Aims. The aims of this study were to validate the minimal clinically important difference (MCID) and patient-acceptable symptom state (PASS) thresholds for Western Ontario Shoulder Instability Index (WOSI), Rowe score, American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES), and visual analogue scale (VAS) scores following arthroscopic Bankart repair, and to identify preoperative threshold values of these scores that could predict the achievement of MCID and PASS. Methods. A retrospective review was conducted on 131 consecutive patients with anterior shoulder instability who underwent arthroscopic Bankart repair between January 2020 and January 2023. Inclusion criteria required at least one episode of shoulder instability and a minimum follow-up period of 12 months. Preoperative and one-year postoperative scores were assessed. MCID and PASS were estimated using distribution-based and anchor-based methods, respectively. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis determined preoperative patient-reported outcome measure thresholds predictive of achieving MCID and PASS. Results. MCID thresholds were determined as 169.6, 6.8, 7.2, and 1.1 for WOSI, Rowe, ASES, and VAS, respectively. PASS thresholds were calculated as ≤ 480, ≥ 80, ≥ 87, and ≤ 1 for WOSI, Rowe, ASES, and VAS, respectively. Preoperative thresholds of ≥ 760 (WOSI) and ≤ 50 (Rowe) predicted achieving MCID for WOSI score (p < 0.001). Preoperative thresholds of ≤ 60 (ASES) and ≥ 2 (VAS) predicted achieving MCID for VAS score (p < 0.001). A preoperative threshold of ≥ 40 (Rowe) predicted achieving PASS for Rowe score (p = 0.005). Preoperative thresholds of ≥ 50 (ASES; p = 0.002) and ≤ 2 (VAS; p < 0.001) predicted achieving PASS for the ASES score. Preoperative thresholds of ≥ 43 (ASES; p = 0.046) and ≤ 4 (VAS; p = 0.024) predicted achieving PASS for the VAS. Conclusion. This study defined MCID and PASS values for WOSI, Rowe, ASES, and VAS scores in patients undergoing arthroscopic Bankart repair. Higher preoperative functional scores may reduce the likelihood of achieving MCID but increase the likelihood of achieving the PASS. These findings provide valuable guidance for surgeons to counsel patients realistically regarding their expectations. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2024;106-B(10):1118–1124

Aims. The aim of this study was to compare the characteristics and outcomes of L-shaped and reverse L-shaped rotator cuff tears. Methods. A total of 82 shoulders (81 patients) after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair were retrospectively enrolled. The mean age of the patients was 62 years (SD 6), 33 shoulders (40.2%) were in male patients, and 57 shoulders (69.5%) were the right shoulder. Of these, 36 shoulders had an L-shaped tear (group L) and 46 had a reverse L-shaped tear (group RL). Both groups were compared regarding characteristics, pre- and postoperative pain, and functional outcomes. Muscle status was assessed by preoperative MRI, and re-tear rates by postoperative ultrasonography or MRI. Results. Patients in group RL were significantly older than in group L (p = 0.008), and group RL was significantly associated with female sex (odds ratio 2.5 (95% confidence interval 1.03 to 6.32); p = 0.041). Mean postoperative pain visual analogue scale (VAS) score was significantly greater (group L = 0.8 (SD 1.5), group RL = 1.7 (SD 2.2); p = 0.033) and mean postoperative American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) score was significantly lower in group RL than group L (group L = 91.4 (SD 13.1), group RL = 83.8 (SD 17.9); p = 0.028). However, postoperative mean VAS for pain and ASES score were not lower than the patient-acceptable symptom state scores. Mean retracted tear length was significantly larger in group L (group L = 24.6 mm (SD 6.5), group RL = 20.0 mm (SD 6.8); p = 0.003). Overall re-tear rate for 82 tears was 11.0% (nine shoulders), and re-tear rates in group L and RL were similar at 11.1% (four shoulders) and 10.9% (five shoulders), respectively (p = 1.000). No significant intergroup difference was found for fatty degeneration (FD) or muscle atrophy. Within group L, postoperative FD grades of supraspinatus and subscapularis worsened significantly (p = 0.034 and p = 0.008, respectively). Mean postoperative pain VAS (male = 1.2 (SD 1.8), female = 1.3 (SD 2.0)) and ASES scores (male = 88.7 (SD 15.5), female = 86.0 (SD 16.8)) were similar in male and female patients (p = 0.700 and p = 0.475, respectively). Regression analysis showed age was not a prognostic factor of postoperative pain VAS or ASES scores (p = 0.188 and p = 0.150, respectively). Conclusion. Older age and female sex were associated with reverse L-shaped tears. Although the postoperative functional outcomes of patients with reverse L-shaped tears were satisfactory, the clinical scores were poorer than those of patients with L-shaped tears. Surgeons should be aware of the differences in clinical outcome between L-shaped and reverse L-shaped rotator cuff tears. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2022;104-B(3):394–400

Aims. The number of rotator cuff repairs that are undertaken is increasing. Reverse shoulder arthroplasty (RSA) is the procedure of choice for patients with rotator cuff arthropathy. We sought to determine whether patients who underwent rotator cuff repair and subsequent RSA had different outcomes compared with a matched control group who underwent RSA without a previous rotator cuff repair. Patients and Methods. All patients with a history of rotator cuff repair who underwent RSA between 2000 and 2015 with a minimum follow-up of two years were eligible for inclusion as the study group. Outcomes, including the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) scores, were compared with a matched control group of patients who underwent RSA without having previously undergone rotator cuff repair. Results. The study group included 45 patients. Their mean age was 69 years (. sd. 8.6) and 27 patients (60%) were women. The mean ASES score improved from 43.1 to 76.6 two years postoperatively, and to 66.9 five years postoperatively. There was no significant difference between the outcomes at two years in the two groups (all p ≥ 0.05), although there was significantly more improvement in ASES scores in the control group (44.5 vs 33.4; p = 0.01). However, there was no significant difference between ASES scores at two and five years when baseline ASES scores were matched in the two groups (p = 0.42 at two years; p = 0.35 at five years). Conclusion. Significant improvements in ASES scores were seen following RSA in patients who had previously undergone rotator cuff repair. They had higher baseline ASES scores than those who had not previously undergone this surgery. However, there was no significant difference in outcomes between the two groups, two years postoperatively. Previous rotator cuff repair does not appear to affect the early outcome after RSA adversely

Interstitial supraspinatus tears can cause persistent subacromial impingement symptoms despite non operative treatment. Autologous tendon cell injection (ATI) is a non-surgical treatment for tendinopathies and tear. We report a randomised controlled study of ATI compared to corticosteroid injection (CS) as treatment for interstitial supraspinatus tears and tendinopathy. Inclusion criteria were patients with symptom duration > 6 months, MRI confirmed intrasubstance supraspinatus tear, and prior treatment with physiotherapy and ≥ one CS or PRP injection. Participants were randomised to receive ATI to the interstitial tear or corticosteroid injection to the subacromial bursa in a 2:1 ratio, under ultrasound guidance. Assessments of pain (VAS) and function (ASES) were performed at baseline, and 1, 3, 6 and 12 months post treatment. 30 participants (19 randomised to ATI) with a mean age of 50.5 years (10 females) and a mean duration of symptoms of 23.5 months. Baseline VAS pain and ASES scores were comparable between groups. While mean VAS pain scores improved in both groups at 3 months after treatment, pain scores were superior with ATI at 6 months (p=0.01). Mean ASES scores in the ATI group were superior to the CS group at 3 months (p=0.026) and 6 months (p=0.012). Seven participants in the CS group withdrew prior to 12 months due to lack of improvement. At 12 months, mean VAS pain in the ATI group was 1.6 ± 1.3. The improvements in mean ASES scores in the ATI group at 6 and 12 months were greater than the MCID (12.0 points). At 12 months, 95% of ATI participants had an ASES score > the PASS (patient acceptable symptom state). This is the first level one study using ATI to treat interstitial supraspinatus tear. ATI results in a significant reduction in pain and improvement in shoulder function

Thoracic hyperkyphosis (TH – Cobb angle >40°) is correlated with rotator cuff arthropathy and associated with anterior tilting and protraction of scapula, impacting the glenoid orientation and the surrounding musculature. Reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (RTSA) is a reliable surgical treatment for patients with rotator cuff arthropathy and recent literature suggests that patients with TH may have comparable range of motion after RTSA. However, there exists no study reporting the possible link between patient-reported outcomes, humeral retroversion and TH after RTSA. While the risk of post-operative complications such as instability, hardware loosening, scapular notching, and prosthetic infection are low, we hypothesize that it is critical to optimize the biomechanical parameters through proper implant positioning and understanding patient-specific scapular and thoracic anatomy to improve surgical outcomes in this subset of patients with TH. Patients treated with primary RTSA at an academic hospital in 2018 were reviewed for a two-year follow-up. Exclusion criteria were as follows: no pre-existing chest radiographs for Cobb angle measurement, change in post-operative functional status as a result of trauma or medical comorbidities, and missing component placement and parameter information in the operative note. As most patients did not have a pre-operative chest radiograph, only seven patients with a Cobb angle equal to or greater than 40° were eligible. Chart reviews were completed to determine indications for RTSA, hardware positioning parameters such as inferior tilting, humeral stem retroversion, glenosphere size/location, and baseplate size. Clinical data following surgery included review of radiographs and complications. Follow-up in all patients were to a period of two years. The American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) Shoulder Score was used for patient-reported functional and pain outcomes. The average age of the patients at the time of RTSA was 71 years old, with six female patients and one male patient. The indication for RTSA was primarily rotator cuff arthropathy. Possible correlation between Cobb angle and humeral retroversion was noted, whereby, Cobb angle greater than 40° matched with humeral retroversion greater than 30°, and resulted in significantly higher ASES scores. Two patients with mean Cobb angle of 50° and mean humeral retroversion 37.5° had mean ASES scores of 92.5. Five patients who received mean humeral retroversion of 30° had mean lower ASES scores of 63.7 (p < 0 .05). There was no significant correlation with glenosphere size or position, baseplate size, degree of inferior tilting or lateralization. Patient-reported outcomes have not been reported in RTSA patients with TH. In this case series, we observed that humeral stem retroversion greater than 30° may be correlated with less post-operative pain and greater patient satisfaction in patients with TH. Further clinical studies are needed to understanding the biomechanical relationship between RTSA, humeral retroversion and TH to optimize patient outcomes

Aims. Scapular notching is thought to have an adverse effect on the outcome of reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (RTSA). However, the matter is still controversial. The aim of this study was to determine the clinical impact of scapular notching on outcomes after RTSA. Methods. Three electronic databases (PubMed, Cochrane Database, and EMBASE) were searched for studies which evaluated the influence of scapular notching on clinical outcome after RTSA. The quality of each study was assessed. Functional outcome scores (the Constant-Murley scores (CMS), and the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) scores), and postoperative range of movement (forward flexion (FF), abduction, and external rotation (ER)) were extracted and subjected to meta-analysis. Effect sizes were expressed as weighted mean differences (WMD). Results. In all, 11 studies (two level III and nine level IV) were included in the meta-analysis. All analyzed variables indicated that scapular notching has a negative effect on the outcome of RTSA . Statistical significance was found for the CMS (WMD –3.11; 95% confidence interval (CI) –4.98 to –1.23), the ASES score (WMD –6.50; 95% CI –10.80 to –2.19), FF (WMD –6.3°; 95% CI –9.9° to –2.6°), and abduction (WMD –9.4°; 95% CI –17.8° to –1.0°), but not for ER (WMD –0.6°; 95% CI –3.7° to 2.5°). Conclusion. The current literature suggests that patients with scapular notching after RTSA have significantly worse results when evaluated by the CMS, ASES score, and range of movement in flexion and abduction. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2020;102-B(11):1438–1445

Aims. Ultrasound (US)-guided injections are widely used in patients with conditions of the shoulder in order to improve their accuracy. However, the clinical efficacy of US-guided injections compared with blind injections remains controversial. The aim of this study was to compare the accuracy and efficacy of US-guided compared with blind corticosteroid injections into the glenohumeral joint in patients with primary frozen shoulder (FS). Methods. Intra-articular corticosteroid injections were administered to 90 patients primary FS, who were randomly assigned to either an US-guided (n = 45) or a blind technique (n = 45), by a shoulder specialist. Immediately after injection, fluoroscopic images were obtained to assess the accuracy of the injection. The outcome was assessed using a visual analogue scale (VAS) for pain, the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) score, the subjective shoulder value (SSV) and range of movement (ROM) for all patients at the time of presentation and at three, six, and 12 weeks after injection. Results. The accuracy of injection in the US and blind groups was 100% (45/45) and 71.1% (32/45), respectively; this difference was significant (p < 0.001). Both groups had significant improvements in VAS pain score, ASES score, SSV, forward flexion, abduction, external rotation, and internal rotation throughout follow-up until 12 weeks after injection (all p < 0.001). There were no significant differences between the VAS pain scores, the ASES score, the SSV and all ROMs between the two groups at the time points assessed (all p > 0.05). No injection-related adverse effects were noted in either group. Conclusion. We found no significant differences in pain and functional outcomes between the two groups, although an US-guided injection was associated with greater accuracy. Considering that it is both costly and time-consuming, an US-guided intra-articular injection of corticosteroid seems not always to be necessary in the treatment of FS as it gives similar outcomes as a blind injection. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2021;103-B(2):353–359

Aims. The aim of this study was to investigate the outcomes of arthroscopic decompression of calcific tendinitis performed without repairing the rotator cuff defect. Methods. A total of 99 patients who underwent treatment between December 2013 and August 2019 were retrospectively reviewed. Visual analogue scale (VAS) and American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) scores were reviewed pre- and postoperatively according to the location, size, physical characteristics, and radiological features of the calcific deposits. Additionally, the influence of any residual calcific deposits shown on postoperative radiographs was explored. The healing rate of the unrepaired cuff defect was determined by reviewing the 29 patients who had follow-up MRIs. Results. Statistically significant improvement from pre- to postoperation was seen in all VAS and ASES scores for each group, but no statistical differences were seen between the postoperative scores according to the differences in the features of the calcific deposits. When residual calcification was observed postoperatively, the mean ASES and VAS (rest) scores improved significantly to 95.0 (SD 5.6) and 0.0 (SD 0.0), respectively (p = 0.006 and p < 0.001), and did not differ from those who had the complete removal. Of 29 patients who had follow-up MRIs, six (20.7%) showed signs of an interstitial tear. This group’s mean postoperative ASES and VAS (rest) scores improved to excellent levels of 96.0 (SD 3.7) and 0.0 (SD 0.0), respectively, and were similar to those of the 23 patients with normal MRI appearances. Conclusion. Arthroscopic removal of calcific deposits without repairing the rotator cuff defect resulted in significant improvement in function and pain level, regardless of the deposit’s location, size, type, and whether or not complete excision was achieved. Despite leaving the defects unrepaired, in the limited number of patients with follow-up MRIs, 23 of 29 patients (79.3%) showed good healing, and the rest, who had persistent signs of interstitial defects on the MRIs, still had excellent outcomes. The removal of calcific deposits without repairing the cuff defects provided excellent outcomes. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2023;105-B(6):663–667

To analyse the efficacy and safety of cellular therapy utilizing Mesenchymal Stromal Cells (MSCs) in the management of rotator cuff(RC) tears from clinical studies available in the literature. We conducted independent and duplicate electronic database searches including PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library on August 2021 for studies analyzing the efficacy and safety of cellular therapy (CT) utilizing MSCs in the management of RC tears. VAS for pain, ASES Score, DASH Score, Constant Score, radiological assessment of healing and complications and adverse events were the outcomes analyzed. Analysis was performed in R-platform using OpenMeta [Analyst] software. RESULTS:. 6 studies involving 238 patients were included for analysis. We noted a significant reduction in VAS score for pain at 3 months (WMD=-2.234,p<0.001) and 6 months (WMD=-3.078,p<0.001) with the use of CT. Concerning functional outcomes, utilization of CT produced a significant short-term improvement in the ASES score (WMD=17.090,p<0.001) and significant benefit in functional scores such as Constant score (WMD=0.833,p=0.760) at long-term. Moreover, we also observed a significantly improved radiological tendon healing during the long-term follow-up (OR=3.252,p=0.059). We also noted a significant reduction in the retear rate upon utilization of CT in RC tears both at short- (OR=0.079,p=0.032) and long-term (OR=0.434,p=0.027). We did not observe any significant increase in the adverse events as compared with the control group (OR=0.876,p=0.869). Utilization of CT in RC tear is safe and it significantly reduced pain severity, improved functional outcome, enhanced radiological tendon healing, and mitigated retear rates at short- and long-term follow-up

Aim. Studies have shown that retention of antibiotic cement spacer in selected elderly patients with low functional demand represents a viable option for periprosthetic joint infections (PJI) treatment. 1,2. . The aim of this study is to compare the efficacy in infection treating among modular taylored preformed and hand-made antibiotic spacers. Our hypothesis is that modular tailored preformed spacer provides a better rate of infection resolution, better radiological and functional outcomes compared to hand-made spacers. Materials and methods. We identified 48 patients treated with antibiotic cement spacer for shoulder chronic infection between 2015 and 2021 in our institution; (13 hand-made spacers and 35 modular tailored preformed spacers). We collected data about comorbidities, associated microorganism, infection resolution, clinical and radiographic evaluation. Results. The mean age at surgery was 63.2 years, (45.8% female − 54.2% male), mean BMI 28.3. The mean time of infection diagnosis after first surgery was 30 months; (31.2% infection after ORIF in proximal humeral fractures, 68.8% PJI after shoulder arthroplasty). The main pathogens were Propionibacterium Acnes (37.5%), Staphylococcus Epidermidis (29.2%), Staphylococcus Aureus (16.7%), negative intraoperative coltures (14.6%), Enterococcus (4.17%), Pseudomonas Aeruginosa (4.17%). The mean time of antibiotic spacer retention was 18 months: 23 patients (47.9%) underwent second stage surgery for prosthesis implantation; 2 removed the spacer because of spacer dislocation, 2 died during follow up; while 21 patients still hold the antibiotic spacer (17 patients in treatment with prefabricated spacers and 4 with self-constructed spacer). The mean value for clinical assessment for patients with modular tailored preformed spacer were: Constant Score 34 – QuickDASH 40 – SST 33 – ASES Score 66 – VAS 2. Patients treated with hand-made spacer registered the following scores: Constant Score 20 – QuickDASH 51 – SST 25 – ASES Score 38 – VAS 6. Two patients presented fracture of the spacer (one hand-made spacer and one tailored preformed). Conclusions. According to our data patients treated with modular tailored preformed antibiotic spacer show better functional outcomes. Patients are more likely to retain the spacer as a permanent implant, avoiding the risks of a second stage surgery in those low-demanding patients, achieving a reasonable satisfying quality of shoulder motion without pain

Aims. The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence of depression and anxiety symptoms in patients undergoing shoulder surgery using the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Depression and Anxiety computer adaptive tests, and to determine the factors associated with more severe symptoms. Additionally, we sought to determine whether PROMIS Depression and Anxiety were associated with functional outcomes after shoulder surgery. Methods. This was a retrospective analysis of 293 patients from an urban population who underwent elective shoulder surgery from 2015 to 2018. Survey questionnaires included preoperative and two-year postoperative data. Bivariate analysis was used to identify associations and multivariable analysis was used to control for confounding variables. Results. Mean two-year PROMIS Depression and Anxiety scores significantly improved from preoperative scores, with a greater improvement observed in PROMIS Anxiety. Worse PROMIS Depression and Anxiety scores were also significantly correlated with worse PROMIS Physical Function (PF) and American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons scores (ASES). After controlling for confounding variables, worse PROMIS Depression was an independent predictor of worse PROMIS PF, while worse PROMIS Anxiety was an independent predictor of worse PROMIS PF and ASES scores. Conclusion. Mean two-year PROMIS Depression and Anxiety scores improved after elective shoulder surgery and several patient characteristics were associated with these scores. Worse functional outcomes were associated with worse PROMIS Depression and Anxiety; however, more severe two-year PROMIS Anxiety was the strongest predictor of worse functional outcomes. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2022;104-B(4):479–485

In older patients (>75 years of age), with an intact rotator cuff, requiring a total shoulder replacement (TSR) there is, at present, uncertainty whether an anatomic TSR (aTSR) or a reverse TSR (rTSR) is best for the patient. This comparison study of same age patients aims to assess clinical and radiological outcomes of older patients (≥75 years) who received either an aTSR or a rTSA. Consecutive patients with a minimum age of 75 years who received an aTSR (n=44) or rTSR (n=51) were prospectively studied. Pre- and postoperative clinical evaluations included the ASES score, Constant score, SPADI score, DASH score, range of motion (ROM) and pain and patient satisfaction for a follow-up of 2 years. Radiological assessment identified glenoid and humeral component osteolysis, including notching with a rTSR. Postoperative improvement for ROM and all clinical assessment scores for both groups was found. There were significantly better patient reported outcome scores (PROMs) in the aTSR group compared with the rTSR patients (p<0.001). Both groups had only minor osteolysis on radiographs. No revisions were required in either group. The main complications were scapular stress fractures for the rTSR patients and acromioclavicular joint pain for both groups. This study of older patients (>75 years) demonstrated that an aTSR for a judiciously selected patient with good rotator cuff muscles can lead to a better clinical outcome and less early complications than a rTSR

The choice of whether to perform antegrade intramedullary nailing (IMN) or plate fixation (PF) poses a conundrum for the surgeon who must strike the balance between anatomical restoration while reducing elbow and shoulder functional impairment. Most humeral middle third shaft fractures are amenable to conservative management given the considerable acceptable deformity and anatomical compensation by patients. This study is concerned with the patient reported outcomes regarding shoulder and elbow function for IMN and PF respectively. A prospective cohort study following up all the cases treated surgically for middle third humeral fractures from 2016 to 2022 at a single centre. Telephonically an analogue pain score, an American Shoulder and Elbow Society (ASES) score for shoulder function and the Oxford Elbow score (OES) for elbow function were obtained. One hundred and three patients met the inclusion criteria. Twenty four patients participated in the study, fifteen had IMN (62.5%) and nine had PF (37.5%.). The shoulder function outcomes showed no statistical difference with an average ASES score of sixty-six for the IMN group and sixty-nine for the PF group. Women and employed individuals expressed greater functional impairment. Hand dominance has no impact on the scores of elbow and shoulder function post operatively. The impairment of abduction score post antegrade nailing was higher in the antegrade nailing group than the plated group. The OES demonstrated greater variance in elbow function in the PF group with the IMN group expressing greater elbow disfunction. This study confirms that treatment of middle third humerus shaft fractures by plate fixation is marginally superior to antegrade intramedullary nailing in preserving elbow function and abduction ability

Aims. Advances in arthroscopic techniques for rotator cuff repair have made the mini-open approach less popular. However, the mini-open approach remains an important technique for repair for many surgeons. The aims of this study were to compare the integrity of the repair, the function of the shoulder and satisfaction post-operatively using these two techniques in patients aged > 50 years. Patients and Methods. We identified 22 patients treated with mini-open and 128 patients treated with arthroscopic rotator cuff repair of July 2007 and June 2011. The mean follow-up was two years (1 to 5). Outcome was assessed using the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) and Simple Shoulder Test (SST) scores, and satisfaction. The integrity of the repair was assessed using ultrasonography. A power analysis ensured sufficient enrolment. Results. There was no statistically significant difference between the age, function, satisfaction, or pain scores (p > 0.05) of the two groups. The integrity of the repair and the mean SST scores were significantly better in the mini-open group (91% of mini-open repairs were intact versus 60% of arthroscopic repairs, p = 0.023; mean SST score 10.9 (standard deviation (. sd. ) 1.3) in the mini-open group; 8.9 (. sd. 3.5) in arthroscopic group; p = 0.003). The ASES scores were also higher in the mini-open group (mean ASES score 91.0 (. sd. 10.5) in mini-open group; mean 82.70 (. sd. 19.8) in the arthroscopic group; p = 0.048). Conclusion. The integrity of the repair and function of the shoulder were better after a mini-open repair than after arthroscopic repair of a rotator cuff tear in these patients. The functional difference did not translate into a difference in satisfaction. Mini-open rotator cuff repair remains a useful technique despite advances in arthroscopy. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2017;99-B:245–9

Recent studies on animal models focused on the effect of preserving tendon remnant of rotator cuff on tendon healing. A positive effect by combining tendon remnant preservation and small bone vents on the greater tuberosity in comparison with standard tendon-to-bone repair has been shown. The purpose of the present clinical study was to evaluate the efficacy of biologic augmentation of arthroscopic rotator cuff repair by maintaining tendon remnant on rotator cuff footprint combined with small bone vents of the greater tuberosity. A retrospective study was conducted. All patients who underwent arthroscopic rotator cuff repair associated with small bone vents (nanofractures) and tendon footprint preservation were considered eligible for the study. Inclusion criteria were: diagnosis of full-thickness rotator cuff tear as diagnosed at preoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and confirmed at the time of surgery; minimum 24-month of follow-up and availability of post-operative MRI performed not earlier than 6 months after surgery. Exclusion criteria were: partial thickness tears, irreparable tears, capsulo-labral pathologies, calcific tendonitis, gleno-humeral osteoarthritis and/or previous surgery. Primary outcome was the ASES score. Secondary outcomes were: Quick-DASH and WORC scores, and structural integrity of repaired tendons by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) performed six months after surgery. A paired t-test was used to compare pre- and postoperative clinical outcomes. Subgroup analysis was performed according to tear size. Significance was set at p < 0.05. The study included 29 patients (M:F = 15:14). Mean age (+ SD) of patients was 61.7 + 8.9 years. Mean follow-up was 27.4 ± 2.3 months. Comparison between pre- and postoperative functional scores showed significant clinical improvement (p < 0.001). Subgroup analysis for tear size showed significant differences in the QuickDASH score (0.04). Particularly, a significant difference in the QuickDASH score could be detected between medium and large tears (p=0.008) as well as medium and massive lesions (p=0.04). No differences could be detected between large and massive tears (p= 0.35). Postoperative imaging showed healed tendons in 21 out of 29 (72%) cases. Preservation of tendon remnant combined with small bone vents in the repair of medium-to-massive full-thickness rotator cuff tears provided significant improvement in clinical outcome compared to baseline conditions with complete structural integrity in 72% of the cases

One hundred and twenty-four patients who had undergone arthroscopic repair of rotator cuff tear, during the period of 2006–2008, were evaluated. All operations were performed under the same surgeons. The mean follow-up period was 1.1±0.4 years (range, 0.5 to 2 ys). The patients were devided in three groups:. patients underwent complete repair (n=104),. patients underwent incomplete repair (n=8) and. patients underwent medialized technique repair (n=12). Clinical outcomes preoperatively and postoperatively, were assessed with use of ASES, CONSTANT and UCLA scores. Statistical analysis was performed by using STATA 8.0. Postoperative functional scores were better than preoperative ones, in all patients (p< 0.05).The patients underwent complete repair achieved preoperatively Constant score: 58.15±3.26, ASES score: 55±3.6, UCLA score: 22.3±1.2 and postoperatively Constant score: 92.65±4.15, ASES score: 92±2.4, UCLA score: 32.1±1.3. The patients underwent incomplete repair achieved preoperatively Constant score: 46.18±3.12, ASES score: 44.2±3.4, UCLA score: 18.1±3.3 and postoperatively Constant score: 76.35±4.22, ASES score: 72±5.4, UCLA score: 24.1±2.3. The patients underwent medialized technique repair achieved preoperatively Constant score: 52.3±1.12, ASES score: 51.9±2.4, UCLA score: 20.4±1.3. and postoperatively Constant score: 86.15±2.22, ASES score: 85.4±4.4, UCLA score: 28.24±2.3. Significant difference was observed between (a) and (b) groups (p< 0.05, CI1: 0.83–0.97, CI2: 0.86–0.95, CI3: 0.81–0.97). Functionality improvement after arthroscopic repair of rotator cuff tear, with complete, incomplete or medialized repair either, is evidence

Glenoid failure remains the most common mode of total shoulder arthroplasty failures. Porous tantalum metal (Trabecular Metal™, Zimmer) have grown in popularity in hip and knee arthroplasty. First-generation porous tantalum metal-backed glenoid components demonstrated metal debris, resulted in failure, and were revised to second-generation glenoid implants. Evidence for second-generation porous tantalum metal implants in shoulder arthroplasty is sparse.1–4 The purpose of this study was to assess clinical and radiographic outcomes in a series of patients with second-generation porous tantalum glenoid components at a minimum two-years postoperative. We retrospectively reviewed the clinical and radiographic outcomes of patients who received a second-generation porous tantalum glenoid component anatomic shoulder arthroplasty between May 2009 and December 2017 with minimum 24 months follow-up. The shoulder arthroplasties were performed by one of two senior fellowship-trained surgeons. We collected postoperative clinical outcome indicators: EQ5D visual analog scale (VAS), Western Ontario Osteoarthritis of the Shoulder (WOOS) Index, American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) Score, and Constant Score (CS). Radiographic review was performed by an independent fellowship-trained surgeon. The Endrizzi metal debris grading system1 was utilized to grade metal debris. We computed descriptive statistics and compared outcome scores between groups via the non-parametric Wilcoxon rank-sum test, with group-wise comparisons defined by: metal debris and humeral head migration (secondary analyses). Thirty-five patients [23 male (65.7%) and 12 female (34.3%)] with 40 shoulder replacements participated in the study. Forty of 61 shoulders (65.6%) had an average of 64 ± 20.3 months follow-up (range 31 to 95). Average BMI was 27.5 ± 4.4 kg/m2 (range 19.5 to 39.1). The average postoperative EQ5D VAS at final follow-up was 74.6 ± 22.5, WOOS Index 87.9 ± 16.6, ASES Score 88.3 ± 10.9, and CS 80.4 ± 13. At final follow-up, 18 of 40 shoulders (45%) had metal debris [15 of 40 (37.5%) Endrizzi grade 1 and three of 40 (7.5%) Endrizzi grade 2], and 22 of 40 shoulders (55%) did not show evidence of metal debris. There was one non-revision reoperation (open subscapularis exploration), one shoulder with anterosuperior escape, three shoulders with glenoid radiolucencies indicative of possible glenoid loosening, and nine shoulders with superior migration of the humeral head (>2mm migration at final follow-up compared to immediate postoperative). When comparing postoperative scores between patients with vs without metal debris, we found no statistically significant difference in the EQ5D VAS, WOOS Index, ASES Score and CS. On further analyses, when comparing superior migration of the humeral head and postoperative outcomes scores, we found no statistically significant difference. We report the longest published follow-up with clinical and radiographic outcomes of second-generation porous tantalum glenoid anatomic shoulder arthroplasties. In this series of patients, 45% of total shoulder arthroplasties with a second-generation porous tantalum glenoid implant had radiographic evidence of metal debris. This metal debris was not statistically associated with poorer postoperative outcomes. Further investigation and ongoing follow-up are warranted

Background. Both anatomic (TSA) and reverse shoulder arthroplasty (RSA) are routinely performed for patients whom desire to continue to work or participate in sports. The purpose of this study is to analyze and compare the ability of patients to work and participate in sports based on responses to clinical outcome surveys. Methods. A retrospective review of 335 patients treated with TSA (179 patients) and RSA (156 patients) who completed questions 9 and 10 on the activity patient self-evaluation portion of the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) Assessment Form was performed at average 30 months follow-up. Comparisons were made between TSA and RSA for the specific ASES score (rated 0–3) reported for usual work and sport, as well as ASES total score. Sports were subdivided based on those that predominantly use shoulder function. Results. Patients treated with TSA had a 32% greater ability to participate in sports (average specific ASES score 2.5 vs 1.9, p=0.001), with significantly higher scores for aquatic and sedentary sports (Figure 1). TSA patients demonstrated greater ability to participate in sports requiring shoulder function without difficulty, as 62% reported maximal scores (p=0.001) (Figure 2). TSA patients also demonstrated a 21% greater ability to perform work (average specific ASES score 2.6 vs. 2.1, p=0.001), with significantly higher scores for housework and gardening (Figure 3). Conclusion. Both TSA and RSA allow for participation in work and sport, with TSA patients reporting better overall ability to participate. For sports involving shoulder function, TSA patients more commonly report maximal ability to participate than RSA patients

Some surgeons are reluctant to perform a reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (RTSA) on both shoulders because of concerns regarding difficulty with activities of daily living post-operatively as a result of limited rotation of the shoulders. Nevertheless, we hypothesised that outcomes and patient satisfaction following bilateral RTSA would be comparable to those following unilateral RTSA. A single-surgeon RTSA registry was reviewed for patients who underwent bilateral staged RTSA with a minimum follow-up of two years. A unilateral RTSA matched control was selected for each shoulder in those patients undergoing bilateral procedures. The Constant–Murley score (CMS), American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) score, Subjective Shoulder Values (SSV), visual analogue scale (VAS) for pain, range of movement and strength were measured pre- and post-operatively. The mean CMS, ASES, SSV, VAS scores, strength and active forward elevation were significantly improved (all p < 0.01) following each operation in those undergoing bilateral procedures. The mean active external rotation (p = 0.63 and p = 0.19) and internal rotation (p = 0.77 and p = 0.24) were not significantly improved. The improvement in the mean ASES score after the first RTSA was greater than the improvement in its control group (p = 0.0039). The improvement in the mean CMS, ASES scores and active forward elevation was significantly less after the second RTSA than in its control group (p = 0.0244, p = 0.0183, and p = 0.0280, respectively). Pain relief and function significantly improved after each RTSA in those undergoing a bilateral procedure. Bilateral RTSA is thus a reasonable form of treatment for patients with severe bilateral rotator cuff deficiency, although inferior results may be seen after the second procedure compared with the first. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2013;95-B:1232–8

Introduction. There is a high prevalence of obesity in the United States and the numbers are increasing. These patients comprise a significant portion of the shoulder arthroplasty patient population. There are several reports of outcomes in the literature on obese patients after total knee or hip replacement, however, this data is lacking in the shoulder arthroplasty patient population. The purpose of this study is to compare the functional outcomes and complications of obese patients undergoing shoulder arthroplasty with the non-obese population. Methods. Between 2009 to 2010, 76 patients that had a primary total shoulder replacement were grouped according to their Body Mass Index (BMI) and followed prospectively for 2 years. The groups were divided as normal (BMI <25, N=26), overweight (25 to 30 BMI, N=25), and obese (>30 BMI, N=25) according to the World Health Organization classifications. Preoperative demographics, age, comorbidities and postoperative complications were recorded. Perioperative operating room and hospital data were analyzed. Functional outcome measurements including ASES, SF-36 physical component (PC) scores, mental component (MC) scores and visual analog scale along with general health and fatigue were evaluated at the 0 and 2 year time period. Statistical analyses were performed. Results. Functional outcome: In the normal BMI group: Average ASES scores improved from 38.4 +/− 15.5 (pre-op) to 80.2 +/− 19.4 (2 yr), SF-36 Physical Component (PC) scores improved from 38.3 +/− 6.5 (pre-op) to 53.7 +/− 11.3 (2 yr), and VAS decreased from 62 to 12 (2 yr). There were no intraoperative complications and two patients required revision of components. In the overweight BMI group: Average ASES scores improved from 37.4 +/− 18.1 (pre-op) to 75.2 +/− 24.9 (2 yr), SF-36 Physical Component (PC) scores improved from 36.1 +/− 8.0 (pre-op) to 39.8 +/− 12.2 (2 yr), and VAS decreased from 68 to 18. One patient had deep infection that required surgical irrigation/debridement, one intraoperative glenoid fracture converted to hemiarthroplasty and two patients required revision of components. In the obese BMI group: Average ASES scores improved from 35.8 +/− 12.5 (pre-op) to 80.0 +/− 20.6 (2 yr), SF-36 Physical Component (PC) scores improved from 36.3 +/− 8.4 (pre-op) to 40.7 +/− 12.4 (2 yr), and VAS decreased from 66 to 11 (2 yr). There were no intraoperative complications and no patients required revision surgery. * Statistical analysis showed significant difference in the SF-36 PC scores between both the overweight and the obese group compared to the normal BMI group. No statistical difference was seen between the three groups with the perioperative OR/hospital data, SF-36 MC scores, general health and fatigue scales. Conclusion. Shoulder arthroplasty in all three groups were associated with significant improvements in ASES scores and decrease in overall pain. Obese and overweight patients after TSA had significantly less overall physical functional improvements compared to the normal BMI group. Both intraoperative and postoperative complications were minimal after TSA in all three BMI groups. OR time and intraoperative blood loss was higher in the obese group, but overall ASA scores and number of days of hospital stay were similar in all three groups