Background: The Ilizarov external fixation is considered to be a unique technique in limb surgery for mal-nonunion and limb deformities with or without length discrepancy. The theory suggests that the tension stress and the subsequent distraction osteogenesis, “opens a window” over hypervascularized- hypertrophic non-union for consolidation, and stimulates vascularization and osteogenesis in the avascular nonunion. Also, post traumatic bone deformities and axial deviations can be corrected by using special hinges incorporated in the device for uniplanar or multiplanar deformities. Recently, there are encouraging reports of high rate of consolidation using a non-bone grafting technique even in atrophic nonunions. However, the bifocal treatment is still preferable.

In our study we will review 28 patients suffering from mal- nonunion, whom were treated by an Ilizarov external fixation, and the results of the treatment concerning radiological alignment and consolidation rate.

Methods: Twenty-eight patients have been operated in our department during the last eight years due to mal-union (19 patients), mal- nonunion (3 patients) and non-union (6 patients) of fractures.

Malunions were treated either with acute or gradual correction of the deformity, following low energy osteotomy. For hypertrophic nonunion and mal-nonunion in general only distraction compression technique (mono-focal) was used. Atrophic and infected nonunion were treated with a bifocal technique (so-called bone transport), except for one case treated with monofocal technique only.

Results: The average age of the patients at operation was 31 years old (12–71), six female and 22 males. The average time in the device was 4 months (2–8) and average rate of consolidation was 3.6 mo. (2–7.5). All fractures and osteotomies healed thoroughly. Still, three cases of the mal unions remained suffering from residual deformity. Two patients had fracture of the regenerate after minimal trauma just after removal of device and treated with IMN. The most prevalent complication was pin tract infection, 24 out of 28 patients, all managed with P.O. antibiotics besides two patients who needed to be admitted for intravenous antibiotics. Two cases of lateral compartment muscle herniation of the leg appeared after fibular osteotomies, treated later by large fasciotomy.

Conclusions: The treatment of the different types of nonunion and malunion following fractures is a real challenge for the orthopedic surgeon. Many times the nonunions are the result of poor vascular supply to the involved limb. While the surgeon is facing old scars and poor nourishment of the entire limb, the Ilizarov external fixation, in most of the cases, enables us to deal with these difficult cases with minimal surgical exposure. In case of malunions, Ilizarov technique enables to achieve accurate angular correction of the deformities.

We present a method for the reducing a displaced radial head in children, by rotating the forearm while pressing over the displaced fragment. This has been successful in a series of 10 cases.

A method for direct measurement of the local pressures in the acetabular cartilage is described. Pressure transducers were introduced into the subchondral bone and positioned there in contrast with the cartilage: the transducers were calibrated in situ. Twelve cadaveric hips were prepared in this way and the pressures were measured with the joint loaded in flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and in lateral and medial rotation. The highest pressures were recorded in the anterior and posterior segments of the acetabulum; the lowest pressures were constantly found at the zenith of the joint. The relationship of these findings to the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis is considered.