine surgical planning which may reduce the risk of surgical complications. The authors postulated 4 types of pelves. The “superior most point of the sacroiliac joint” (sSIJ) typically corresponds with the mid-lower half of the L5 vertebral body. Hence, “the anterior cortex of L5” (L5. a. ) was divided to reference 3 distinct pelvic groups. A 4. th. group is required to represent pelves with a lumbosacral transitional vertebra. The proposed classification:. A – sSIJ is above the midpoint of L5. a. B – sSIJ is between the midpoint and the lowest point of L5. a. C – sSIJ is below the lowest point of L5. a. D – pelves with a lumbosacral transitional vertebra. Specific measures such as the width of the S1 and S2 axial and coronal corridors and the S1 lateral mass angles were used to differentiate between pelvic types. Three-hundred pelvic CT scans were classified into their respective types. Analysis of the specific measures mentioned above illustrated the significant difference between each pelvic type. Changes in the size of S1 and S2 axial corridors formed a pattern that was unique for each pelvic type. The intra- and inter-observer ratings were 0.97 and 0.95 respectively. Distinct relationships between the sizes of S1 and S2 axial corridors informed our recommendations on trans-sacral or iliosacral fixation, number and orientation of screws for each pelvic type. This classification utilises variations in the posterior pelvic ring to offer a planning guide for the insertion of iliosacral screws

Distal radius fractures (DRFs) are one of the most common types of fracture and one which is often treated surgically. Standard X-rays are obtained for DRFs, and in most cases that have an intra-articular component, a routine CT is also performed. However, it is estimated that CT is only required in 20% of cases and therefore routine CT's results in the overutilisation of resources burdening radiology and emergency departments. In this study, we explore the feasibility of using deep learning to differentiate intra- and extra-articular DRFs automatically and help streamline which fractures require a CT. Retrospectively x-ray images were retrieved from 615 DRF patients who were treated with an ORIF at the Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital. The images were classified into AO Type A, B or C fractures by three training registrars supervised by a consultant. Deep learning was utilised in a two-stage process: 1) localise and focus the region of interest around the wrist using the YOLOv5 object detection network and 2) classify the fracture using a EfficientNet-B3 network to differentiate intra- and extra-articular fractures. The distal radius region of interest (ROI) detection stage using the ensemble model of YOLO networks detected all ROIs on the test set with no false positives. The average intersection over union between the YOLO detections and the ROI ground truth was Error! Digit expected.. The DRF classification stage using the EfficientNet-B3 ensemble achieved an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.82 for differentiating intra-articular fractures. The proposed DRF classification framework using ensemble models of YOLO and EfficientNet achieved satisfactory performance in intra- and extra-articular fracture classification. This work demonstrates the potential in automatic fracture characterization using deep learning and can serve to streamline decision making for axial imaging helping to reduce unnecessary CT scans

Complications are an inevitable part of orthopaedic surgery, how one defines complications can have an impact on the ability to learn from them. A group of general surgeons headed by Clavien and Dindo et al.1 have previously published their classification system for surgical complications based on the type of therapy required to correct the complication. Our aim was to evaluate a modification of this classification system and its use over a 12-month period at our institution via our departmental audits, our hypothesis being that this would direct appropriate discussion around our complications and hence learning and institutional change. A modified Clavien-Dindo Classification was prospectively applied to all complications recorded in the Orthopaedic departmental quarterly audits at our institution for a 12-month period (4 audits). The audit discussion was recorded and analysed and compared with the quarterly complication audits for the preceding 12-month period. The modified Clavien-Dindo classification for surgical complications was applicable and reproducible to Orthopaedic complications in our level 1 trauma centre. It is a transparent system, objective in its interpretation and avoids the tendency to down-grade serious complications. It was easy to apply and directed discussion appropriately at our quarterly audit meetings on complications where there was a preventable outcome or important learning point. In particular modifications to VTE and Death classes allowed the unit to focus discussion on cases where complication was preventable or unexpected. The modified Clavien-Dindo classification system is an easy to use and reproducible classification system for Orthopaedic complications in our unit it directed audit discussion towards cases where complications were preventable or had a learning point

Aim. To compare outcomes of PJI in relation to treatment method versus classification using the JS-BACH system. Method. Patients having surgery for EBJIS Criteria Confirmed PJI between 2010–2015 were included. Index surgical procedures were 1-stage or 2-stage revision or debridement and implant retention (DAIR). Patients completed the EuroQol EQ-5D-3L questionnaire and were followed clinically to a median of 4.7 years (IQR 2.7–6.7 years). Patients were stratified using the JS-BACH classification1 into either ‘Uncomplicated’, ‘Complex’ or having ‘Limited treatment options’, by two separate classifiers, blinded to clinical outcome. Results. 216 patients met the inclusion criteria. There were 51 patients classified as Uncomplicated (23.6%), 127 (58.8%) as Complex and 38 (17.6%) having Limited treatment options. Patients underwent either DAIR (n=97), 1-stage (n=35) or 2-stage (n=84) revision. Patients classified as Uncomplicated PJI had the lowest risk of recurrence or treatment failure, regardless of index procedure performed. Complex patients were significantly more likely than Uncomplicated patients to have recurrence following 2-stage revision (Odds Ratio 1.85; p=0.040) or DAIR (OR 1.83; p=0.037), but not 1-stage revision (OR 0.518; p=0.675). Limited treatment option patients had the highest recurrence risk regardless of index procedure (1-stage: OR 2.5 p=0.036; 2-stage: OR 3.3 p=0.004; DAIR: OR 3.40 p=0.006). At one year after surgery, Uncomplicated patients had the highest EQ-index scores (a marker of Quality of Life), with all treatments (EQ-5D-3L mean index scores; Uncomp 0.773, Complex 0.512, Limited Options 0.310: p<0.01). Differences in patient-reported outcomes were greater between the JS-BACH classification groups than between any methods of treatment. Conclusions. The JS-BACH classification effectively predicted outcome after three common PJI treatments. Comparing outcomes between treatments, without stratification of the patients, may be misleading as factors other than treatment method have a major effect on outcome. Classification may allow better allocation of individual treatments to provide optimal outcome for patients

In 2021, Vigdorchik et al. published a large multicentre study validating their simple Hip-Spine Classification for determining patient-specific acetabular component positioning in total hip arthroplasty (THA). The purpose of our study was to apply this Hip-Spine Classification to a sample of Australian patients undergoing THA surgery to determine the local acetabular component positioning requirements. Additionally, we propose a modified algorithm for adjusting cup anteversion requirements. 790 patients who underwent THA surgery between January 2021 and June 2022 were assessed for anterior pelvic plane tilt (APPt) and sacral slope (SS) in standing and relaxed seated positions and categorized according to their spinal stiffness and flatback deformity. Spinal stiffness was measured using pelvic mobility (PM); the ΔSS between standing and relaxed seated. Flatback deformity was defined by APPt <-13° in standing. As in Vigdorchik et al., PM of <10° was considered a stiff spine. For our algorithm, PM of <20° indicated the need for increased cup anteversion. Using this approach, patient-specific cup anteversion is increased by 1° for every degree the patient's PM is <20°. According to the Vigdorchik simple Hip-Spine classification groups, we found: 73% Group 1A, 19% Group 1B, 5% Group 2A, and 3% Group 2B. Therefore, under this classification, 27% of Australian THA patients would have an elevated risk of dislocation due to spinal deformity and/or stiffness. Under our modified definition, 52% patients would require increased cup anteversion to address spinal stiffness. The Hip-Spine Classification is a simple algorithm that has been shown to indicate to surgeons when adjustments to acetabular cup anteversion are required to account for spinal stiffness or flatback deformity. We investigated this algorithm in an Australian population of patients undergoing THA and propose a modified approach: increasing cup anteversion by 1° for every degree the patient's PM is <20°

Objective. The aim of the study was to evaluate inter observer reliability and intra observer reproducibility between the three column classification using 3D CT reconstruction models and schatzker classification systems using 2D CT models. Materials and methods. Fifty two consecutive patients with tibial plateau fractures were evaluated by two orthopaedic surgeons. All patients were classified into Schatzker and three column classification systems using CTimages. The Images were evaluated in a randomised and blind fashion. Demographics of the patient were blinded to reduce observer bias. The inter observer reliability was measured for both classfications in round one. In round two the process was repeated after two weeks and the intra observer reproducibility was measured using cohen kappa coefficient and level of agreement based on Landis and Koch. Results. The average inter observer reliability for schatzker classification in round one were (k2D=0.661, 95% CI 0.531–0.697) in round two (k2D = 0.673, 95% CI 0.451–0.774). The three column classification average in round one were (k3D=0.851 95% CI 0.705–0.968), in round two (k3D=0.929 95% CI 0.813–1.00). The average intra observer reproducibility for Schatzker classification in round two for the first obsrever were (k2D=0.689 IQR, 0.6–0.846) for observer two (k2D=0.656 IQR 0.2988–1.0). The average intra observer reproducibility for three column for observer one were (k3D=0.693 IQR, 0.484-.859), for observer two (k3D=0.711 IQR, 0.5185–0.8294). 31 % of patients had a posterior column involvement. Conclusion. Statistically significant inter observer values in both rounds were noted with the three column classification making it, statistically an excellent agreement. The intra observer reproducibility for the three column classification improved as compared to the schatzker classification. The three column classification seems to be effective way to characterise and classify fractures of tibial plateau

This study aims to implement and assess the inter and intra-reliability of a modernised radiolucency assessment system; the Radiolucency In cemented Stemmed Knee (RISK) arthroplasty classification. Furthermore, we assessed the distribution of regions affected by radiolucency in patients undergoing stemmed cemented knee arthroplasty. Stemmed knee arthroplasty cases over 7-year period at a single institution were retrospectively identified and reviewed. The RISK classification system identifies five zones in the femur and five zones in the tibia in both the anteroposterior (AP) and lateral planes. Post-operative and follow-up radiographs were scored for radiolucency by four blinded reviewers at two distinct time points four weeks apart. Reliability was assessed using the kappa statistic. A heat map was generated to demonstrate the reported regions of radiolucency. 29 cases (63 radiographs) of stemmed knee arthroplasty were examined radiographically using the RISK system. Intra-reliability (0.83) and Inter-reliability (0.80) scores were both consistent with a strong level of agreement using the kappa scoring system. Radiolucency was more commonly associated with the tibial component (76.6%) compared to the femoral component (23.3%), and the tibial anterior-posterior (AP) region 1 (medial plateau) was the most affected (14.9%). The RISK classification system is a reliable assessment tool for evaluating radiolucency around stemmed knee arthroplasty using defined zones on both AP and lateral radiographs. Zones of radiolucency identified in this study may be relevant to implant survival and corresponded well with zones of fixation, which may help inform future research

Objectives. Open fracture classification systems are limited in their use. Our objective was to classify open tibia and femur fractures using the OTS classification system in a region with high incidence of gunshot fractures. One hundred and thirty-seven patients with diaphyseal tibia and femur open fractures were identified from a prospectively collected cohort of patients. This database contained all cases (closed and open fractures) of tibial and femoral intramedullary nailed patients older than 18 years old during the period of September 2017 to May 2021. Exclusion criteria included closed fractures, non-viable limbs, open fractures > 48 hours to first surgical debridement and patients unable to follow up over a period of 12 months (a total of 24). Open fractures captured and classified in the HOST study using the Gustilo-Anderson classification, were reviewed and reclassified using the OTS open fracture classification system, analysing gunshot fractures in particular. Ninety percent were males with a mean age of 34. Most common mechanism was civilian gunshot wounds (gsw) in 54.7% of cases. In 52.6% of cases soft tissue management was healing via secondary intention, these not encompassed in the classification. Fracture classification was OTS Simple in 23.4%, Complex B in 24.1% and 52.6% of cases unclassified. The OTS classification system was not comprehensive in the classification of open tibia and femur fractures in a setting of high incidence of gunshot fractures. An amendment has been proposed to alter acute management to appropriate wound care and to subcategorise Simple into A and B subdivisions; no soft tissue intervention and primary closure respectively. This will render the OTS classification system more inclusive to all open fractures of all causes with the potential to better guide patient care and clinical research

Aim. This study assesses the ability of the JS-BACH classification of bone infection to predict clinical and patient-reported outcomes in prosthetic joint infection (PJI). Method. Patients who received surgery for suspected PJI at two specialist bone infection centres within the UK between 2010 and 2015 were classified using the JS-BACH classification into either ‘uncomplicated’, ‘complex’ or ‘limited options’. All patients were classified by two clinicians blinded to outcome, with any discrepancies adjudicated by a third reviewer. At the most recent follow-up, patients were assessed for (i) any episode of recurrence since the index operation and (ii) the status of the joint. A Cox proportional-hazard model assessed significant predictors of recurrence following the index procedure. Patient-reported outcomes included the EuroQol EQ-5D-3L index score and the EQ-visual analogue score (VAS) at 0, 14, 42, 120 and 365 days following the index operation. Results. 220 patients met the inclusion criteria during the study period which included PJI of the knee (n=111), hip (n=102), shoulder (n=4) and elbow (n=3). The median time to final follow-up was 4.7 years (inter-quartile range 2.7 – 6.7 years). Controlling for type of index procedure and site of infection, Cox proportional-hazards ratio of recurrence when being classified as complex versus uncomplicated was 25.2 (95% CI 3.45 – 183.7, p<0.001) and having limited options verses uncomplicated was 59.0 (95% CI 7.93 – 439.1, p<0.001). None of the patients who were classified as ‘uncomplicated’ PJI (0/52) had received either amputation, joint fusion, excision arthroplasty, chronic suppressive anti-biotics, had died from sepsis secondary to PJI or were awaiting treatment for an active infection at final follow-up. This compared to 21.3% (27/127) of patients classified as ‘complex’ PJI and 65.9% (27/41) of patients classified as ‘limited options’. Compared to the age-matched population, patients with ‘uncomplicated’ PJI reported similar EQ-index scores (age-matched population: 0.782, ‘uncomplicated’: 0.730, SD 0.326) and EQ-VAS (age-matched: 77.9, ‘uncomplicated’ PJI: 79.4, SD 20.9). This was significantly higher when compared to patients classified as ‘complex’ (EQ-index: 0.515 SD 0.323, p<0.012; EQ-VAS: 68.4 SD 19.4, p=0.042) and ‘limited options’ (EQ-index: 0.333 SD 0.383, p<0.001; EQ-VAS: 60.2, SD 23.1, p=0.005, ANOVA with Tukey post-hoc comparison). Conclusions. We have demonstrated that the JS-BACH classification for bone and joint infection is a significant predictor of clinical outcome and quality of life following surgery for PJI. This will allow clinicians to offer prognostic information to patients and guide the timing of referral for specialist management in PJI

The Gartland extension-type supracondylar humerus fracture is the most common elbow fracture in the paediatric population. Depending on fracture classification, treatment options range from nonoperative treatment such as taping, splinting or casting to operative treatments such as closed reduction and percutaneous pinning or open reduction. Classification variability between surgeons is a potential contributing factor to existing controversy over nonoperative versus operative treatment for Type II supracondylar fractures. The purpose of this study was to investigate levels of agreement in classification of extension-type supracondylar humerus fractures using the Gartland classification system. A retrospective chart review was conducted on patients aged 2–12 years who had sustained an extension-type supracondylar fracture and received either operative or nonoperative treatment at a tertiary children's hospital. De-identified baseline anteroposterior (AP) and lateral plain elbow radiographs were provided along with a brief summary of the modified Gartland classification system to surgeons across Canada, United States, Australia, United Kingdom and India. Each surgeon was blinded to patient treatment and asked to classify the fractures as Type I, IIA, IIB or III according to the classification system provided. A total of 21 paediatric orthopaedic surgeons completed one round of classification, of these, 15 completed a second round using the same radiographs in a reshuffled order. Kappa values using pre-determined weighted kappa coefficients were calculated to assess interobserver and intraobserver levels of agreement. In total, 60 sets of baseline elbow radiographs were provided to survey respondents. Interobserver agreement for classification based on the Gartland criteria between surgeons was a mean of 0.68, 95% CI [0.67, 0.69] (0.61–0.80 considered substantial agreement). Intraobserver agreement was a mean of 0.80 [0.75, 0.84]. (0.61–0.80 substantial agreement, 0.81–1 almost perfect agreement). Radiographic classification of extension-type supracondylar humerus fractures at baseline demonstrated substantial agreement both between and within surgeon raters. Levels of agreement are substantial enough to suggest that classification variability is not a major contributing factor to variability in treatment between surgeons for Type II supracondylar fractures. Further research is needed to compare patient outcomes between nonoperative and operative treatment for these fractures, so as to establish consensus and a standardized treatment protocol for optimal patient care across centres

INTRODUCTION. The Dorr Bone Classification, devised in 1993 is commonly used to categorize bone types prior to hip reconstruction. The purpose of the present study is to quantify the Dorr classification system using 4 morphologic parameters – morphologic cortical index (MCI), canal-flare index (CFI), canal-bone ratio (CBR), and canal-calcar ratio (CCR). METHODS. 816 hips were reviewed. Demographic data reviewed includes age, sex, and laterality. Each hip was reviewed by 2 separate evaluators for Dorr classification. The MCI, CCR, CBR, and CFI were calculated for each hip on anteroposterior radiographs (Fig 1). One-way ANOVA statistical analysis was used to examine if there are mean differences for each measurement. IRB approval was obtained before collection of data. RESULTS. The average age of patients was 61 (range 20–96). There were 367 left hips and 449 right hips. The prevalence of Dorr A was 45.8%. The prevalence of Dorr B bone was 38.9% and of Dorr C bone was 15.3%. One-way ANOVA analysis confirmed the mean differences for each measurement. Measurements of the MCI, CCR, CBR, and CFI were statistically significantly different between the three types of bone. The MCI and CFI were significantly higher in Type A than Type B and higher in Type B than Type C. The CBR and CCR were significantly lower in Type A than Type B and lower in Type B than Type C. DISCUSSION. To our knowledge, the present study is the first to attempt to quantify the Dorr Bone classification system using MCI, CCR, CBR, and CFI using a large series of patients. Classification of the proximal femur geometry is important as it may play a role in implant fixation for patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty (THA). Furthermore, this information can be used to guide future implant choices

Hip dysplasia has traditionally been classified based on the lateral centre edge angle (LCEA). A recent meta-analysis demonstrated no definite consensus and a significant heterogeneity in LCEA values used in various studies to define hip dysplasia and borderline dysplasia. To overcome the shortcomings of classifying hip dysplasia based on just LCEA, a comprehensive classification for adult acetabular dysplasia (CCAD) was proposed to classify symptomatic hips into three discrete prototypical patterns of hip instability, lateral/global, anterior, or posterior. The purpose of this study was to assess the reliability of this recently published CCAD. One thirty four consecutive hips that underwent a PAO were categorized using a validated software (Hip2Norm) into four categories of normal, lateral/global, anterior or psosterior. Based on the prevalence of individual dysplasia and using KappaSize R package version 1.1, seventy four cases were necessary for reliability analysis: 44 dysplastic and 30 normal hips were randomly selected. Six blinded fellowship trained raters were then provided with the classification system and they looked at the x-rays (74 images) at two separate time points (minimum two weeks apart) to classify the hips using standard PACS measurements. Thereafter, a consensus meeting was held where a simplified flow diagram was devised before a third reading by four raters using a separate set of 74 radiographs took place. Intra-rater results per surgeon between Time 1 and Time 2 showed substantial to almost perfect agreement amongst the raters. With respect to inter-rater reliability, at time 1 and time 2, there was substantial agreement overall between all surgeons (kappa of 0.619 for time 1 and 0,623 for time 2). Posterior and anterior rating categories had moderate and fair agreement at time 1 and time 2, respectively. At time 3, overall reliability (kappa of 0.687) and posterior and anterior rating improved from Time 1 and Time 2. The comprehensive classification system provides a reliable way to identify three categories of acetabular dysplasia that are well-aligned with surgical management. The term borderline dysplasia should no longer be used

Acute spinal cord injury (SCI) is most often secondary to trauma, and frequently presents with associated injuries. A neurological examination is routinely performed during trauma assessment, including through Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS). However, there is no standard neurological assessment tool specifically used for trauma patients to detect and characterize SCI during the initial evaluation. The International Standards for Neurological Classification of Spinal Cord Injury (ISNCSCI) is the most comprehensive and popular tool for assessing SCI, but it is not adapted to the acute trauma patients such that it is not routinely used in that setting. Therefore, the objective is to develop a new tool that can be used routinely in the initial evaluation of trauma patients to detect and characterize acute SCI, while preserving basic principles of the ISNCSCI. The completion rate of the ISCNSCI during the initial evaluation after an acute traumatic SCI was first estimated. Using a modified Delphi technique, we designed the Montreal Acute Classification of Spinal Cord Injuries (MAC-SCI), a new tool to detect and characterize the completeness (grade) and level of SCI in the polytrauma patient. The ability of the MAC-SCI to detect and characterize SCI was validated in a cohort of 35 individuals who have sustained an acute traumatic SCI. The completeness and neurological level of injury (NLI) were assessed by two independent assessors using the MAC-SCI, and compared to those obtained with the ISNCSCI. Only 33% of patients admitted after an acute traumatic SCI had a complete ISNCSCI performed at initial presentation. The MAC-SCI includes 53 of the 134 original elements of the ISNCSCI which is 60% less. There was a 100% concordance between the severity grade derived from the MAC-SCI and from the ISNCSCI. Concordance of the NLI within two levels of that obtained from the ISNCSCI was observed in 100% of patients with the MAC-SCI and within one level in 91% of patients. The ability of the MAC-SCI to discriminate between cervical (C0 to C7) vs. thoracic (T1 to T9) vs. thoraco-lumbar (T10 to L2) vs. lumbosacral (L3 to S5) injuries was 100% with respect to the ISNCSCI. The rate of completion of the ISNCSCI is low at initial presentation after an acute traumatic SCI. The MAC-SCI is a streamlined tool proposed to detect and characterize acute SCI in polytrauma patients, that is specifically adapted to the acute trauma setting. It is accurate for determining the completeness of the SCI and localize the NLI (cervical vs. thoracic vs. lumbar). It could be implemented in the initial trauma assessment protocol to guide the acute management of SCI patients

Acute spinal cord injury (SCI) is most often secondary to trauma, and frequently presents with associated injuries. A neurological examination is routinely performed during trauma assessment, including through Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS). However, there is no standard neurological assessment tool specifically used for trauma patients to detect and characterize SCI during the initial evaluation. The International Standards for Neurological Classification of Spinal Cord Injury (ISNCSCI) is the most comprehensive and popular tool for assessing SCI, but it is not adapted to the acute trauma patients such that it is not routinely used in that setting. Therefore, the objective is to develop a new tool that can be used routinely in the initial evaluation of trauma patients to detect and characterize acute SCI, while preserving basic principles of the ISNCSCI. The completion rate of the ISCNSCI during the initial evaluation after an acute traumatic SCI was first estimated. Using a modified Delphi technique, we designed the Montreal Acute Classification of Spinal Cord Injuries (MAC-SCI), a new tool to detect and characterize the completeness (grade) and level of SCI in the polytrauma patient. The ability of the MAC-SCI to detect and characterize SCI was validated in a cohort of 35 individuals who have sustained an acute traumatic SCI. The completeness and neurological level of injury (NLI) were assessed by two independent assessors using the MAC-SCI, and compared to those obtained with the ISNCSCI. Only 33% of patients admitted after an acute traumatic SCI had a complete ISNCSCI performed at initial presentation. The MAC-SCI includes 53 of the 134 original elements of the ISNCSCI which is 60% less. There was a 100% concordance between the severity grade derived from the MAC-SCI and from the ISNCSCI. Concordance of the NLI within two levels of that obtained from the ISNCSCI was observed in 100% of patients with the MAC-SCI and within one level in 91% of patients. The ability of the MAC-SCI to discriminate between cervical (C0 to C7) vs. thoracic (T1 to T9) vs. thoraco-lumbar (T10 to L2) vs. lumbosacral (L3 to S5) injuries was 100% with respect to the ISNCSCI. The rate of completion of the ISNCSCI is low at initial presentation after an acute traumatic SCI. The MAC-SCI is a streamlined tool proposed to detect and characterize acute SCI in polytrauma patients, that is specifically adapted to the acute trauma setting. It is accurate for determining the completeness of the SCI and localize the NLI (cervical vs. thoracic vs. lumbar). It could be implemented in the initial trauma assessment protocol to guide the acute management of SCI patients

Acute spinal cord injury (SCI) is most often secondary to trauma, and frequently presents with associated injuries. A neurological examination is routinely performed during trauma assessment, including through Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS). However, there is no standard neurological assessment tool specifically used for trauma patients to detect and characterize SCI during the initial evaluation. The International Standards for Neurological Classification of Spinal Cord Injury (ISNCSCI) is the most comprehensive and popular tool for assessing SCI, but it is not adapted to the acute trauma patients such that it is not routinely used in that setting. Therefore, the objective is to develop a new tool that can be used routinely in the initial evaluation of trauma patients to detect and characterize acute SCI, while preserving basic principles of the ISNCSCI. The completion rate of the ISCNSCI during the initial evaluation after an acute traumatic SCI was first estimated. Using a modified Delphi technique, we designed the Montreal Acute Classification of Spinal Cord Injuries (MAC-SCI), a new tool to detect and characterize the completeness (grade) and level of SCI in the polytrauma patient. The ability of the MAC-SCI to detect and characterize SCI was validated in a cohort of 35 individuals who have sustained an acute traumatic SCI. The completeness and neurological level of injury (NLI) were assessed by two independent assessors using the MAC-SCI, and compared to those obtained with the ISNCSCI. Only 33% of patients admitted after an acute traumatic SCI had a complete ISNCSCI performed at initial presentation. The MAC-SCI includes 53 of the 134 original elements of the ISNCSCI which is 60% less. There was a 100% concordance between the severity grade derived from the MAC-SCI and from the ISNCSCI. Concordance of the NLI within two levels of that obtained from the ISNCSCI was observed in 100% of patients with the MAC-SCI and within one level in 91% of patients. The ability of the MAC-SCI to discriminate between cervical (C0 to C7) vs. thoracic (T1 to T9) vs. thoraco-lumbar (T10 to L2) vs. lumbosacral (L3 to S5) injuries was 100% with respect to the ISNCSCI. The rate of completion of the ISNCSCI is low at initial presentation after an acute traumatic SCI. The MAC-SCI is a streamlined tool proposed to detect and characterize acute SCI in polytrauma patients, that is specifically adapted to the acute trauma setting. It is accurate for determining the completeness of the SCI and localize the NLI (cervical vs. thoracic vs. lumbar). It could be implemented in the initial trauma assessment protocol to guide the acute management of SCI patients

The most common classification of periprosthetic femoral fractures is the Vancouver classification. The classification has been validated by multiple centers. Fractures are distinguished by location, stability of the femoral component, and bone quality. Although postoperative and intraoperative fractures are classified using the same three regions, the treatment algorithm is slightly different. Type A fractures involve the greater and lesser trochanter. Fractures around the stem or just distal to the stem are Type B and subcategorised depending on stem stability and bone quality. Type C fractures are well distal to the stem and are treated independent of the stem with standard fixation techniques. The majority of fractures are either B1 (stable stem) or B2 (unstable stem). The stem is retained and ORIF of the fracture performed for B1 fractures. B2 and B3 fractures require stem revision with primary stem fixation distal to the fracture. Intraoperative fractures use the same A, B, C regions but are subtyped 1–3 as cortical perforations, nondisplaced, and displaced unstable fractures, respectively. With the exception of A1 intraoperative fractures all other intraoperative fractures require surgical treatment. A recent publication utilizing a New York state registry highlighted the patient risk of mortality associated with periprosthetic hip fractures. One month, 6 month and 1 year mortality was 3.2%, 3.8% and 9.7%, respectively. The mortality risk was lower for periprosthetic fractures treated with ORIF at 1 and 6 months compared to fractures requiring revision total hip