Progressive angular deformity of an extremity due to differential physeal arrest is the most common late orthopaedic sequela following meningococcal septicaemia in childhood. A total of ten patients (14 ankles) with distal tibial physeal arrest as a consequence of meningococcal septicaemia have been reviewed. Radiological analysis of their ankles has demonstrated a distinct pattern of deformity. In 13 of 14 cases the distal fibular physis was unaffected and continued distal fibular growth contributed to a varus deformity. We recommend that surgical management should take account of this consistent finding during the correction of these deformities

Aim: To review our experience with hemi-epiphysiodesis using different methods for the correction of angular deformity about the knee. Method: This was a retrospective review of 73 patients (101 knees) who underwent hemi-epiphysiodesis from 1999 to 2008. Assessment looked at the type and degree of deformity, implants used, average operating time and hospital stay, complications, degree of correction and the average time to correction. Results: There were 50 boys and 23 girls with bilateral deformity in 28 cases. There were 88 valgus and 13 varus knees. Average follow-up was 17 months. Staples were used in 28 cases, “8” Plates in 24, Screws in 16 and Drilling in 5 cases. The distal femoral physis was involved in 46 knees, the proximal tibial physis in 21 and both physes in 34 knees (total 135 physes). Average operation time and hospital stay were similar for all methods. There were 6 minor and 3 major complications with staples with an average correction time of 14 months, 3 minor complications with an average correction time of 11 months with “8” plates, 3 minor and 1 major complication with an average correction time of 14 months with screws and 1 minor complication with drilling with an average correction time of 13 months. The outcome was considered as resolved in 47 and pending in 26 cases, with all showing progressive correction of deformity. Conclusions: Hemi-epiphysiodesis by any method is an effective way to correct angular deformities about the knee in skeletally immature individuals within a reasonable time limit and with minimal morbidity when compared to a corrective osteotomy. Our experience suggests that “8” plates achieve faster correction with the least complications when compared to other methods. Valgus knee deformities corrected faster than varus ones

The purpose of this paper was to evaluate the early results of a new technique for correction of angular deformity in adolescents. A retrospective review of all patients and radiographs undergoing an open wedge technique of corrective osteotomy employing a special plate designed to keep the osteotomy open at a precise amount was carried out. From 2000–2005, eleven patients have been treated by the author using this technique. Indications for surgery included adolescent Blount’s disease or Tibia Vara in eight cases, growth arrest after fracture of the proximal tibia in one case, distal tibia in one case and developmental genu valgum in one case. The mechanical axis was restored to normal in ten of the eleven cases. One patient with adolescent Blount’s disease remained in slight varus despite the maximum available correction of 22.5 degrees. All patients healed radiographically in eight to ten weeks. Two patients have had their plates and screws removed after union of the osteotomy because of the high profile construct. Excellent results can be achieved for correction of angular deformity in adolescents with use of a special plate designed for an open wedge technique. Attention to preserving the opposite cortex at the time of the osteotomy is critical to the success of the procedure. A maximum of approximately 20 degrees of correction is possible with this technique. Early union of the osteotomy and restoration of function give this technique specific advantages over other methods

The correction of angular deformities of long bones by incomplete osteotomy, followed three weeks later by manual osteoclasis, overcomes the problem of secondary displacement sometimes seen after correction by complete osteotomy and makes internal fixation unnecessary. This paper presents an experience of twenty-six operations in eighteen patients. In all cases the deformity was corrected with excellent cosmetic and functional results. Complete bony union was achieved and there were no problems with displacement at the osteotomy site. Four cases are described in detail to illustrate use of the technique in different clinical situations

Angular deformities of the distal radius of 15 sheep were induced by asymmetrical epiphysial distraction. Eleven sheep were between 10 and 20 weeks old; four were older than 24 weeks. Gradual distraction on the medial side of the limb caused partial separation of the epiphysis from the metaphysis, resulting in a valgus deformity. The distraction device was removed three to six weeks after insertion. Spontaneous correction of angulation with growth occurred in the younger sheep; but when the induced valgus angle exceeded 20 degrees correction was poor. In two sheep further distraction was applied on the lateral side and this produced complete correction. Premature closure of epiphyses did not occur after distraction and longitudinal growth of the bone remained normal. In the older sheep asymmetrical distraction succeeded in inducing angulation in only one case, and correction was poor

We reviewed 28 children with unilateral middle-third fractures of the femoral shaft who had an angular deformity after union of 10 degrees to 26 degrees. At an average follow-up of 45 months (20 to 66), we measured remodelling of the proximal physis, the distal physis and the femoral shaft. The average correction was 85% of the initial deformity. We found that 74% of correction occurred at the physes and only 26% at the fracture site. Neither the direction nor the magnitude of the angulation much influenced the degree of remodelling. Younger children remodelled only a little better than older children. We conclude that in children under 13 years of age, malunion of as much as 25 degrees in any plane will remodel enough to give normal alignment of the joint surfaces

Aims

Eight-plates are used to correct varus-valgus deformity (VVD) or limb-length discrepancy (LLD) in children and adolescents. It was reported that these implants might create a bony deformity within the knee joint by change of the roof angle (RA) after epiphysiodesis of the proximal tibia following a radiological assessment limited to anteroposterior (AP) radiographs. The aim of this study was to analyze the RA, complemented with lateral knee radiographs, with focus on the tibial slope (TS) and the degree of deformity correction.

Salter-Harris II fractures of the distal tibia affect children frequently, and when they are displaced present a treatment dilemma. Treatment primarily aims to restore alignment and prevent premature physeal closure, as this can lead to angular deformity, limb length difference, or both. Current literature is of poor methodological quality and is contradictory as to whether conservative or surgical management is superior in avoiding complications and adverse outcomes. A state of clinical equipoise exists regarding whether displaced distal tibial Salter-Harris II fractures in children should be treated with surgery to achieve anatomical reduction, or whether cast treatment alone will lead to a satisfactory outcome. Systematic review and meta-analysis has concluded that high-quality prospective multicentre research is needed to answer this question. The Outcomes of Displaced Distal tibial fractures: Surgery Or Casts in KidS (ODD SOCKS) trial, funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research, aims to provide this high-quality research in order to answer this question, which has been identified as a top-five research priority by the British Society for Children’s Orthopaedic Surgery. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2023;105-B(5):471–473

We report the treatment in 17 patients of 27 angular deformities of the long bones by progressive opening-wedge osteotomy. The technique consists of percutaneous osteotomy and progressive angular correction using a modified Wagner distractor. Ten patients (20 bone segments) had adolescent bilateral idiopathic tibia vara with a mean angular deformity of 12 degrees varus (10 to 16). Seven other adolescent patients had secondary angular deformities either at the distal femur or the distal tibia. One of the femoral deformities had an associated 5.5 cm of shortening which was treated simultaneously. The patients with idiopathic tibia vara achieved a final mean angular correction of 15 degrees (mechanical axis from 12 degrees varus to 3 degrees valgus). In patients with secondary angular deformities the mean angular correction was 17 degrees. The Wagner device was removed in an average period of 12 weeks (9 to 27), and no major complications were observed. Progressive opening-wedge osteotomy is an alternative to conventional osteotomies for the treatment of angular deformities of the long bones in adolescent patients, and has the advantage of requiring less invasive surgery, allowing progressive and adjustable correction with bone lengthening if needed

Study Design. Retrospective review. Objective. To report the technique and results of vertebral column decancellation (VCD) for the management of sharp angular spinal deformity. Summary of Background Data. The goal of management of sharp angular spinal deformity is to realign the spinal deformity and safely decompress the neurological elements. However, some shortcomings related to current osteotomy treatment for these deformities are still evident. Methods. From January 2004 to March 2007, 45 patients (27 males/18 females) with severe sharp angular spinal deformities at our institution underwent VCD. The diagnoses included 29 congenital kyphoscoliosis and 16 Pott's deformity. The operative technique included multilevel VCD, disc removal, osteoclasis of the concave cortex, compression of the convex cortex accompanied by posterior instrumentation with pedicle screws. Preoperative and postoperative radiographic evaluation was performed. Intraoperative, postoperative and general complications were noted. Results. For a kyphosis type deformity, an average of 2.2 vertebrae was decancellated (range, 2to 4 vertebrae). The mean preoperative kyphosis was +98.6° (range, 82° to 138°), and the meankyphosis in the immediate postoperative period was +16.4° (range, 4° to 30°) with an averagepostoperative correction of +82.2° (range, 61° to 124°). For a kyphoscoliosis type deformity, thecorrection rate was 64% in the coronal plane (from 83.4° to 30.0°) postoperatively and 32.5°(61% correction) at 2 years follow-up. In the sagittal plane, the average preoperative curve of88.5° corrected to 28.6° immediately after surgery and to 31.0° at 2 years follow-up. All patientshad solid fusion at latest follow-up. Complications were encountered in 8 patients (17.8%) andincluded transient neurological deficit and complete paralysis (n = 1). Conclusion. Single stage posterior vertebral column decancellation (VCD) is an effective option to manage severe sharp angular spinal deformities

Angular proximal femoral deformities increase the technical complexity of primary total hip arthroplasties (THAs). The goals were to determine the long-term implant survivorship, risk factors, complications, and clinical outcomes of contemporary primary THAs in this difficult cohort. Our institutional total joint registry was used to identify 119 primary THAs performed in 109 patients with an angular proximal femoral deformity between 1997 and 2017. The deformity was related to previous femoral osteotomy in 85%, and developmental or metabolic disorders in 15%. 53% had a predominantly varus angular deformity. The mean age was 44 years, mean BMI was 29 kg/m. 2. , and 59% were female. An uncemented metaphyseal fixation stem was used in 30%, an uncemented diaphyseal fixation stem in 28%, an uncemented modular body stem with metaphyseal fixation sleeve in 24%, and a cemented stem in 18%. Simultaneous corrective femoral osteotomy was performed in 18%. Kaplan-Meier survivorships and Harris hip scores were reported. Mean follow-up was 8 years. The 10-year survivorships free of femoral loosening, aseptic femoral revision, any revision, and any reoperation were 95%, 93%, 90% and 88%, respectively. Revisions occurred in 13 hips for: aseptic femoral component loosening (3), stem fracture (2), dislocation (2), aseptic acetabular loosening (2), polyethylene liner exchange (2), and infection (2). Preoperative varus angular deformities were associated with a higher risk of any revision (HR 10, p=0.03), and simultaneous osteotomies with a higher risk of any reoperation (HR 3.6, p=0.02). Mean Harris hip scores improved from 52 preoperatively to 82 at 10 years (p<0.001). In the largest series to date of primary THAs in patients with angular proximal femoral deformities, we found a good 10-year survivorship free from any revision. Varus angular deformities, particularly those treated with a simultaneous osteotomy due to the magnitude or location of the deformity, had a higher reoperation rate. Keywords: Proximal femoral deformity; dysplasia; femoral osteotomy; survivorship; revision. Level of evidence: Level III, comparative retrospective cohort

The February 2023 Children’s orthopaedics Roundup. 360. looks at: Trends in management of paediatric distal radius buckle fractures; Pelvic osteotomy in patients with previous sacral-alar-iliac fixation; Sacral-alar-iliac fixation in patients with previous pelvic osteotomy; Idiopathic toe walking: an update on natural history, diagnosis, and treatment; A prediction model for treatment decisions in distal radial physeal injuries: a multicentre retrospective study; Angular deformities after percutaneous epiphysiodesis for leg length discrepancy; MRI assessment of anterior coverage is predictive of future radiological coverage; Predictive scoring for recurrent patellar instability after a first-time patellar dislocation

Introduction. Angular deformities of the distal femur can be corrected by opening, closing and neutral wedge techniques. Opening wedge (OW) and closing wedge (CW) are popular and well described in the literature. CW and OW techniques lead to leg length difference whereas the advantage of neutral wedge (NW) technique has several unique advantages. NW technique maintains limb length, wedge taken from the closing side is utilised on the opening side and since the angular correction is only half of the measured wedge on either side, translation of distal fragment is minimum. Leg lengths are not altered with this technique hence a useful technique in large deformities. We found no reports of clinical outcomes using NW technique. We present a technique of performing external fixator assisted NW correction of large valgus and varus deformities of distal femur and dual plating and discuss the results. Materials & Methods. We have treated 20 (22 limbs – 2 patients requiring staged bilateral corrections) patients for distal femoral varus and valgus deformities with CWDFO between 2019 and 2022. Out of these 4 patients (5 limbs) requiring large corrections of distal femoral angular deformities were treated with Neutral Wedge (NW) technique. 3 patients (four limbs) had distal femoral valgus deformity and one distal femoral varus deformity. Indication for NW technique is an angular deformity (varus or valgus of distal femur) requiring > 12 mm opening/closing wedge correction. We approached the closing side first and marked out the half of the calculated wedge with K – wires in a uniplanar fashion. Then an external fixator with two Schanz screws is applied on the opposite side, inserting the distal screw parallel to the articular surface and the proximal screw 6–7 cm proximal to the first pin and at right angles to the femoral shaft mechanical axis. Then the measured wedge is removed and carefully saved. External fixator is now used to close the wedge and over correct, creating an appropriate opening wedge on the opposite side. A Tomofix (Depuoy Synthes) plate is applied on the closing side with two screws proximal to osteotomy and two distally (to be completed later). Next the osteotomy on the opposite side is exposed, the graft is inserted. mLDFA is measured under image intensifier to confirm satisfactory correction. Closing wedge side fixation is then completed followed by fixation of opposite side with a Tomofix or a locking plate. Results. 3 patients (4 limbs) had genu valgum due to constitutional causes and one was a case of distal femoral varus from a fracture. Preoperative mLDFA ranged from 70–75° and in one case of varus deformity it was 103°. We achieved satisfactory correction of mLDFA in (85–90°) in 4 limbs and one measured 91°. Femoral length was not altered. JLCA was not affected post correction. Patients were allowed to weight bear for transfers for the first six weeks and full weight bearing was allowed at six weeks with crutches until healing of osteotomy. All osteotomies healed at 16–18 weeks (average 16.8 weeks). Patients regained full range of movement. We routinely recommend removal of metal work to facilitate future knee replacement if one is needed. Follow up ranged from 4 months to 2 yrs. Irritation from metal work was noted in 2 patients and resolved after removing the plates at 9 months post-surgery. Conclusions. NWDFO is a good option for large corrections. We describe a technique that facilitates accurate correction of deformity in these complex cases. Osteotomy heals predictably with uniplanar osteotomy and dual plate fixation. Metal work might cause irritation like other osteotomy and plating techniques in this location

Aims. Temporary hemiepiphysiodesis (HED) is applied to children and adolescents to correct angular deformities (ADs) in long bones through guided growth. Traditional Blount staples or two-hole plates are mainly used for this indication. Despite precise surgical techniques and attentive postoperative follow-up, implant-associated complications are frequently described. To address these pitfalls, a flexible staple was developed to combine the advantages of the established implants. This study provides the first results of guided growth using the new implant and compares these with the established two-hole plates and Blount staples. Methods. Between January 2013 and December 2016, 138 patients (22 children, 116 adolescents) with genu valgum or genu varum were treated with 285 flexible staples. The minimum follow-up was 24 months. These results were compared with 98 patients treated with 205 two-hole plates and 92 patients treated with 535 Blount staples. In long-standing anteroposterior radiographs, mechanical axis deviations (MADs) were measured before and during treatment to analyze treatment efficiency. The evaluation of the new flexible staple was performed according to the idea, development, evaluation, assessment, long-term (IDEAL) study framework (Stage 2a). Results. Overall, 79% (109/138) of patients treated with flexible staples achieved sufficient deformity correction. The median treatment duration was 16 months (interquartile range (IQR) 8 to 21). The flexible staples achieved a median MAD correction of 1.2 mm/month/HED site (IQR 0.6 to 2.0) in valgus deformities and 0.6 mm/month/HED site (IQR 0.2 to 1.5) in varus deformities. Wound infections occurred in 1%, haematomas and joint effusions in 4%, and implant-associated complications in 1% of patients treated with flexible staples. Valgus AD were corrected faster using flexible staples than two-hole plates and Blount staples. Furthermore, the median MAD after treatment was lower in varus and valgus AD, fewer implant-associated complications were detected, and reduced implantation times were recorded using flexible staples. Conclusion. The flexible staple seems to be a viable option for guided growth, showing comparable or possibly better results regarding correction speed and reducing implant-associated complications. Further comparative studies are required to substantiate these findings. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2023;105-B(3):331–340

Between 1990 and 2001, 24 children aged between 15 months and 11 years presented with late orthopaedic sequelae after meningococcal septicaemia. The median time to presentation was 32 months (12 to 119) after the acute phase of the disease. The reasons for referral included angular deformity, limb-length discrepancy, joint contracture and problems with prosthetic fitting. Angular deformity with or without limb-length discrepancy was the most common presentation. Partial growth arrest was the cause of the angular deformity. Multiple growth-plate involvement occurred in 14 children. The lower limbs were affected much more often than the upper. Twenty-three children underwent operations for realignment of the mechanical axis and limb-length equalisation. In 15 patients with angular deformity around the knee the deformity recurred. As a result we recommend performing a realignment procedure with epiphysiodesis of the remaining growth plate when correcting angular deformities

Aims. Osteofibrous dysplasia (OFD) is a rare benign lesion predominantly affecting the tibia in children. Its potential link to adamantinoma has influenced management. This international case series reviews the presentation of OFD and management approaches to improve our understanding of OFD. Methods. A retrospective review at three paediatric tertiary centres identified 101 cases of tibial OFD in 99 patients. The clinical records, radiological images, and histology were analyzed. Results. Mean age at presentation was 13.5 years (SD 12.4), and mean follow-up was 5.65 years (SD 5.51). At latest review, 62 lesions (61.4%) were in skeletally mature patients. The most common site of the tibial lesion was the anterior (76 lesions, 75.2%) cortex (63 lesions, 62.4%) of the middle third (52 lesions, 51.5%). Pain, swelling, and fracture were common presentations. Overall, 41 lesions (40.6%) presented with radiological deformity (> 10°): apex anterior in 97.6%. A total of 41 lesions (40.6%) were treated conservatively. Anterior bowing < 10° at presentation was found to be related to successful conservative management of OFD (p = 0.013, multivariable logistic regression). Intralesional excision was performed in 43 lesions (42.6%) and a wide excision of the lesion in 19 (18.8%). A high complication rate and surgical burden was found in those that underwent a wide excision regardless of technique employed. There was progression/recurrence in nine lesions (8.9%) but statistical analysis found no predictive factors. No OFD lesion transformed to adamantinoma. Conclusion. This study confirms OFD to be a benign bone condition with low rates of local progression and without malignant transformation. It is important to distinguish OFD from adamantinoma by a histological diagnosis. Focus should be on angular deformity, monitored with full-length tibial radiographs. Surgery is indicated in symptomatic patients and predicted by the severity of the initial angular deformity. Surgery should focus more on the deformity rather than the lesion. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2022;104-B(2):302–308

The concept of guided growth was proposed by Andry in 1741. In the last decades the concept has been widely used as implants has been introduced that can modulate the growth of the bone and pediatric longitudinal and angular deformities is widely treated by this technique. However, there is there is a huge variation in techniques and implants used and high-quality clinical trials is still lacking. Recently implants correcting rotational bony deformities have been proposed and clinical case series have been published. The current status of guided growth will be presented in this narrative review and preliminary experiences with rotational guided growth will be shared. Is guided growth to be considered a safe treatment at this time point?

The aim of this scoping review is to understand the extent and type of evidence in relation to the use of guided growth for correcting rotational deformities of long bones. Guided growth is routinely used to correct angular deformities in long bones in children. It has also been proven to be a viable method to correct rotational deformities, but the concept is not yet fully examined. Databases searched include Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science and Google Scholar. All identified citations were uploaded into Rayyan.ai and screened by at least two reviewers. The search resulted in 3569 hits. 14 studies were included: 1 review, 3 clinical trials and 10 pre-clinical trials. Clinical trials: a total of 21 children (32 femurs and 5 tibiae) were included. Surgical methods were 2 canulated screws connected by cable, PediPlates obliquely oriented, and separated Hinge Plates connected by FiberTape. Rotation was achieved in all but 1 child. Adverse effects reported include limb length discrepancy (LLD), knee stiffness and rebound of rotation after removal of tethers. 2 pre-clinical studies were ex-vivo studies, 1 using 8-plates on Sawbones and 1 using a novel z-shaped plates on human cadaver femurs. There were 5 lapine studies (2 using femoral plates, 2 using tibial plates and 1 using an external device on tibia), 1 ovine (external device on tibia), 1 bovine (screws and cable on metacarp) and a case-report on a dog that had an external device spanning from femur to tibia. Rotation was achieved in all studies. Adverse effects reported include implant extrusions, LLD, articular deformities, joint stiffness and rebound. All included studies conclude that guided growth is a viable treatment for rotational deformities of long bones, but there is great variation in models and surgical methods used, and in reported adverse effects

Introduction. Coronal malalignment and leg length discrepancies (LLD) are frequently associated. Temporary hemiepiphysiodesis (tHED) is commonly employed for the correction of limb malalignment in skeletally immature patients. For treatment of LLD greater than 2 cm, lengthening with intramedullary legnthening nails is a safe and reliable technique. However, the combined application of these approaches in skeletally immature patients has not yet been investigated. Materials & Methods. Retrospective radiological and clinical analysis of 25 patients (14 females, 11 males) who underwent intramedullary femoral lengthening with an antegrade PRECICE® lengthening nail as well as tHED of the distal femur and / or proximal tibia between 2014 and 2019. tHED was conducted by implantation of flexible staples (FlexTack™) either prior (n = 11), simultaneously (n = 10), or subsequently (n = 4) to femoral lengthening. The mean follow-up period was 3.7 years (±1.4). Results. The median initial LLD was 39.0 mm (35.0–45.0). 21 patients (84%) presented valgus and 4 (16%) showed varus malalignment. Leg length equalization was achieved in 13 patients at skeletal maturity (62%). The median LLD of patients with a residual LLD > 10 mm was 15.5 mm (12.8–21.8). Limb realignment was obtained in nine of seventeen skeletally mature patients (53%) in the valgus group, and in one of four patients (25%) in the varus group. Conclusions. The combination of antegrade femoral lengthening and tHED can efficiently correct LLD and coronal limb malalignment in skeletally immature patients. Nevertheless, achieving limb length equalization and realignment may render difficult in cases of severe LLD and angular deformity. Furthermore, the reported techniques ought to be thoroughly planned and executed and require regular clinical and radiological examinations until skeletal maturity to avoid - or timely detect and manage - adverse events such as overcorrection and rebound of deformity

Percutaneous physiodesis is an established technique for treating mild leg-length discrepancy and problems of expected extreme height. Angular deformities resulting from incomplete physeal arrest have been reported, and little is known about the time interval from percutaneous physiodesis to actual physeal arrest. This procedure was carried out in ten children, six with leg-length discrepancy and four with expected extreme height. Radiostereometric analysis was used to determine the three-dimensional dynamics of growth retardation. Errors of measurement of translation were less than 0.05 mm and of rotation less than 0.06°. Physeal arrest was obtained in all but one child within 12 weeks after physiodesis and no clinically-relevant angular deformities occurred. This is a suitable method for following up patients after percutaneous physiodesis. Incomplete physeal arrest can be detected at an early stage and the procedure repeated before corrective osteotomy is required

Abstract. Objectives. Epiphysiodesis is a commonly used treatment for lower limb angular deformities. However, in recent years, distal tibial growth modulation using ‘eight plates’ or screws has emerged as an alternative treatment for paediatric foot and ankle disorders, such as CTEV. Our objective was to assess the efficacy of distal tibial modulation in correcting various paediatric foot and ankle disorders. Methods. This retrospective study analysed 205 cases of paediatric foot and ankle disorders treated between 2003 and 2022, including only cases where the eight plate or screw was fixed on the anterior surface of the distal tibia. Our aim was to measure post-operative changes in dorsiflexion, the distal tibial angle, and the tibiocalcaneal angle by examining clinical records and radiology reports. Results. We identified nine cases (nine feet) meeting the full inclusion criteria, comprising seven cases of CTEV, one case of arthrogryposis, and one case of cavovarus foot. The cohort consisted of five male and four female patients, with a mean age of 10 years and 9 months at the time of surgery. Seven cases involved the left tibia, and two cases involved the right tibia. The mean time between pre-operative X-ray to surgery was 168 days, and the mean turnaround time between surgery and post-operative X-ray was 588 days. A mean change in the distal tibial angle of 4.33 degrees was noted. However, changes in dorsiflexion were documented in only one case, which showed a change of 13 degrees. Notably, our average distal tibial angle was significantly lower than reported in the literature, at 4.33 degrees. Additionally, some studies in the literature used the Oxford Ankle Foot Questionnaire for Children to assess pre- and post-operative outcomes, but it is important to note that it is validated only for children aged 5 to 16. Furthermore, most cases reported an improved tibiocalcaneal angle except for an anomaly of 105 degrees. We assessed satisfactory patient outcomes using patient notes. Out of the 6 procured notes, one has been discharged. The rest are still under yearly or 6-monthly review and are at various stages, such as physiotherapy, removing the eight plate, or requiring further surgery. The most common presentations at review are plantaris deformity and pain. Conclusions. Our study suggests that distal tibial growth modulation can be an effective treatment option for selected paediatric foot and ankle disorders. However, due to the limited number of cases in our study, the lack of documentation of changes in dorsiflexion, and a lack of pre- and post-operative outcomes using a standardised method, further research is needed to investigate this procedure's long-term outcomes and potential complications. Declaration of Interest. (b) declare that there is no conflict of interest that could be perceived as prejudicing the impartiality of the research reported:I declare that there is no conflict of interest that could be perceived as prejudicing the impartiality of the research project

Introduction. Angular deformity in the lower extremities can result in pain, gait disturbance, deformity and joint degeneration. Guided growth modulation uses the tension band principle with the goal of treatment being to normalise the mechanical axis. To assess the success of this procedure we reviewed our results in an attempt to identify patients who may not benefit from this simple and elegant procedure. Materials and Methods. We reviewed the surgical records and imaging in our tertiary children's hospital to identify all patients who had guided growth surgery since 2007. We noted the patient demographics, diagnosis, peri-operative experience and outcome. All patients were followed until skeletal maturity or until metalwork was removed. Results. 173 patients with 192 legs were assessed for eligibility. Six were excluded due to inadequate follow-up or loss of records. Of the 186 treated legs meeting criteria for final assessment 19.8% were unsuccessful, the other 80.2% were deemed successful at final follow up. Complications included infection and metal-work failure. Those with a pre-treatment diagnosis of idiopathic genu valgum/ varum had a success rate of 83.6%. Conclusions. In our hands, guided growth had an 80-percent success rate when all diagnosis were considered. Those procedures that were unlikely to be successful included growth disturbances due to mucopolysaccharide storage disease, Blounts disease and achondroplasia. Excluding those three diagnoses, success rate was 85.4%. We continue to advocate the use of guided growth as a successful treatment option for skeletally immature patients with limb deformity

Background. Temporary hemiepiphysiodesis using 8 plate guided growth has gained widespread acceptance for the treatment of paediatric angular deformities. This study aims to look at outcomes of coronal lower limb deformities corrected using temporary hemiepiphysiodesis over an extended period of follow up. Methods. A retrospective analysis was undertaken of 56 children (92 legs) with coronal plane deformities around the knee which were treated with an extraperiosteal 2 holed titanium plate and screws between 2007 and 2015. Pre and post-op long leg radiographs and clinic letters were reviewed. Results. The mean age was 11.9 years (range 3 to 16) with a mean angular deformity of 12.3 degrees (5.1 to 33.5). The mean rate of correction was 0.8 degrees per month. Isolated distal femur correction occurred at a mean rate of 0.6 degrees per month (0.2 to 1.4) and isolated tibia at a rate of 0.5 degrees per month (0.0 to 1.7). Children treated with concurrent treatment of both femur and tibia corrected at a rate of 1.4 degrees per month (0.1 to 2.7). Similar rates of correction occur in children aged 10 and over compared to those younger than 10 (0.8 degrees per month compared to 0.7). We also saw similar rates of correction with extended follow up. The average rate of correction over the first 9 months post op was 0.8 degrees compared to 0.6 degrees over the following 10 months. Conclusion. This study is the largest long term follow up of 8 plate hemiepiphysiodesis which highlights the rate of correction in all age groups. Implications. With this knowledge surgeons can make a more informed decision regarding placement of hemiepiphysiodesis plates and length of time required for correction of angular deformities. It may also lead to consideration of alternative, more powerful techniques if the rate of correction is insufficient. Conflict of Interest: None declared

Renal failure in children is associated with a wide range of musculoskeletal disorders such as osteonecrosis, stress fractures, brown tumours, epiphysiolysis, joint infections and angular deformities. In this paper the authors report their experience concerning the surgical treatment of the angular deformities of the lower limbs in renal osteodystrophy (RO). Between 1995 to 2003, 10 children (five girls and five boys) with RO underwent surgical correction of angular deformities of the lower limbs. Of these, seven had femoral osteotomies because of knee deformities (three genu valgum, four genu varum) and three had osteotomies because of tibial angular deformity. The average age at surgery was 5 years (min. 2 years, max. 12 years). Different types of osteosynthesis were used (staples and cast, Ortho-fix and Ilizarov frames) according to the age of the child and the degree and the site of the angular deformities. All osteotomies healed without complications and the surgical correction was considered appropriate at the end of treatment. At an average follow-up of 4.5 years there was no significant relapse and no need for second surgery. Simple osteosynthesis (staples and cast) was most appropriate in the youngest children and in mildest deformities (particularly at the distal tibial metaphysis). External devices were more suitable in the oldest children and for genu valgum/varum deformities. To optimise the time of consolidation close collaboration with the paediatricians is required in order to perform surgery under the best metabolic conditions (elevation of the serum alkaline phosphatase concentration above 500/l is a good marker of bone metabolic healthy)

Summary Statement. The implantation of scaffold-free CTE from suspension culture into growth-plate defects resulted in a significant reduction in growth arrest of the rabbit tibia. Introduction. In childhood and adolescence, the growth plate injury can cause partial premature arrest of growth plate, which can make problems such as leg length discrepancy and angular deformity. Bone bridge resection and variable implantation materials such as fat, bone wax, silastic and craniopalst has been investigated. However, those procedures may show limitations including the control of bone growth and long term safety of implant materials in vivo. As an alternative, homogeneous or heterogeneous cartilage cells and stem cell transplants have been tried. In this method, scaffold for cell transplantation is needed. But, so far the most suitable scaffold has not been established. Recently, some authors generated a cartilage tissue equivalent (CTE) using a suspension culture with biophysical properties similar to native hyaline cartilage. Therefore we are able to transplant the CTE without scaffold to the physeal defect. The purpose of this study was to investigated the effects of a transplantation of a vitro-generated scaffold-free tissue-engineered cartilage tissue equivalent (CTE) using a suspension chondrocyte culture in a rabbit growth arrest model. Material and Method. Cartilage tissue equivalent culture. The CTE was generated by the suspension culture of chondrocytes (2 × 10. 7. /well/1 mL) which was isolated from articular cartilage of 5 weeks New Zealand white rabbit on a 24-well plate (2.4 cm. 2. /well) treated with poly HEMA (nunc, Roskide, Denmark) for up to 8 and 16 weeks. (2)Partial growth arrest animal model. An experimental model for growth arrest was created by excising the growth plate at the proximal medial side of tibia with the 4 mm in diameter and 4 mm in depth from 6-week-old New Zealand white rabbits. Two experimental groups were set to evaluate CTE implantation; group I, no implantation as controls; group II, implantation of CTE. (3) Evaluation of effect of the transplantation of CTE. Serial plain radiographs were performed at one week. The medial proximal tibial angle (MPTA) was measured for assessing the degree of angular deformity. Histologic examination using HE stain, Alcian bule and immunohistochemistry was done at 4 and 8 weeks after surgery. Results. Radiographic results: In group I, all damaged growth plates were arrested and angular deformities appeared 4 weeks later. In groups II, angular deformities were much less than in the control group. Histologic result: In group I, bone bridge formation was shown at the damaged growth plate at 4 weeks after surgery. In group II, regeneration of growth plates was recognised at 4 and 8 week after surgery. However, the thickness of regenerated growth plate at 8 weeks specimen was thinner than that of 4 weeks specimen. Discussion and Conclusion. The implantation of scaffold-free CTE from suspension culture into growth-plate defects resulted in a significant reduction in growth arrest of the rabbit tibia

The aim was to assess the long-term impact of humeral and forearm rodding on functional ability, grip strength, joint range of motion and angular deformity in children with osteogenesis imperfecta. A retrospective chart review was conducted on 57 children with osteogenesis imperfecta who underwent humeral rodding or forearm rodding at our institution between 1996 and 2013. Functional ability was assessed using the self-care and mobility domains of the Pediatric Evaluation and Disability Inventory (PEDI). Grip strength was measured using a dynamometer and joint range of motion with a goniometer. Deformity was measured on radiographs of the humerus or forearm. Outcomes were assessed pre-operatively and every year post-operatively. Differences between pre-operative and 1-year post-operative outcomes were compared using paired T-tests. In 44 patients with a minimum of 2 years follow-up, outcome measures at 1-year post-surgery were compared to those at the latest clinic visit (mean follow-up = 8.0 years). Humeral and forearm rodding resulted in a significant improvement in PEDI self-care score (mean change =5.75, p=0.028 for the humerus, mean change = 6.77, p=0.0017 for the forearm) and mobility score (mean change =3.59, p=0.008 for the humerus, mean change =7.21, p=0.020 for the forearm) at 1 year post-surgery. Grip strength improved following forearm rodding (mean change = +6.13N, p=0.015) but not humeral rodding. Joint range of movement improved following humeral rodding but not forearm rodding. There was a significant improvement in radiographic angular deformity of the forearm and humerus following surgery (p<0.0001). Over 80% of improvements were maintained in the long-term. Humeral and forearm rodding in children with osteogenesis imperfecta leads to long-term improvement in functional ability and angular deformity

We used the Ilizarov method in seven patients with severe congenital radial club hands who had had previous wrist surgery, to correct residual shortening and bowing of the ulna together with recurrent wrist deformity. The mean age at operation was 6.5 years. The mean ulnar shortening was 5.3 cm and the mean angular deformity 42°. The mean length gained was 51% of the original ulna. The mean healing index was 46.9 days (29.8 to 64.0). The ratio of the length of the lengthened ulna to the normal side improved on average from 64% to 95%. The angular deformity was initially completely corrected in six out of seven patients. The length ratio, however, decreased to 83% at the final follow-up. In four patients, the angular deformity partially recurred. We recommend correction of congenital radial club hand by staged procedures. The first is centralisation and stabilisation of the wrist and the second lengthening of the ulna and correction of the angular deformity using the Ilizarov method

Introduction and Aims: To determine the optimum management of growth arrests secondary to meningococcal septicaemia. Method: A retrospective study of 28 children treated in children’s hospitals in the UK for long bone deformities caused by growth plate arrests secondary to meningococcal septicaemia. Results: 28 children (age range four to eight years) with growth arrests of the long bones following meningococcal septicaemia were treated for their bony deformities (a limb length discrepancy or a progressive angular deformity of the upper or lower limb) using the Ilizarov technique. Resection of bony blocks was ineffective in preventing progressive deformities. Limb length discrepancies were treated satisfactorily with equalisation of limb lengths. Angular deformities required ablation of the remaining part of the affected growth plate in order to prevent recurrence. Distal tibial deformities were treated satisfactorily with a transepiphyseal osteotomy. In the upper limb lengthening of either the radius or ulna restored alignment to the wrist. One patient with a growth arrest affecting a tibial amputation stump underwent satisfactory stump realignment and lengthening. Limb lengthening will need to be repeated in younger children, as the deformity will recur with growth until skeletal maturity. Conclusion: The Ilizarov technique enables satisfactory treatment of growth deformities secondary to meningococcal septicaemia. With peripheral growth plate arrests causing an angular deformity the remaining open growth plate needs to be ablated to prevent recurrence of the angular deformity. Any recurrence will then be a shortening only, which can be treated by further lengthening if required

Introduction: Meningococcal septicemia is a devastating illness that primarily affects children. Late orthopaedic sequelae, though rare, are being seen more frequently as acute medical management has reduced the initial mortality rate. Aims: To review the case histories and discuss the management of these children. Methods: A retrospective review of medical notes and radiographs was undertaken at the participating hospitals. Outcomes assessed included clinical & radiologic outcome, limb length equalization and correction of the mechanical axis. Results: Between 1990 and 2000, twenty patients aged 2 to7 years presented to the orthopaedic departments of the participating hospitals with late sequelae. On average presentation wasf 4 years (2 – 6) after the acute phase of the disease. The reasons for referral included angular deformity, limb length discrepancy, joint con-tracture or problems with prosthetic fitting. The lower limbs were involved more frequently than the upper limbs. In fourteen children multiple growth plates were affected. Partial growth arrest was the cause of the angular deformity and limb length discrepancy. All twenty children underwent operations for realignment of the mechanical axis and equalization of limb length. Recurrence of the angular deformity was almost universal. Conclusion: Children who survive meningococcal septicaemia are at risk for developing late orthopaedic sequelae. Lower limbs are more commonly affected with deformities of limb length and axis. We recommend complete ablation of the affected growth plates at the initial surgery to prevent recurrence of the angular deformity. Further limb length equalization procedures can be anticipated. Early recognition and orthopaedic follow-up to skeletal maturity is essential for minimizing the effects of these sequelae

Purpose. Angular deformity in the lower extremities can result in pain, gait disturbance, cosmetic deformity and joint degeneration. Up until the introduction of guided growth in 2007, which has since become the gold standard, treatment for correcting angular deformities in skeletally immature patients had been either an osteotomy, a hemiepiphysiodesis, or the use of staples. Methods. We reviewed the surgical records and diagnostic imaging in our childrens hospital to identify all patients who had guided growth surgery since 2007. All patients were followed until skeletal maturity or until their metalwork was removed. Results. 113 patients, with 147 legs were assessed for eligibility. Three were excluded for various reasons including inadequate follow-up or loss of records. Of the 144 treated legs which met the criteria for final assessment 32 (22.2%) were unsuccessful, the other 112 (77.8%) were deemed successful at final follow up. Complications were few, but included infection in one case and metal failure in another. Those with a pre-treatment diagnosis of idiopathic genu valgum/genu varum had a success rate of 83.6%. Conclusions. In our hands, guided growth had a seventy-eight percent success rate when all diagnosis were considered. Those procedures that were unlikely to be successful included growth disturbances due to mucopolysaccharide storage disease (28% failure rate), Blounts disease (66.6% failure rate) and achondroplasia (37.5% failure rate). If you exclude those three diagnoses, success rate for all other conditions was 81.4%. We continue to advocate the use of guided growth as a successful treatment option for skeletally immature patients with limb deformity

The traditional techniques involving an oblique tunnel or triangular wedge resection to approach a central or mixed-type physeal bar are hindered by poor visualisation of the bar. This may be overcome by a complete transverse osteotomy at the metaphysis near the growth plate or a direct vertical approach to the bar. Ilizarov external fixation using small wires allows firm fixation of the short physis-bearing fragment, and can also correct an associated angular deformity and permit limb lengthening. . We accurately approached and successfully excised ten central- or mixed-type bars; six in the distal femur, two in the proximal tibia and two in the distal tibia, without damaging the uninvolved physis, and corrected the associated angular deformity and leg-length discrepancy. Callus formation was slightly delayed because of periosteal elevation and stretching during resection of the bar. The resultant resection of the bar was satisfactory in seven patients and fair in three as assessed using a by a modified Williamson–Staheli classification. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2015;97-B:1726–31

Modern methods of deformity correction such as the Taylor Spatial Frame (TSF) allow correction of deformities to within tolerances of 1° and 0.5mm. Plain X-radiography using orthogonal views is the current standard for the assessment for the evaluation of angular limb deformities. CT has been used for the assessment of torsional and axial deformities but its use has not been described for the measurement of angular deformities. Furthermore, dedicated correction planning software (SpatialCad™) may allow more accurate deformity definition. This study aims to evaluate the accuracy of CT and SpatialCad™ to measure angular deformities in vitro. A tibia sawbone was coated in radio-opaque paint. A TSF was mounted on it and an osteotomy made in the mid-diaphyseal region. Four deformities were created and imaged with plain radiography and CT. Four observers measured the deformities using paper and pencil, PACS and SpatialCad™ for plain radiographs and Spatial-Cad™ for the CT scout views. The variance of the mean response of observed differences between main treatment factors was measured using analysis of variance. There was no significant difference in variability (precision) between observers or methods of measurement. However, measurements made with PACS and Spatial-Cad™ on plain radiographs, but not CT scout views, were also accurate. There does not appear to be any evidence at present that the use of CT for measurement of angular limb deformity is justified over plain radiography. Spatial-Cad™ is designed to optimize deformity correction planning for use with TSF, but PACS appears to be adequate for use with other deformity correction systems

Introduction. The purpose of our study was to retrospectively analyze our patients who were treated for FH and PFFD by means of guided growth temporary Hemiepiphysiodesis. We sought to determine the effectiveness of the procedure, as well as its success rates, complications, and rebound phenomena. Materials and Methods. We retrospectively reviewed the medical records and all routine preoperative and post operative long standing radiograph of all the FH and PFFD patients that were operated in our institute using guided growth hemiepiphysiodesis technique of distal femur or proximal tibia between 2007 to 2017. Results. 42 patients (28/FH, 14/PFFD) with 55 involved physis were included in the study. The mean duration of follow-up was 51.11 ± 27.56 months after the first operation. The average age at first plate insertion was 11.7 years and 50% of patients reached puberty by the time of data collection. 32 physes (21 FH, 11 PFFD) were operated due to pathological mLDFA with a mean angle correction of 6.24° for the FH group and 6° for the PFFD group and time-to-correction of 14.07 months and 11.56 months, respectively. 23 physes (14 FH, 9 PFFD) were operated due to pathological mMPTA with a mean angle correction of 4.43° for the FH group and 6.22° for the PFFD group with time-to-correction of 17.95 months and 20.35 months respectively. 40% (12/30) of patients, whose metalwork was removed, had a recurrence of the deformity, 7/21 [33.3%] in the FH group and 5/9 [55%] in the PFFD group. All required a second hemiepiphysiodesis operation. 2. nd. rebound was recorded in 3/21 (14%) FH patients and 2/9 (22%) PFFD patients. Conclusions. Temporary hemiepiphysiodesis is an effective treatment of angular deformities around the knees of FH and PFFD patients. With low complication rate and high risk of rebound phenomenon

Introduction: Prior to skeletal maturity temporary hemiepiphyseal stapling is a treatment method for angular deformities of long bones. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of temporary hemiepiphyseal stapling on the bone geometry and histology of physis. Materials & Methods: Proximal medial epipyseal stapling of the right tibia were done in 46 New Zealand rabbits. 23 of them were euthanized at the end of 3 weeks. For the remaining 23 rabbits staples were fixed subperiostally (group A) in 11, and extraperiosteally (group B) in 12 rabbits. After 3 weeks the staples removed and the rabbits were euthanized at the end of 6 weeks. Bromodeoxyuridine used to evaluate cellular activity of the growth plate. Radiographs utilized for bone alignment. Results: The articular surface-diaphysis angle was significantly increased at the end three weeks when compared to controls (27.7° vs. −1.5°, p:0.001). Cellular activity was decreased but preserved in the stapled tibias. At the end of six weeks while the angular deformity was worsening in group A 22.9° vs. 35.6°, p:0.001) it was improving in group B (23.2 ° vs. 14.6°, p:0.001). Bone tissue bridging the growth plate was noted in group A. Cellular activity in the group B was higher than group A at the end of six weeks. Conclusion: Hemiepiphyseal stapling causes decreased cellular activity at the growth plate, which leads to angulation. With removal of staples, increased cellular activity at the growth plate results in the improvement of the deformity if staples were inserted extraperiosteally. Temporary extraperiosteal hemiepiphyseal stapling could be used as a safe and effective method for treatment of angular deformities prior to skeletal maturity

Few published series demonstrate the complications of flexible intramedullary nailing of unstable tibial diaphyseal fractures in children. A retrospective review of nineteen patients was performed, as well as a biomechanical analysis. Two common implant configurations were compared, double or divergent C and medial C and S. Five patients (26%) had complications. Two angular deformities (> 10°) occurred with the medial C and S. The C and S demonstrated lower range of motion than the double c. Despite it’s inferiority in biomechanical testing, the double c construct was associated with fewer complications and is the authors’ preferred technique. To summarize the complications seen with intramedullary flexible nailing of tibial diaphyseal fractures and to examine the clinical outcomes and biomechanical properties between two different fixation constructs (double C vs. C and S constructs). A retrospective review of nineteen patients was performed, as well as a biomechanical analysis of stability in torsion and compression when using two types of implant configurations in a pediatric sized synthetic tibia model. Outcome measures included union rates, residual deformity, and complications. Five patients (26%) had complications. Union occurred in all cases. None required repeat operation. Two (11%) angular deformities (> 10°) occurred with the medial C and S construct, versus none with the double C. The C and S configuration demonstrated significantly lower range of motion (32 + 4 degrees) compared to the double c configuration (71 + 20 degrees) (p< 0.03). There was no statistical difference in failure load at 5mm of gap closure between the C and S configuration (105 + 62N) and the double c configuration (40 + 42N) (p=0.2). The C and S construct was superior in biomechanical testing, however the double c construct had no angular deformities greater than ten degrees in the clinical series. Flexible intramedullary nail fixation is a straightforward technique that reliably produces good results. Despite it’s inferiority in biomechanical testing of a synthetic tibia model, the double c construct was associated with fewer complications and is the authors’ preferred technique

We analysed the clinical and radiological outcomes of a new surgical technique for the treatment of heterozygote post-axial metatarsal-type foot synpolydactyly with HOX-D13 genetic mutations with a mean follow-up of 30.9 months (24 to 42). A total of 57 feet in 36 patients (mean age 6.8 years (2 to 16)) were treated with this new technique, which transfers the distal part of the duplicated fourth metatarsal to the proximal part of the fifth metatarsal. Clinical and radiological assessments were undertaken pre- and post-operatively and any complications were recorded. Final outcomes were evaluated according to the methods described by Phelps and Grogan. Forefoot width was reduced and the lengths of the all reconstructed toes were maintained after surgery. Union was achieved for all the metatarsal osteotomies without any angular deformities. Outcomes at the final assessment were excellent in 51 feet (89%) and good in six (11%). This newly described surgical technique provides for painless, comfortable shoe-wearing after a single, easy-to-perform operation with good clinical, radiological and functional outcomes. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2013;95-B:929–34

This study aimed to define the rates of lower limb angular correction using temporary hemiepiphysiodesis in differing skeletal pathologies. A retrospective review of 61 children (36M:25F) with angular deformities about the knee who underwent 8-plate hemiepiphysiodesis (mean age 10.8y) was undertaken. The children were divided into 9 groups based on their underlying pathology (lower limb hypoplasia, Blount's disease, skeletal dysplasia, rickets, metabolic disease, acquired growth disturbance, vascular malformation, steroid use and complex genetic disorders). Radiographic measurements of each limb segment was undertaken using the TraumaCad® digital templating software based on standing long-leg radiographs - mechanical lateral distal femoral angle (mLDFA) and mechanical medial proximal tibial angle (mMPTA). The rate of correction of each parameter was calculated as a function of the time lapse between the operation date and first radiographic evidence of full correction of the mechanical axis (zone 1). A total of 144 limb segments (80 distal femoral, 64 proximal tibial physes) were analysed. 62.5% of children had mechanical axes outside the knee joint at the time of operation; 63.2% achieved full correction. The rate of angular correction at the distal femur (mLDFA) was quickest in those with acquired growth disturbance (1.15°/month), complex genetic disorders (1.12°/month) and rickets (0.93°/month). It was slowest in those with vascular malformation (0.40°/month), lower extremity hypoplasia (0.44°/month) and metabolic disease (0.49°/month). At the proximal tibia, mMPTA correction was quickest in those with acquired growth disturbance (0.77°/month) and skeletal dysplasia (0.57°/month); whilst being slowest in those with metabolic disease (0.22°/month) and Blount's disease (0.29°/month). The rate of angular correction about the knee varies with the underlying pathology with correction rates varying up to 3-fold. This study demonstrated the differential rate of correction of angular deformities in children with different skeletal pathologies, which would help guide the timing of hemiepiphysiodesis

Septicaemia resulting from meningococcal infection is a devastating illness affecting children. Those who survive can develop late orthopaedic sequelae from growth plate arrests, with resultant complex deformities. Our aim in this study was to review the case histories of a series of patients with late orthopaedic sequelae, all treated by the senior author (CFB). We also describe a treatment strategy to address the multiple deformities that may occur in these patients. Between 1997 and 2009, ten patients (seven girls and three boys) were treated for late orthopaedic sequelae following meningococcal septicaemia. All had involvement of the lower limbs, and one also had involvement of the upper limbs. Each patient had a median of three operations (one to nine). Methods of treatment included a combination of angular deformity correction, limb lengthening and epiphysiodesis. All patients were skeletally mature at the final follow-up. One patient with bilateral below-knee amputations had satisfactory correction of her right amputation stump deformity, and has complete ablation of both her proximal tibial growth plates. In eight patients length discrepancy in the lower limb was corrected to within 1 cm, with normalisation of the mechanical axis of the lower limb. Meningococcal septicaemia can lead to late orthopaedic sequelae due to growth plate arrests. Central growth plate arrests lead to limb-length discrepancy and the need for lengthening procedures, and peripheral growth plate arrests lead to angular deformities requiring corrective osteotomies and ablation of the damaged physis. In addition, limb amputations may be necessary and there may be altered growth of the stump requiring further surgery. Long-term follow-up of these patients is essential to recognise and treat any recurrence of deformity

Osteomyelitis and septic arthritis are common pathologies in young children. Because of their skeletal immaturity, children are particularly vulnerable to orthopaedic complications, including limb-length discrepancies, angular deformities, chondrolysis, etc. The primary objective of this study was to review the clinical follow up and outcomes of paediatric patients diagnosed with osteoarticular infections. The secondary purpose was to look for significant differences in the clinical characteristics between the one with and without complications. Patients' medical charts, hospitalised between 2010 and 2016, were retrospectively reviewed. The inclusion criteria were: patients (1) aged of less than 10 years old (2) treated and followed for osteomyelitis of long bones of upper and lower extremities and/or septic arthritis (3) with at least one year of radiological follow up. The exclusion criterion was: (1) any concomitant chronic diseases. The information collected included demographic and clinical data. A late sequela was defined as a limb-length discrepancy superior to 5 mm or an abnormal articular angulation of more than 5°, or a symptomatic chondropathy. Patients were separated in two groups: with and without complications. Chi-square tests were used for categorical variables and Mann-Whitney U tests for continuous data in order to establish significant differences between both groups. Of the 401 patients with osteomyelitis and/or septic arthritis treated in our tertiary paediatric hospital over 7 years, 50 met the inclusion criteria. There were 24 girls and 26 boys. The etiological agent was identified in 56% of the cases. Staphylococcus aureus was the predominant causal pathogen (50%), followed by Kingella kingae (19.2%). The mean follow up was 780 days. Six out of 50 (12%) patients had physeal or chondrolytic complications at the latest follow-up. The only significant difference between the 2 groups was the delay between onset of symptoms and initiation of antibiotic therapy (P = 0.039). Only 12.5% of the patients were followed up at least one year. In the population of 50 skeletally immature patients without comorbidities, 12% had a sequela. The delay in initiating antibiotic treatment was significantly longer in the group with the presence of sequelae. The results of this study reveal that there were low rates of outpatient follow-up reaching more than a year after an osteoarticular infection, thus raising the question about the importance of a follow up after such a diagnosis. Twelve percent of the patients had a growth or chondrolysis complication and this might be related to the delay before initiating antibiotic treatment

First generation condylar knee replacements suffered from 2 prominent observations: Difficulty in stair climbing and Limited range of motion. Improved understanding of knee kinematics, the importance of femoral rollback, and enhanced stability in flexion led to 2 differing schools of thought: posterior cruciate ligament retention or posterior cruciate substitution. The advantages of posterior cruciate substitution include predictable CAM-post engagement leading to rollback, predictable ROM, stability during stair climbing, ease of knee balancing regardless of degree of angular deformity, and avoidance of issues such as PCL tightness / laxity at time of index procedure, as well as late ligament disruption leading to late instability. Evolution has shown that human appendages that no longer served a purpose, slowly shrivel up. As we have seen with the appendix, the coccyx, and the erector pili muscles, these vestigial organs no longer are necessary for daily function and are destined for obsolescence. I submit: the PCL in knee arthroplasty IS THE VESTIGIAL ORGAN: not the posterior stabilizing mechanism!

Arrest of growth of the distal radius is rare but will produce deformity of the wrist. We corrected angular deformity and shortening of the distal radius by epiphysiolysis and gradual lengthening without a corrective osteotomy

Background. Correct positioning of the femoral component in resurfacing hip arthroplasty (RHA) is an important factor in successful long-term outcomes. The purpose of computer-assisted navigation (CAS) in resurfacing is to insert the femoral neck guide wire with greater accuracy and to help size the femoral component, thus reducing the risk of notching at the head and neck junction. Several recent studies reported satisfactory precision and accuracy of CAS. However, there is little evidence that CAS is useful in the presence of anatomical deformities of the proximal femur, which is frequently observed in young patients with secondary degenerative joint disease. Aim. The purpose of this in vitro study was to determine the accuracy of an image-free RHA navigation system in the presence of angular deformity of the neck, pistol grip deformity of the head and neck junction and slipped upper femoral epiphysis deformity. Methods. An artificial phantom leg was used. Implant-shaft angles for the guide wire of the femoral component reamer were calculated, in frontal and lateral planes, with the computer navigation system and an electronic caliper combined with micro-CT. Results. With both normal anatomy and angular deformity we found close agreement between the CAS system and our measurement system. There was a consistent disagreement on both planes for the pistol grip deformity. In the presence of the slipped upper femoral epiphysis deformity, close agreement was found only on the frontal plane but calculation of the femoral head size was inaccurate. Conclusion. This is the first study designed to assess the accuracy of a femoral navigation system for RHA in the presence of anatomical deformity of the proximal femoral head and neck segment. Our data suggests CAS technology should not be used to expand the range of utilisation of resurfacing surgery to these cases but rather to improve the surgical outcome in those with suitable anatomy

We reviewed 13 children with partial growth plate arrest who had been treated by epiphyseolysis. Eight were followed to skeletal maturity and five for at least four years. In three cases the affected limb was restored to normal and in five the operation was successful in improving angular deformity and leg length discrepancy such that further surgery was not necessary. In the five failures, angular deformity had progressed or limb length discrepancy had increased. There were no significant complications and the procedure did not prevent subsequent osteotomy or limb length equalisation. Epiphyseolysis was most effective for small bars and those affecting only the central area of the plate

Limb deformity is common in patients presenting for knee arthroplasty, either related to asymmetrical wear patterns from the underlying arthritic process (intra-articular malalignment) or less often major extra-articular deformity due to prior fracture malunion, childhood physical injury, old osteotomy, or developmental or metabolic disorders such as Blount's disease or hypophosphatemic rickets. Angular deformity that is above the epicondyles or below the fibular neck may not be easily correctable by adjusted bone cuts as the amount of bone resection may make soft tissue balancing impossible or may disrupt completely the collateral ligament attachments. Development of a treatment plan begins with careful assessment of the malalignment which may be mainly coronal, sagittal, rotational or some combination. Translation can also complicate the reconstruction as this has effects directly on location of the mechanical axis. Most intra-articular deformities are due to the arthritic process alone, but may occasionally be the result of intra-articular fracture, periarticular osteotomy or from prior revision surgery effects. While intra-articular deformity can almost always be managed with adjusted bone cuts it is important to have available revision type implants to enhance fixation (stems) or increase constraint when ligament balancing or ligament laxity is a problem. Extra-articular deformities may be correctable with adjusted bone cuts and altered implant positioning when the deformity is smaller, or located a longer distance from the joint. The effect of a deformity is proportional to its distance from the joint. The closer the deformity is to the joint, the greater the impact the same degree angular deformity will have. In general deformities in the plane of knee are better tolerated than sagittal plane (varus/valgus) deformity. Careful pre-operative planning is required for cases with significant extra-articular deformity with a focus on location and plane of the apex of the deformity, identification of the mechanical axis location relative to the deformed limb, distance of the deformity from the joint, and determination of the intra-articular effect on bone cuts and implant position absent osteotomy. In the course of pre-operative planning, osteotomy is suggested when there is inability to correct the mechanical axis to neutral without excessive bone cuts which compromise ligament or patellar tendon attachment sites, or alternatively when adequate adjustment of cuts will likely lead to excessive joint line obliquity which can compromise ability to balance the soft tissues. When chosen, adjunctive osteotomy can be done in one-stage at the time of TKA or the procedures can be done separately in two stages. When simultaneous with TKA, osteotomy fixation options include long stems added to the femoral (or tibial) component for intramedullary fixation, adjunctive plate and screw fixation, and antegrade (usually locked) nailing for some femoral osteotomies. Choice of fixation method is often influenced by specific deformity size location, bone quality and amount, and surgeon preference. Surgical navigation, or intra-operative x-ray imaging methods (or both) have both been used to facilitate accurate correction of deformity in these complex cases. When faced with major deformity of the femur or tibia, with careful planning combined osteotomy and TKA can result in excellent outcomes and durable implant fixation with less constraint, less bone loss, and better joint kinematics than is possible with modified TKA alone

Management of open tibial fractures remains controversial. We hypothesised that unreamed intramedullary nail offers inherent advantages of nail as well as external fixation. We undertook a prospective randomised study to compare the results of management of open tibial fractures with either an external fixator or an undreamed intramedullary nail until fracture union or failure. Our study included 30 consecutive open tibial fractures (Gustilo I, II & IIIA) between 4 cm distal to knee and 4 cm proximal to ankle in skeletally mature adults, who presented to a level-1 trauma centre. Alternate patients were treated by either external fixation and unreamed nailing i.e. 15 in each group. Standard protocol for debridement and fixation was followed in all cases. All external fixators were removed at 6 weeks. All cases were followed up until fracture union, the main outcome measurement. 26 (87%) were males and 4 (13%) females; age range was 20-60 years (average 33.8). All fractures in both groups united. Time to union averaged 7.9 months for both groups. Incidence of wound problems, infection, hardware failure and delayed union were comparable. However, there was higher incidence of angular deformities and stiffness of knee and ankle in external fixation group, although not statistically significant. We found no statistically significant difference between unreamed intramedullary nailing and external fixation for the management of open tibial diaphyseal fractures, although ease of weight bearing as well as absence of angular deformities and joint stiffness were distinct advantages in the nail group. Therefore we recommend unreamed nail for Gustilo I, II and IIIA open tibial fractures

To study the use of TSF system in treating trauma and bone deformities in children. To determine the difficulties of this process and the risk factors that lead to complications. From January 2004, in 61 children (37 male and 24 female), 67 extremities, with a mean age 8.9 years children a TSF external fixator was applied for the treatment of trauma or bone deformities. 21 children were operated for angular deformity, 19 for bone lengthening, 10 for rotational deformity, 6 for combined angular deformity and lengthening and 11 for pseudoarthrosis. Intra and postoperative difficulties were classified using the Palay method in problems, obstacles and complications. The rate of difficulties was 22.2 %. Problems were presented in 5.9% (4/67) consisting of 2 non-axial deformities, 1 pin fracture and 1 subluxation of the knee. Obstacles were presented in 10.4% (9/67) including 3 cases with delayed bone healing that needed infusion DBM, 1 peroneal nerve palsy due to hematoma formation treated with decompression of the region, 1 early bone fusion that needed re-operation and 2 cases of percutaneous achilles lengthening. Complications presented in 5.9% of (4/67) the cases including 1 fracture, 1 pseudoarthrosis, 1 peroneal nerve palsy and 1 limitation of range of motion in the knee (0–45 0). The problems, obstacles and complications that presented during treatment influenced the final therapeutic objective. Initial deformity, preoperative planning and surgeon’s experience are associated with reducing the rate of all difficulties

McFarland fractures of the medial malleolus in children, also classified as Salter–Harris Type III and IV fractures, are associated with a high incidence of premature growth plate arrest. In order to identify prognostic factors for the development of complications we reviewed 20 children with a McFarland fracture that was treated surgically, at a mean follow-up of 8.9 years (3.5 to 17.4). Seven children (35%) developed premature growth arrest with angular deformity. The mean American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society Ankle-Hindfoot Scale for all patients was 98.3 (87 to 100) and the mean modified Weber protocol was 1.15 (0 to 5). There was a significant correlation between initial displacement (p = 0.004) and operative delay (p = 0.007) with premature growth arrest. Both risk factors act independently and additively, such that all children with both risk factors developed premature arrest whereas children with no risk factor did not. We recommend that fractures of the medial malleolus in children should be treated by anatomical reduction and screw fixation within one day of injury. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2013;95-B:419–23

Aims. Fractures of the distal femur are an important cause of morbidity. Their optimal management remains controversial. Contemporary implants include angular-stable anatomical locking plates and locked intramedullary nails (IMNs). We compared the long-term patient-reported functional outcome of fixation of fractures of the distal femur using these two methods of treatment. Patients and Methods. A total of 297 patients were retrospectively identified from a State-wide trauma registry in Australia: 195 had been treated with a locking plate and 102 with an IMN. Baseline characteristics of the patients and their fractures were recorded. Health-related quality-of-life, functional and radiographic outcomes were compared using mixed effects regression models at six months and one year. Results. There was a clinically relevant and significant difference in quality-of-life at six months in favour of fixation with an IMN (mean difference in EuroQol-5 Dimensions Score (EQ-5D) = 0.12; 95% CI 0.02 to 0.22; p = 0.025). There was weak evidence that this trend continued to one year (mean difference EQ-5D = 0.09; 95% CI -0.01 to 0.19; p = 0.073). There was a significant although very small reduction in angular deformity using an IMN (mean difference -1.02; 95% CI -1.99 to -0.06; p = 0.073). There was no evidence that there was a difference in any other outcomes at any time point. Take home message: IMN may be a superior treatment compared with anatomical locking plates for fractures of the distal femur. These findings are concordant with other data from pilot randomised studies which favour treatment of these fractures with an IMN. This study strongly supports the need for a definitive randomised trial. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2016;98-B:846–50