Aims. Acetabular dysplasia is frequently associated with intra-articular pathology such as labral tears, but whether labral tears should be treated at the time of periacetabular osteotomy (PAO) remains controversial. The purpose of this study was to compare the clinical outcomes and radiographic corrections of PAO for acetabular dysplasia between patients with and without labral tears pre-operatively. Patients and Methods. We retrospectively reviewed 70 hips in 67 patients with acetabular dysplasia who underwent PAO. Of 47 hips (45 patients) with labral tears pre-operatively, 27 (25 patients) underwent PAO alone, and were classified as the labral tear alone (LT) group, and 20 (20 patients) underwent combined PAO and osteochondroplasty, and were classified as the labral tear osteochondroplasty (LTO) group. The non-labral tear (NLT) group included 23 hips in 22 patients. Results. There were no significant differences between groups for post-operative Harris hip scores, degree of progression of osteoarthritis or rate of reoperation. The pre-operative alpha angle was significantly larger in the LTO group compared with the other groups (p < 0.0001). Conclusion. PAO provides equivalent short-term relief of pain and functional outcome in patients with or without labral tears. The rate of progression of osteoarthritis and reoperation was not significantly increased in patients with labral tears. Take home message: PAO provides equivalent short-term pain relief and functional outcomes in patients with acetabular dysplasia with and without labral tears. We did not find significantly increased risks of progression of osteoarthritis or re-operation in those with labral tears. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2016;98-B:741–6

We investigated differences in the location and mode of labral tears between dysplastic hips and hips with femoroacetabular impingement (FAI). We also investigated the relationship between labral tear and adjacent cartilage damage. We retrospectively studied 72 symptomatic hips (in 68 patients: 19 men and 49 women) with radiological evidence of dysplasia or FAI on high-resolution CT arthrography. The incidence and location of labral tears and modes of tear associated with the base of the labrum (Mode 1) or body of the labrum (Mode 2) were compared among FAI, mildly dysplastic and severely dysplastic hips. The locations predominantly involved with labral tears were different in FAI and mild dysplastic hips (anterior and anterosuperior zones) and in severely dysplastic hips (anterosuperior and superior zones) around the acetabulum. Significant differences were observed in the prevalence of Mode 1 versus Mode 2 tears in FAI hips (72% (n = 13) vs 28% (n = 5)) and severe dysplastic hips (25% (n = 2) vs 75% (n = 6)). The frequency of cartilage damage adjacent to Mode 1 tears was significantly higher (42% (n = 14)) than that adjacent to Mode 2 tears (14% (n = 3)). Hip pathology is significantly related to the locations and modes of labral tears. Mode 1 tears may be a risk factor for the development of adjacent acetabular cartilage damage. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2013;95-B:1320–5

We have reviewed the current literature to compare the results of surgery aimed to repair or debride a damaged acetabular labrum. We identified 28 studies to be included in the review containing a total of 1631 hips in 1609 patients. Of these studies 12 reported a mean rate of good results of 82% (from 67% to 100%) for labral debridement. Of the 16 studies that reported a combination of debridement and re-attachment, five reported a comparative outcome for the two methods, four reported better results with re-attachment and one study did not find any significant difference in outcomes. Due to the heterogeneity of the studies it was not possible to perform a meta-analysis or draw accurate conclusions. Confounding factors in the studies include selection bias, use of historical controls and high rates of loss of follow-up. It seems logical to repair an unstable tear in a good quality labrum with good potential to heal in order potentially to preserve its physiological function. A degenerative labrum on the other hand may be the source of discomfort and its preservation may result in persistent pain and the added risk of failure of re-attachment. The results of the present study do not support routine refixation for all labral tears. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2014;96-B:24–30

Labral tears are commonly associated with femoroacetabular impingement. We reviewed 151 patients (156 hips) with femoroacetabular impingement and labral tears who had been treated arthroscopically. These were subdivided into those who had undergone a labral repair (group 1) and those who had undergone resection of the labrum (group 2). In order to ensure the groups were suitably matched for comparison of treatment effects, patients with advanced degenerative changes (Tönnis grade > 2, lateral sourcil height < 2 mm and Outerbridge grade 4 changes in the weight-bearing area of the femoral head) were excluded, leaving 96 patients (101 hips) in the study. At a mean follow-up of 2.44 years (2 to 4), the mean modified Harris hip score in the labral repair group (group 1, 69 hips) improved from 60.2 (24 to 85) pre-operatively to 93.6 (55 to 100), and in the labral resection group (group 2, 32 hips) from 62.8 (29 to 96) pre-operatively to 88.8 (35 to 100). The mean modified Harris hip score in the labral repair group was 7.3 points greater than in the resection group (p = 0.036, 95% confidence interval 0.51 to 14.09). Labral detachments were found more frequently in the labral repair group and labral flap tears in the resection group. No patient in our study group required a subsequent hip replacement during the period of follow-up. This study shows that patients without advanced degenerative changes in the hip can achieve significant improvement in their symptoms after arthroscopic treatment of femoroacetabular impingement. Where appropriate, labral repair provides a superior result to labral resection

This paper highlights the fact that full length labral tears are a cause of instability in posterior fracture-dislocations of the hip. From July 1994 to March 2001, 133 consecutive posterior fracture-dislocations of the hip were surgically treated. On admission, all patients were initially subjected to closed reduction, and in some cases skeletal or skin traction was applied. Pelvic radiographs were taken to confirm relocation, and CT done to look for intra-articular bone fragments. Intra-operative findings and surgical technique were recorded. Redislocation occurred in eight patients, whose surgical notes were reviewed to determine the cause. Despite 9 kg of skeletal traction, one patients’s hip redislocated the day after closed reduction. In the other seven, redislocation occurred postoperatively. The time to redislocation varied from one day to 16 weeks, and because redislocation was sometimes painless, not all patients reported it immediately. Two patients, whose radiographs showed very small fragments at the superior-posterior position, would normally have been treated conservatively. On one, surgery was performed because the fragment was lodged at the weight-bearing area of the joint. The hip of the other redislocated on skeletal traction the day after closed reduction. At surgery, it was noted that both patients had extensive soft tissue stripping and full length tears of the labrum. The other six patients had clear posterior wall fractures requiring surgical reconstruction. The fragments were often attached to the capsule but were too small to fix with screws, so buttress plating was used alone. Full-length labral tears in posterior dislocations of the hip cause instability, and failure to address this adequately at surgery may result in redislocation

We treated 133 traumatic posterior dislocations surgically between July 1994 and March 2001. In 16 patients, labral tears had occurred. Operating on posterior hip dislocations, initially we fixated the posterior wall with screws and/or buttress plate, depending on the size of the fragment, and did suture the torn labrum, relying rather on the buttress plate or intact posterior wall for stability. We began repairing the torn labrum when we realised that any small fragments still attached to the labrum simply pull out from under the buttress plate, allowing the hip to redislocate. Once the wall has been reconstructed, interrupted sutures are passed through the labrum, with the hip internally rotated to prevent shortening of the capsule when sutures are tied. A one-third tubular plate is placed over the sutures lying on the posterior wall and fixed with screws. The sutures are then tied individually over the plate. Postoperatively the patient is kept in bed for six weeks, with the hip abducted and knee extended. Seven patients in whom the labrum was not repaired experienced redislocation. We performed second operations on two of them, repositioning the plates and reconstructing the posterior wall, but redislocation again occurred. The redislocated femoral heads were damaged because they rubbed against the plate and screws. In the other nine patients, we sutured the labrum, and in a 3 month to 2.5 year follow-up, no redislocation has occurred. . Labral repair restores stability, and tying interrupted sutures over a buttress plate is an easy and effective method of repair

The technical advances in arthroscopic surgery of the hip, including the improved ability to manage the capsule and gain extensile exposure, have been paralleled by a growth in the number of conditions that can be addressed. This expanding list includes symptomatic labral tears, chondral lesions, injuries of the ligamentum teres, femoroacetabular impingement (FAI), capsular laxity and instability, and various extra-articular disorders, including snapping hip syndromes. With a careful diagnostic evaluation and technical execution of well-indicated procedures, arthroscopic surgery of the hip can achieve successful clinical outcomes, with predictable improvements in function and pre-injury levels of physical activity for many patients. This paper reviews the current position in relation to the use of arthroscopy in the treatment of disorders of the hip. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2013;95-B:10–19

The gold standard treatment of hip dysplasia is a peri-acetabular osteotomy (PAO). Labral tears are seen in the majority of patients presenting with hip dysplasia and diagnosed using Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). The goal was to (1) evaluate utility/value of MRI in patients undergoing hip arthroscopy at time of PAO, and (2) determine whether MRI findings of labral pathology can predict outcome. A prospective randomized controlled trial was conducted at tertiary institutions, comparing patients with hip dysplasia treated with isolated PAO versus PAO with adjunct hip arthroscopy. This study was a subgroup analysis on 74 patients allocated to PAO and adjunct hip arthroscopy (age 26±8 years; 89.2% females). All patients underwent radiographic and MRI assessment using a 1.5-Tesla with or 3-Tesla MRI without arthrography to detect labral or cartilage pathology. Clinical outcome was assessed using international Hip Outcome Tool-33 (iHOT). 74% of patients (55/74) were pre-operatively diagnosed with a labral tear on MRI. Among these, 41 underwent labral treatment (74%); whilst among those without a labral tear on MRI, 42% underwent labral treatment (8/19). MRI had a high sensitivity (84%), but a low specificity (56%) for labral pathology (p=0.053). There was no difference in pre-operative (31.3±16.0 vs. 37.3±14.9; p=0.123) and post-operative iHOT (77.7±22.2 vs. 75.2±23.5; p=0.676) between patients with and without labral pathology on MRI. Value of MRI in the diagnostic work-up of a patient with hip dysplasia is limited. MRI had a high sensitivity (84%), but low specificity (44%) to identify labral pathology in patients with hip dysplasia. Consequently, standard clinical MRI had little value as a predictor of outcome with no differences in PROM scores between patients with and without a labral tear on MRI. Treatment of labral pathology in patients with hip dysplasia remains controversial. The results of this subgroup analysis of a prospective, multi-centre RCT do not show improved outcome among patients with dysplasia treated with labral repair

Acetabular labral tears and associated intra-articular pathology of the hip have been recognised as a source of symptoms. However, it is now appreciated that there is a relatively high prevalence of asymptomatic labral tears. In this study, 70 young asymptomatic adult volunteers with a mean age of 26 years (19 to 41) were recruited and underwent three tesla non-arthrographic MR scans. There were 47 women (67.1%) and 23 men (32.9%). Labral tears were found in 27 volunteers (38.6%); these were an isolated finding in 16 (22.9%) and were associated with other intra-articular pathology in the remaining 11 (15.7%) volunteers. Furthermore, five (7.1%) had intra-articular pathology without an associated labral tear. Given the high prevalence of labral pathology in the asymptomatic population, it is important to confirm that a patient's symptoms are due to the demonstrated abnormalities when considering surgery. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2015;97-B:623–7

There has been a marked increase in the number of hip arthroscopies performed over the past 16 years, primarily in the management of femoroacetabular impingement (FAI). Insights into the pathoanatomy of FAI, and high-level evidence supporting the clinical effectiveness of arthroscopy in the management of FAI, have fuelled this trend. Arthroscopic management of labral tears with repair may have superior results compared with debridement, and there is now emerging evidence to support reconstructive options where repair is not possible. In situations where an interportal capsulotomy is performed to facilitate access, data now support closure of the capsule in selective cases where there is an increased risk of postoperative instability. Preoperative planning is an integral component of bony corrective surgery in FAI, and this has evolved to include computer-planned resection. However, the benefit of this remains controversial. Hip instability is now widely accepted, and diagnostic criteria and treatment are becoming increasingly refined. Instability can also be present with FAI or develop as a result of FAI treatment. In this annotation, we outline major current controversies relating to decision-making in hip arthroscopy for FAI. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2022;104-B(5):532–540

Objectives. The aim of this study was to investigate the structural integrity of torn and non-torn human acetabular labral tissue. Methods. A total of 47 human labral specimens were obtained from a biobank. These included 22 torn specimens and 25 control specimens from patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty with macroscopically normal labra. The specimens underwent dynamic shear analysis using a rheometer to measure storage modulus, as an indicator of structural integrity. Results. There was a significant difference in the storage modulus between torn (mean modulus = 2144.08 Pa) and non-torn (3178.1 Pa) labra (p = 0.0001). Conclusion. The acetabular labrum of young patients with a tear has significantly reduced structural integrity compared with a non-torn labrum in older patients with end-stage osteoarthritis. This study contributes to the understanding of the biomechanics of labral tears, and the observation of reduced structural integrity in torn labra may explain why some repairs fail. Our data demonstrate that labral tears probably have a relatively narrow phenotype, presenting a basis for further investigations that will provide quantifiable data to support their classification and a means to develop a standardized surgical technique for their repair. This study also demonstrates the value of novel biomechanical testing methods in investigating pathological tissues of orthopaedic interest. Cite this article: A. K. Woods, J. Broomfield, P. Monk, F. Vollrath, S. Glyn-Jones. Dynamic shear analysis: a novel method to determine mechanical integrity of normal and torn human acetabular labra: Implications for prediction of outcome of repair. Bone Joint Res 2018;7:440–446. DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.77.BJR-2017-0282.R2

Arthroscopic hip surgery is increasingly common in Australia. Hip arthroscopy is indicated for a range of diagnostic and therapeutic purposes, including labral tears, capsular laxity and femoral-acetabular impingement (FAI). Despite this, previous cohort studies aiming to characterise hip pathology seen on arthroscopic examination are mostly limited to patients with known diagnoses of FAI. Therefore, little is known of the native articular wear patterns encountered in other disease states. Therefore, we aimed to define common osteochondral wear patterns for a cohort of patients managed via hip arthroscopy. We retrospectively analysed intraoperative data for 1127 patients managed via hip arthroscopy between 2008 and 2013, for either therapeutic or diagnostic purposes. Intraoperative data was categorized by location (A-E as defined by Fontana et al. 2016) and chondral damage (0-4 scale as defined by Beck et al. 2005) with respect to both acetabulum and femoral head. Data for 1127 patients were included. Location of acetabular chondral pathology was variable with locations C. 1. and D. 1. representing the most common regions of damage. Labral tears predominated in locations C and D. Femoral chondral pathology was evenly distributed. The degree of femoral chondral injury was predominantly grade 1, whilst acetabular wear was evenly distributed. Large proportions of wear were observed at the peripheral superior and anterior regions of the lunate surface of the acetabulum in keeping with prior works. However, we observed higher rates of central wear and lower rates of grade 4 acetabular damage extending into superior/posterior zones, in our cohort. Our work characterises common articular wear patterns encountered at the time of hip arthroscopy. Further inquiry into the natural history of osteochondral lesions is needed to better understand and manage these conditions

Labral tears are increasingly recognized as a source of hip pain. These rarely occur in normal hips, but in individuals with subtle femoral deformities. Anterior impingement of the femoral neck on the acetabulum due to loss of anterior offset results in a labral tear in active individuals. Future surgeries should be directed at this anterior offset deficiency in order to completely alleviate pain and prevent further recurrences. To determine the incidence of anterior hip impingement and femoral pathology in patients undergoing hip arthroscopy for labral tear. Anterior labral tears occur in the presence of abnormal femoral anatomy, which results in anterior hip impingement. Future treatment of labral tears should include addressing the hip impingement. Labral tears of the hip are increasingly being recognized as a source of hip pain in young, active individuals. Athroscopic labral debridement is commonly associated with poor results. As a result, it is likely that other hip pathology is present at the time of labral tear. The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of anterior hip impingement secondary to a pistol grip deformity in patients undergoing hip arthroscopy for labral tears. The charts and radiographs of forty consecutive patients who underwent hip arthroscopy were evaluated. X-rays were evaluated for presence of acetabular or femoral pathology. Femoral pathology was then graded based on degree of slip and posterior slip angle. All patients who underwent hip arthroscopy for labral tears had abnormal femoral or acetabular anatomy. In those patients without acetabular dysplasia, a pistol grip deformity of the femoral head was present in all cases. Evidence of anterior hip impingement with osteophyte formation was present in ninety-two percent. In these patients, hip arthroscopy results in complete resolution of mechanical symptoms, but hip pain was still present. Labral tears of the hip appear to be secondary to anterior femoral impingement. This is analogous to a rotator cuff tear in the presence of shoulder impingement. Anterior impingement of the femoral neck on the acatabulum due to an anterior femoral offset deformity results in both pain and labral tears. Future surgeries should be directed at this anterior offset deficiency in order to prevent recurrent injuries or residual pain

This study aimed to analyse the incidence, the operative findings and outcomes of hip arthroscopy after periacetabular osteotomy (PAO). We conducted a retrospective study of prospective collected data to report the operative findings and outcomes of hip arthroscopy for recurrent pain following PAO for acetabular dysplasia. Demographic data, radiographic and arthroscopic findings were analysed. Pre- and post-operative patient reported outcome measures (PROMs) were collected. Of 184 PAO patients, 15 hips in 15 patients (8.2%) underwent post-PAO hip arthroscopy with 2 males and 13 females at a mean time of 3.9 ±2.9(0.3–10) years. Hip arthroscopy findings included labral tears (15 hips, 100%), chondral damage (11 hips, 73%) with one Beck 1, two Beck 2, four Beck 4, and four Beck 5 damage. There were 8 (53%) isolated labral debridement, 7 (47%) labral repair, and 2 (13%) adhesiolysis. A femoral osteochondroplasty was performed in 4 (27%) hips. Four hips (27%) were finally converted to total hip replacement at a mean delay of 2.3 ±1.4 (0.7–3.2) years post hip arthroscopy and these 4 patients were significantly older than those who were not (p=0.02). There were no significant differences in PROMs pre and post hip scope. 8.2% of patients undergoing a PAO required a hip scope for persistent hip pain. Common post-PAO hip arthroscopy findings included labral tears, chondral changes and femoroacetabular impingement. 27% of patients finally underwent conversion to total hip replacement at a mean follow-up of 4.5 years post hip scope

Background: Acetabular labral tears are increasingly recognised as a cause of hip pain in young adults and middle aged patients. Degenerative acetabular conditions and sporting activities can cause labral injury. Recent interest has focussed on anterior femoroacetabular impingement as a cause of labral injury, progressive articular cartilage damage and secondary osteoarthritis. Labral tears are difficult to diagnose clinically or with conventional radiographic techniques. Aim: The purpose of this study was to assess the accuracy of MR arthrography in locating labral tears and articular cartilage defects compared with hip arthroscopy. Materials and Methods: 200 consecutive patients with a diagnosis of acetabular labral tear underwent hip arthroscopy. All of them had a preoperative Magnetic Resonance Arthrogram done by a single musculoskeletal radiologist using a standard protocol. The labrum was assessed for abnormalities of morphology and signal intensity. Acetabular articular cartilage defects were expressed as a reduction in joint space. All hip arthroscopies were done by a single surgeon after a trial period of conservative therapy consisting of activity modification, physiotherapy and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medications. All procedures were recorded digitally and documented in an operative report. Labral tears and acetabular cartilage abnormalities were described by location and appearance. Results: Comparison of MRA and hip arthroscopy findings demonstrate MRA to have a sensitivity of 100%, positive predictive value of 99%, negative predictive value of 100% and accuracy of 99% in predicting labral tears. MRA correctly identified the location of labral tears in 90% of cases. Acetabular cartilage abnormalities were under recognised by MRA (43 hips on MRA vs 54 hips on arthroscopy). MRA was not sensitive enough to pick up early delamination of cartilage adjacent to labral tear in 6 hips. Conclusion: Hip MRA with radial reformatting has high accuracy rates in diagnosing and localising hip labral lesions

Purpose: A prospective investigation to define the syndrome associated with symptomatic labral tears definitively diagnosed at hip arthroscopy. Methods: 66 consecutive patients that had an arthroscopically documented labral tear were evaluated. Demographics, symptomatology, examination, previous treatments, functional limitations, were assessed prospectively. Onset/duration of symptoms to diagnosis of tears, other diagnoses offered by healthcare providers, and non-labral procedures that patients had undergone for the symptoms were analyzed. Radiographic abnormalities and MR arthrography findings were recorded. Results: There were 47 female and 19 male patients with a mean age of 38 years. Initial presentation: insidious in 61%, acute injury in 30%, and trauma in 9% hips. Moderate to severe pain occurred in 86% of patients, with groin pain predominating (92%). Fifty three percent had true mechanical symptoms - catching/locking. Walking, pivoting, impact activity aggravated patient symptoms (p< 0.05). Pain was characterized as a combination of dull aching pain with intermittent episodes of sharp pain in 70%(p=0.001). Pain was frequently activity related (p< 0.05) and night pain occurred in 71% of patients (p=0.0006). The majority of patients (98%) with a labral tear reported being active/athletic. On examination 39% patients had a limp, 38% a positive Trendelenburg sign, and 95% a positive impingement sign. The mean time to diagnosis of labral tear from the onset of symptoms was 21 months. A mean of 3.3 healthcare providers were seen prior to a definitive diagnosis. Surgery on another anatomic site was recommended in 11 patients and 4 of these underwent an unsuccessful surgery prior to diagnosis of the labral tear. Radiographic data indicated that 38% of hips had an underlying structural abnormality consistent with mild development dysplasia or anterior femoroacetabular impingement. Preoperative MRA detected 73% of the labral tears. Conclusions: The clinical presentation of a labral tear may vary, with duration of symptoms often greater than 12 months prior to diagnosis. In young, active patients with a predominant complaint of groin pain with or without a history of trauma, the diagnosis of a labral tear should be suspected, and investigated, as radiographs and history may be nonspecific for this diagnosis

Introduction: Hip pain in young adults can be associated with radiographic finding of acetabular labral tears in magnetic resonance arthrography. Acetabular labral tears can occur in dysplastic hips and in arthrotic hips as well, but often no comobidity is found. Up to now there is no prospective study published following patients with magnetic resonance arthrography verified acetabular labral tears over time and re-evaluating them with MR years later. There is also no stage related therapy published according to labral damage. The aim of this study was to follow 100 MRI verified acetabular labral tears for four years. Material and methods: Study design was prospective, observers were blinded. At primary investigation 36 clinical and 30 radiological parameters were recorded. At follow up these factors were recorded again and additionally SF36 and Harris Hip score were recorded. Results: 100 patients with average age 42 were included. 91% of all patients could be followed for over 48 months. 55 operations were performed in 50 patients . 20 patients showed concomitant developmental dysplasia of the hip, 16 patients arthrosis, 40 patients both and 15 patients had a labral lesion alone. The last group of patients never required any operation. 28 patients had a labral lesion grade I, 29 grade II, 34 grade III. Patients with grade III lesions had a significantly lower HHS at the first examination. At follow up between all groups of patients no difference regarding any clinical parameter was found. Operations were only necessary if comorbidity (dysplasia or arthrosis) was found. No single radiologic or clinical parameter could predict operation. Nine of thirteen labral surgeries were revised (triple osteotomies or THR). No correlation between severity of labral lesion at first MRI and any parameter at follow up could be found. Conclusion: If no comorbidity was found an acetabular labral tear alone never needed operative treatment. Although there exist a series of different operative treatment opportunities in meniscal/glenoid labrum surgery , we could not find the need for surgical intervention if the acetabular labral tear occurs alone. We therefore recommend physiotherapy and non – operative treatment for these patients

Purpose: Acetabular labral tears are most commonly associated with minor or atraumatic events. As a result, it is likely that these tears occur in the presence of an abnormal hip joint. The purpose of this investigation was to establish whether anterior hip impingement, secondary to an anterior femoral offset deficiency from a pistol grip deformity, was a common and poorly recognized cause of acetabular labral tears. Methods: Sixty-five consecutive patients who underwent a hip arthroscopy and were found to have a labral tear were evaluated. Preoperative hip radiographs were evaluated for abnormalities of the femur and /or acetabulum. The patient’s outcome with respect to resolution to pain and mechanical symptoms was assessed. Results: All labral tears identified at the time of hip arthroscopy were found to be located anteriorly. A pistol grip deformity of the proximal femur was identified on the preoperative radiographs in 92% of the patients. Labral excision resulted in complete resolution of hip pain in only 8 (28%). With the remaining 72% experiencing mild or moderate pain. Conclusions: Acetabular labral tears are the result of repetitive femoral-acetabular impingement, from a pistol grip deformity, with eventual tearing of the labrum from a relatively minor trauma. This is analogous to a rotator cuff repair in the shoulder that is secondary to repetitive impingement by the acromium. Decompression or correction of the anterior hip impingement should routinely be considered at the time of labral surgery to provide complete relief of symptoms and diminish the risk of future joint degeneration

Background. Magnetic resonance arthrography is the current method of choice for investigating patients with a clinical diagnosis of femoroacetabular impingement prior to performing hip arthroscopy. The aim of our study was to assess the efficacy of this investigation by comparing the findings of MR arthrogram with those found at arthroscopy, with reference to labral tears and chondral damage. Methods. A prospective trial to investigate the sensitivity, specificity, accuracy and predictive value of MRA for diagnosis of labral tears and chondral defects. Over a 25-month period 69 hips undergoing hip arthroscopy were investigated with MRA prior to the definitive operative procedure. MRA findings were compared to the intraoperative findings. Results. In the assessment of labral tears, MRA demonstrated a sensitivity of 81% with a specificity of 51% and an accuracy of 58%. Positive predictive value of MRA was 33% and negative predictive value 90%. For chondral defects MRA demonstrated a sensitivity of 17%, a specificity of 100% and accuracy of 55%. Positive predictive value of MRA was 100% and negative predictive value was 51%. Conclusions. In what the authors believe to be the first UK study to explore both chondral injury and labral tears in a prospective manner and looking specifically at accuracy, it can be seen that the MRA has poor accuracy for both pathologies. Therefore we suggest a moved away from MRA, which is an invasive procedure with associated risks

Background: Cam-type femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) is becoming more recognized. Cartilage lesions of the acetabulum and labral tears are frequently encountered. The goal of this study was to accurately describe and communicate these injuries and thus providing a standard for reporting injury, management, and outcome. Methods: We evaluated acetabular cartilage lesions and labral tears found during hip arthroscopy in 52 patients with radiological signs of cam-type FAI. They were graded according to the morphology and extent of the lesion. The labral tears were described according to the classification by Lage. Results: Eleven patients (21.2%) had normal cartilage, 14 (26.9%) had a grade 1, 17 (32.7%) a grade 2, 6 (11.5%) a grade 3, and 4 (7.7%) a grade 4 lesion. Labral tears were found in 31 patients (59.6%). There was a high correlation between age and the presence and extent of acetabular cartilage and labral lesions (r=0.70; p< 0.0001 and r=0.45; p< 0.001 respectively). There was also a high correlation between the extent of the acetabular cartilage lesion and the presence of labral lesions (r=0.62; p< 0.0001). Conclusion: In our study there was a high prevalence of associated injuries (86.5%) in cam-type FAI. Despite the recognized consequences of associated lesions on treatment and outcome, no classification system includes this aspect of FAI. Based on our findings, we developed a system to grade acetabular cartilage lesions according to their morphology and extent. This should provide the surgeon with a standardized tool to better describe the full extent of the injury and treat it accordingly

Aims. Research on hip biomechanics has analyzed femoroacetabular contact pressures and forces in distinct hip conditions, with different procedures, and used diverse loading and testing conditions. The aim of this scoping review was to identify and summarize the available evidence in the literature for hip contact pressures and force in cadaver and in vivo studies, and how joint loading, labral status, and femoral and acetabular morphology can affect these biomechanical parameters. Methods. We used the PRISMA extension for scoping reviews for this literature search in three databases. After screening, 16 studies were included for the final analysis. Results. The studies assessed different hip conditions like labrum status, the biomechanical effect of the cam, femoral version, acetabular coverage, and the effect of rim trimming. The testing and loading conditions were also quite diverse, and this disparity limits direct comparisons between the different researches. With normal anatomy the mean contact pressures ranged from 1.54 to 4.4 MPa, and the average peak contact pressures ranged from 2 to 9.3 MPa. Labral tear or resection showed an increase in contact pressures that diminished after repair or reconstruction of the labrum. Complete cam resection also decreased the contact pressure, and acetabular rim resection of 6 mm increased the contact pressure at the acetabular base. Conclusion. To date there is no standardized methodology to access hip contact biomechanics in hip arthroscopy, or with the preservation of the periarticular soft-tissues. A tendency towards improved biomechanics (lower contact pressures) was seen with labral repair and reconstruction techniques as well as with cam correction. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2023;12(12):712–721

Introduction. Femoroacetabular impingement(FAI) is a relatively common cause causes of hip pain and dysfunction in active young adults. The concept of FAI was popularized by Ganz et al in early 2000s. Surgical treatment for FAI has been widely employed over the last two decades. The long term outcome of femoroacetabular osteoplasty (FAO) and risk factors for long-term failure of FAO is less studied. The goal of this single surgeon series is to identify the long term outcome of FAO (minimum 10-year follow-up) and risk factors for surgical treatment failure in these patients. Methods. The prospective database on hip joint preservation identified 1,120 patients who have undergone FAO between January 2005-June 2019. Of these 164 patients (178 hips) have a minimum 10-year follow-up (range, 10–14). The database collects detailed information on patient demographics, clinical history, radiographic and cross sectional imaging findings, intraoperative findings (site and size of chondral lesion, labral tear, subchondral cyst, size of cam lesion, etc), and patient outcome using the modified HHS, SF-36, and UCLA activity score. Patients are contacted on an annual basis and the functional outcome instruments administered. Of 1,120 patients, 122 patients have been lost to follow-up. Results. The mean age of patients in the cohort is 34.3±10.4 years and 39.6% of patients are female. FAO resulted in an improvement in mean mHHS (58.2±3.9 to 86.4±3.2) and SF-36(60.4±4 to 85±4.1) in 89% of patients. At the latest follow up 8.1% of patients have undergone THA. The study found that older age, longer preoperative symptomatic period, higher preoperative alpha angle, presence of hip dysplasia and acetabular retroversion, inability to repair acetabular labrum, and full thickness acetabular chondral lesion were associated with higher risk of failure of treatment. Conclusion. Patients with symptomatic FAI who undergo surgery experience pain relief and functional improvement that appears to endure over a decade in the majority. This study on a large cohort with long term follow-up has also identified patients who are at higher risk of failure. The study has also shed light on some interesting findings such as labral tear being very common in patients without hip symptoms and others that will be presented. For any tables or figures, please contact the authors directly

Our understanding of pre-arthritic hip disease has evolved tremendously but challenges remain in categorizing diagnosis, which ultimately impacts choice of treatments and clinical outcomes. This study aims to report patient reported outcome measures (PROMs) comparing four different condition groups within hip preservation surgery by a group of fellowship-trained surgeons. From 2018 to 2021, 380 patients underwent hip preservation surgery at our center and were classified into five condition groups: dysplasia: 82 (21.6%), femoro-acetabular impingement (FAI): 173 (45.4%), isolated labral tear: 103 (27.1%), failed hip preservation: 20 (5.3%) and history of childhood disease/other: 2 (0.5%). International hip outcomes Tool 12 (IHOT-12), numeric pain score and patient-reported outcomes measurement information system (PROMIS) were collected pre-operatively and at 3 months and 1 year post-operatively, with 94% and 82% follow-up rate respectively. Arthroscopy (75.5%) was the most common procedure followed by peri-acetabular osteotomy (PAO) (22.4%) and surgical dislocation (2.1%). Re-operation rate were respectively 18.3% (15), 5.8% (10), 4.9% (5), 30% (6) and 0%. There were 36 re-operations in the cohort, 14 (39%) for unintended consequences of initial surgery, 10 (28%) for mal-correction leading to a repeat operation, 8 (22%) progression of arthritis, and 4 (11%) for incorrect initial diagnosis/intervention. Most common re-operations were hardware removal 31% (7 PAO, 3 surgical hip dislocation and 1 femoral de-rotational osteotomy), arthroscopy 31% (11) and arthroplasty 28% (10). All groups had significant improvements in their IHOT-12 as well as PROMIS physical and numerical pain scales, except those with failed hip preservation. Dysplasia group showed a slower recovery. Overall, this study demonstrated a clear relation between the condition groups, their respective intervention and the significant improvements in PROMs with isolated labral pathology being a valid diagnosis. Establishing tertiary referral centers for hip preservation and longer follow-up is needed to monitor the overall survivorship of these various procedures

Over half of postpartum women experience pelvic ring or hip pain, with multiple anatomic locations involved. The sacroiliac joints, pubic symphysis, lumbar spine and pelvic girdle are all well documented pain generators. However, despite the prevalence of postpartum hip pain, there is a paucity of literature regarding underlying soft tissue intra-articular etiologies. The purpose of this systematic review is to document and assess the available evidence regarding underlying intra-articular soft tissue etiologies of peri- and postpartum hip pain. Three online databases (Embase, PubMed and Ovid [MEDLINE]) were searched from database inception until April 11, 2021. The inclusion criteria were English language studies, human studies, and those regarding symptomatic labral pathology in the peri- or postpartum period. Exclusion criteria were animal studies, commentaries, book chapters, review articles and technical studies. All titles, relevant abstracts and full-text articles were screened by two reviewers independently. Descriptive characteristics including the study design, sample size, sex ratio, mean age, clinical and radiographic findings, pathology, subsequent management and outcomes were documented. The methodological quality of the included studies was assessed using the Methodological Index for Non-Randomized Studies (MINORS) instrument. The initial search identified 2472 studies. A systemic screening and assessment of eligibility identified 5 articles that satisfied the inclusion criteria. Twenty-two females were included. Twenty patients presented with labral pathology that necessitated hip arthroscopy with labral debridement or repair with or without acetabuloplasty and/or femoroplasty. One patient presented with an incidental labral tear in the context of osteitis condensans illi. One patient presented with post-traumatic osteoarthritis necessitating a hip replacement. The mean MINORS score of these 5 non-comparative studies was 2.8 (range 0-7) demonstrating a very low quality of evidence. The contribution of intra-articular soft tissue injury is a documented, albeit sparse, etiology contributing to peri- and postpartum hip pain. Further research to better delineate the prevalence, mechanism of injury, natural history and management options for women suffering from these pathologies at an already challenging time is necessary to advance the care of these patients

Introduction: The popularity of hip arthroscopy has lagged behind that of other joints. However surgeons are increasingly using hip arthroscopy to investigate and treat disorders such as early osteoarthritis, inflammatory arthritis, labral tears, loose bodies and paediatric hip disease. We present the indications, intra operative findings and outcomes of patients undergoing hip arthroscopy. Methods: Prospective study of 43 patients from 2000 to 2005 undergone hip arthroscopy performed by the senior author. Pre & post operative visual analogue scores and oxford hip scores were recorded. CT or MRI was performed were clinically indicated. Mean follow up 4 months, range(2– 10). Results: 45 hips. 20 right. 21 left. 2 bilateral. 22 females. 21 males. Mean age 39.6yrs, Range 20–65yrs. Symptoms: Pain, Clicking, Giving way. History: Idiopathic pain 30, DDH 5, Perthes 3, Trauma acetabulum fracture 2, RT A Dislocation 1, SUFE 1, Non union 1. 6 patients had pre-op CT scans and 22 had MRI. MRI Findings: 3 loose bodies, 14 labral tears, 2 large filling defects, 3 normal MRI. 42 Arthroscopic debridement and wash outs, 3 failed scopes. Intra operative findings: 5 loose bodies, 4 degenerate labrum’s, 10 labral tears, 14 Grade 3–4 Osteoarthritic changes, 7 Torn ligament Teres,1 normal joint. 3 normal MRI findings had labral tears and articular cartilage defects. Mean Pre-op VAS- 7.9 Range(5– 10). Mean Post-op VAS- 4.7 Range(1– 10). Mean Pre-op Oxford Hip score – 39.4 Range(27–53). Mean Post-op Oxford Hip Score – 25.2 Range(12–51). Patient Satisfaction score – 7.3 Range(1–10). 1 Superficial wound infection, settled with antibiotics. Discussion: Hip arthroscopy is of value in assessing and treating patients with hip pain of uncertain cause. Our results indicated good patient satisfaction and outcomes with improved pain and Oxford hip scores. However patient selection and diagnostic expertise are critical to successful outcomes

Since its creation, labral repair has become the preferred method among surgeons for the arthroscopic treatment of acetabular labral tears resulting in pain and dysfunction for patients. Labral reconstruction is performed mainly in revision hip arthroscopy but can be used in the primary setting when the labrum cannot be repaired or is calcified. The purpose of this study was to compare the survival between primary labral repair and labral reconstruction with survival defined as no further surgery (revision or total hip replacement). Patients who underwent labral repair or reconstruction between January 2005 and December 2018 in the primary setting were included in the study. Patients were included if they had primary hip arthroscopy with the senior author for femoroacetabular impingement (FAI), involving either labral reconstruction or labral repair, and were within the ages of 18 and 65 at the time of surgery. Exclusion criteria included confounding injuries (Leggs Calves Perthes, avascular necrosis, femoral head fracture, etc.), history of unilateral or bilateral hip surgeries, or Tönnis grades of 2 or 3 at the time of surgery. Labral repairs were performed when adequate tissue was available for repair and labral reconstruction was performed when tissue was absent, ossified or torn beyond repair. A total of 501 labral repairs and 114 labral reconstructions performed in the primary setting were included in the study. Labral reconstruction patients were older (37±10) compared to labral repair (34±11).(p=0.021). Second surgeries were required in 19/114 (17%) of labral reconstruction and 40/501(8%) [odds ratio: 2.3; 95% CI 1.3 to 4.2] (p=0.008). Revision hip arthroscopy were required in 6/114(5%) labral reconstructions and 33/501(6.5%) labral repair (p=0.496). Total hip replacement was required in 13/114 labral reconstructions and 7/501 labral repairs [odds ratio:9.1 95%CI 3.5 to 23] (p=< 0.01). The mean survival for the labral repair group was 10.2 years (95%CI:10 to 10.5) and 11.9 years (98%CI:10.9 to 12.8) in the labral reconstruction group. Conversion to total hip was required more often following primary labral reconstruction. Revision hip arthroscopy rates were similar between groups as was the mean survival, with both over 10 years. Similar survival was seen in labral repair and reconstruction when strict patient selection criteria are followed

We have reviewed a consecutive series of six professional footballers who presented with intractable hip pain which was attributed at arthroscopy, to an anterior acetabular labral tear with adjacent chondral damage. The location and type of labral tear were identical for each patient. There was no evidence of acetabular dysplasia. A variable area of chondral damage was associated with the labral tear. All unstable tissue was resected. Five returned to professional football at the highest level. Acetabular labral pathology should be included in the differential diagnosis of footballers with hip or groin pain. Arthroscopy of the hip is an appropriate method of diagnosis and treatment and minimises the length of rehabilitation required

The December 2013 Hip & Pelvis Roundup. 360 . looks at: Enhanced recovery works; Acetabular placement; Exercise better than rest in osteoarthritis patients; if Birmingham hip resurfacing is immune from pseudotumour; HIV and arthroplasty; Labral tears revisited; Prophylactic surgery for FAI; and Ceramics and impaction grafting

Purpose. Rectus femoris avulsion (RFA) injuries in paediatric patients are currently managed conservatively. However, the proximal attachment of the rectus femoris muscle lies in a critical zone in the hip joint with attachments to the anterior hip capsule and anterior inferior iliac spine. Violent avulsions therefore could cause damage to the adjacent acetabular labrum and articular cartilage initiating a process leading to early degenerative changes in the hip. To date, the association between rectus avulsions and labral tears has not been studied. Method. The complete medical records of patients who were presented to McMaster University Medical Center with rectus femoris avulsions between 1983 and 2008 who were between the ages of 2 and 18 were identified. Patients were included if they had documented plain radiographs and magnetic resonance arthrography images of their hip. MRIs were reviewed by an independent musculoskeletal radiologist blinded from the history of the patients. Results. 16 patients were identified in the database with rectus femoris avulsions diagnosed on plain radiograph and 7 were included in the study with documented MRIs. The average age of patients was 13 (Range 7–16). All injuries occurred during sports activity with 43% occurred during running, 29% with kicking during soccer and during skating acceleration while playing hockey. One patient had a concurrent sartorius avulsion. All patients with rectus femoris avulsions had labral tears identified on MRI in the zone adjacent to rectus insertion. All patients were treated conservatively. Clinical records suggested 72% of patients were still limping and 86% were experiencing residual pain at last follow-up. Conclusion. Patients with rectus femoris avulsions may be at risk for concurrent traumatic labral tears. These patients should be assessed for labral pathology including a clinical examination and MRI arthrography. Level of Evidence: Level IV

Arthroscopic labral debridement has become and accepted mode of treatment for acetabular labral tears (ALTs) and yet results in literature are few and conflicting especially with regards presence of cartilage damage and its influence on outcome. Aim of our prospective cohort study was to look at outcome of ALTs post arthroscopic limbectomy using validated questionnaires at average of 2 years. We also looked at the sensitivity of MR arthrography in detecting ALTs and cartilage damage. Consecutive cohort of 82 patients who were suspected of having ALTs by senior author had MR arthrography followed by hip arthroscopy. All patients filled out a WOMAC, NAHS scores before and after the operation. All patients who were followed up also filled an especially designed five-point functional questionnaire. At time of arthroscopy the presence of labral tear, its position in the acetabulum and degree of cartilage damage (based on Outerbridge classification) were recorded and correlated with Mra and patient outcome. Seventy six patients were found to have a labral tear, with majority of these lesions in the anterior or antero-superior quadrant. 59% of patients were shown to have an associated degree of cartilage damage. Although overall all patients showed significant improvement in their functional scores, those with high grade cartilage damage had poorer results in comparison. We also found that patients with older age are at higher risk of requiring a THJR in the first 2 years following arthroscopy. MRa proved to a sensitive tool at detecting labral pathology but not so at identifying presence of cartilage damage. Arthroscopic debridement of ALTs in patients presenting with mechanical hip symptoms provides good functional outcome, however it should be used with caution in those with high grade articular cartilage damage and older age group where there is higher likelihood of failure

Purpose: The treatment and prognosis of labral tears secondary to femoroacetabular impingement depends on the severity of the labral injury and whether or not there is concomitant injury and delamination of the adjacent articular cartilage. At present, there is no simple and reproducible technique to determine if there is delamination of the adjacent articular cartilage. We undertook a study to determine if the preoperative presence of a previously undescribed radiographic finding, a “delamination cyst”, correlated with delamination of the articular cartilage at the time of hip arthroscopy. Method: The preoperative radiographs of 125 consecutive hip arthroscopies in which a labral tear was identified intraoperatively were retrospectively reviewed.. In each case an anteroposterior (AP) pelvis and AP, lateral and frog lateral hip radiographs were evaluated for the presence of delamination cysts, perilabral cysts, abnormalities of the femur and acetabulum, as well as arthritic changes. A “delamination cyst” was defined as a subchondral cyst either directly adjacent to a perilabral cyst, or in relation to a subchondral crack in the anterolateral portion of the acetabulum. These findings were then compared and correlated to the intraoperative arthroscopic findings. Results: We identified 16 patients with delamination cysts on radiographs and 15 patients with delamination of the acetabulum on arthroscopy. A strong correlation was found between the preoperative radiographic presence of a delamination cyst and acetabular delamination at the time of arthroscopy – sensitivity of 93.3%, specificity of 98.8%, positive predictive value of 93% and a negative predictive value of 99% (p=0.034). No other radiographic findings were associated with the status of the articular cartilage. Conclusion: A “delamination cyst” is a previously undescribed and novel radiographic sign that can accurately predict preoperatively which patients with labral tears have associated acetabular cartilage delamination or chondral damage. Delamination cysts can be easily identified on plain radiographs without performing any special imaging or invasive infiltrations. Identifying these cysts preoperatively can aid the surgeon in selecting the appropriate surgical procedure and help predict the patient’s prognosis following the planned surgical procedure

Femoroacetabular impingement is recognised as being a cause of labral tears and chondral damage. We report a series of five patients who presented with persistent pain in the hip after arthroscopy for isolated labral debridement. All five had a bony abnormality consistent with cam-type femoroacetabular impingement. They had a further operation to correct the abnormality by chondro-osteoplasty of the femoral head-neck junction. At a mean follow-up of 16.3 months (12 to 24) all had symptomatic improvement

Aim: To evaluate the results of arthroscopic repair of anterior and superior glenoid labral tears in the shoulder with metallic knotless suture anchors with an average follow up of 31 months. Material and methods: Between 2000 and 2002, 55 patients with labral tears underwent arthroscopic repair with metallic knotless suture anchors (Mitek, Ethicon Ltd). Their average age was 36 years (range 16 to 67). Thirty-seven patients presented with anterior instability. Twenty-one patients presented with painful shoulder without instability. In the instability group there were eight acute dislocations and twenty-nine recurrent dislocations. All patients underwent examination under anaesthesia, arthroscopic repair of labral tears using the metallic knotless suture anchors, thermal capsulorraphy and closure of the rotator interval. Subacromial decompression was performed when indicated. Rehabilitation consisted of sling immobilisation for four weeks followed by gradual strengthening program over three months with the physiotherapist. Contact sports were allowed at 1 year. Evaluation: Patients were evaluated preoperatively and at the time of final follow-up using Constant score and Modified Rowe – Zarin score system. Results: Three out of the thirty-seven patients in the instability group had recurrent dislocation. A fourth patient had pain with a positive anterior apprehension test thus making the overall recurrence rate of 11%. In the painful shoulder group, good and excellent results were recorded in twenty out of twenty-one patients (95%). Of the fifty five patients who had labral repair, five had poor functional outcome secondary to pain in their shoulder (9%). One patient had a fall and required further surgery to replace one dislodged anchor. Conclusions: We found the metallic knotless suture anchor easy to use and stabilised the torn labrum well. The success rate for instability compares well with the published literature. However, we have some concern of our observation of early degenerative changes in some of our patients treated for recurrent dislocation

The epidemiological data and intra-operative findings from 260 consecutive arthroscopically-diagnosed acetabular labral tears seen over a ten-year period were analysed. Radiographs of 128 of these patients were assessed for dysplasia using established radiological parameters. Patients with acetabular dysplasia were then compared against those without in order to identify any differences in gender, age, the side of the tear, the pattern of the tear, the number of quadrants involved, the quadrant preference and the prevalence of intra-articular comorbidity. Dysplasia was found in 46% (59 of 128) of the hips. No significant differences existed between the dysplastic and non-dysplastic subgroups as regards gender distribution, the side of the lesion, the number of quadrants involved or the distribution of tears among the quadrants. However, tears associated with dysplasia were diagnosed in an older age group, had a different pattern and were associated with a much higher prevalence of osteoarthritis

We present to you a match-controlled study assessing co-existing arthroscopic findings during hip arthroscopy in patients with an intraoperative diagnosis of a central acetabular osteophyte (CAO). We feel that this manuscript is both pertinent and timely. Recent literature has described the entity of central acetabular impingement, in which an osteophyte of the cotyloid fossa impinges against the superomedial femoral head and fovea. The technique for central acetabular decompression has also been described to treat this entity. The primary purpose of this study was to report the prevalence of femoral head articular damage in a matched cohort of patients with and without central acetabular osteophyte (CAO) that was identified during hip arthroscopy. A secondary purpose was to identify the rates of co-existing intraarticular pathology in both patient groups. Intraoperative data was collected prospectively on all patients undergoing hip arthroscopy at our institution between February 2008 to March 2015,. The inclusion criteria for this study were the presence of a CAO identified during hip arthroscopy for a labral tear and/or femoroacetabular impingement (FAI). Exclusion criteria were revision surgeries, Tönnis grade 1 and higher, and previous hip conditions such as Legg-Calves-Perthes disease, avascular necrosis, and prior surgical intervention. The matched cohort control group was selected based on gender, age within 5 years, body mass index (BMI), and workers' compensation claim, on a 1:3 ratio to patients who underwent hip arthroscopy for a labral tear and/or FAI and did not have a CAO. The CAO group consisted of 126 patients, which were matched to 378 patients in the control group. The grades of femoral and acetabular chondral damage were significantly different between the two groups (p<0.01). This study showed that patients with CAO had a significantly higher prevalence of femoral and acetabular chondral damage, size of articular defects on both surfaces and the prevalence of LT tears compared to matched controls

Aims. The number of patients undergoing arthroscopic surgery of the hip has increased significantly during the past decade. It has now become an established technique for the treatment of many intra- and extra-articular conditions affecting the hip. However, it has a steep learning curve and is not without the risk of complications. The purpose of this systematic review was to determine the prevalence of complications during and following this procedure. Materials and Methods. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines were used in designing this study. Two reviewers systematically searched the literature for complications related to arthroscopy of the hip. The research question and eligibility criteria were established a priori. Pertinent data were abstracted and analysed. Results. We found 276 relevant studies with a total of 36 761 arthroscopies that met the inclusion criteria. The mean age of the patients was 36.7 years (1.7 to 70) and the mean body mass index was 25.7 kg/m. 2. (20.2 to 29.2). Femoroacetabular impingement and labral tears were the most common indications for the procedure. The total number of complications was 1222 (3.3%). Nerve injury (0.9%), mainly involving the pudendal and lateral femoral cutaneous nerves, and iatrogenic chondral and labral injury (0.7%), were the two most common complications. There were 58 major complications (0.2%), the most common being intra-abdominal extravasation of fluid, which was found in 13 cases (0.04%). There were three deaths (0.008%). Conclusion. Arthroscopic surgery of the hip is a procedure with a relatively low rate of complications, although some may be significant in this young cohort of patients. This study relied on the reported complications only and the results should be interpreted with caution. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2017;99-B:1577–83

Reconstructive acetabular osteotomy is a well established and effective procedure in the treatment of acetabular dysplasia. However, the dysplasia is frequently accompanied by intra-articular pathology such as labral tears. We intended to determine whether a concomitant hip arthroscopy with peri-acetabular rotational osteotomy could identify and treat intra-articular pathology associated with dysplasia and thereby produce a favourable outcome. We prospectively evaluated 43 consecutive hips treated by combined arthroscopy and acetabular osteotomy. Intra-operative arthroscopic examination revealed labral lesions in 38 hips. At a mean follow-up of 74 months (60 to 97) the mean Harris hip score improved from 72.4 to 94.0 (p < 0.001), as did all the radiological parameters (p < 0.001). Complications included penetration of the joint by the osteotome in one patient, a fracture of the posterior column in another and deep-vein thrombosis in one further patient. This combined surgical treatment gave good results in the medium term. We suggest that arthroscopy of the hip can be performed in conjunction with peri-acetabular osteotomy to provide good results in patients with symptomatic dysplasia of the hip, and the arthroscopic treatment of intra-articular pathology may alter the progression of osteoarthritis

We document intra-articular pathology in collision athletes with shoulder instability and describe the ‘collision shoulder’ – a direct impact without dislocation, with unusual labral injury, significant intra-articular pathology and neurology. 183 collision athletes were treated for labral injuries in 3 centres. Details of injury mechanism and intra-articular pathology at surgery were recorded. Premier league and International (Elite) comprised 72 players. A tackle was implicated in 52% of injuries and 65% had a dislocation. The mechanism of injury was ABduction External Rotation (ABER) in 45%, direct impact 36%, abduction only 8% and axial load 6%. Dislocation occurred in 51% of shoulders with ABER mechanism. A Bankart lesion was found in 79% of these shoulders; Hill-Sachs in 58% and Bony Bankart in 26%. Inferoposterior labral tears were present in only 11%, Superior Labral Antero-Posterior (SLAP) lesions in 32% and partial injury to the rotator cuff in 32%. In those sustaining a direct impact to the shoulder, 61% did not document dislocation, had a high incidence of inferoposterior labral involvement (50%), neurological symptoms (32%), but a low incidence of Bankart (33%), Hill-Sachs (22%) and Bony Bankart (11%) lesions. The mechanism did not affect incidence of superior labral/SLAP tears (18%), or capsular tears (including Humeral Avulsion of Glenohumeral Ligaments – HAGL) – 15%. Elite athletes had less dislocations (43% vs 74%) irrespective of mechanism, but were 40% more likely to have neurology, posteroinferior labral, cartilaginous or capsular injuries. They had twice the incidence of Bony Bankart and rotator cuff lesions and 5 times more SLAP/superior labral tears. Collision athletes with shoulder instability have a wide spectrum of pathoanatomy of the labrum and frequent associated intra-articular lesions. Significant injury often occurs in the Elite athlete and those sustaining a direct hit without dislocation (the ‘Collision Shoulder’)

Although good to excellent short-term results of arthroscopic partial limbectomy of the hip have been reported, there is little information on the long-term outcome of the procedure. We report a case with a 16-year follow-up. A 34-year old woman presented with a three-month history of severe pain and limitation of movement of the hip. Plain radiographs and arthrography showed no abnormality. MRI showed an effusion and a deformity of the anterosuperior part of the labrum. This was confirmed as an inverted labral tear that was debrided arthroscopically. At 16 years post-operatively, she remained symptom-free. Plain radiographs showed no abnormality and MRI suggested that the sealing effect of the scar tissue prevented articular damage and degeneration

We treated eight dysplastic acetabula in six skeletally mature patients with Down’s syndrome by a modified Bernese periacetabular osteotomy. The mean age at the time of surgery was 16.5 years (12.8 to 28.5). Mean length of follow-up was five years (2 to 10.4). Pre-operatively the mean (Tönnis) acetabular angle was 28°, the centre-edge angle was −9°, and the extrusion index was 60%; post-operatively they were 3°, 37°, and 17%, respectively. Two patients with post-operative (Tönnis) acetabular angles > 10° developed subluxation post-operatively and required secondary varus derotation femoral osteotomies. Another patient developed a late labral tear which was treated arthroscopically. All eight hips remain clinically stable, and are either asymptomatic or symptomatically improved. These results suggest that the modified Bernese periacetabular osteotomy can be used successfully in the treatment of acetabular dysplasia in patients with Down’s syndrome

The management of shoulder instability has changed a great deal in the last five years due to a better understanding of the biomechanics of the shoulder and the use of arthroscopic surgery. It is essential to understand the anatomy of the labrum and bony structures of the shoulder joint, as well as the contribution of these structures as well as the Rotator Cuff to stability in the different positions of the arm. The history and examination still remains the most important diagnostic tool and a thorough history and examination cannot be over-emphasised. MR Arthrography is the investigation of choice in confirming the diagnosis of instability while a CT scan may be required if there is significant bony damage. The most controversial topic is that of the first time dislocator. If there is a significant labral tear then the options of an arthroscopic labral repair or external rotation brace need to be considered. In the absence of a labral tear then physiotherapy is the treatment of choice. For recurrent dislocators, the results of arthroscopic labral repairs with capsular plication techniques are approaching those of the gold standard open stabilisation. If, however, there is significant bony damage to the glenoid or humeral head then a bone block procedure may be the treatment of choice. Rotator Cuff tears need to be excluded in older patients with instability and often in such cases an arthroscopic procedure to deal with the Rotator Cuff and Labrum can be done simultaneously

In previously published work, MR arthrogram (MRA) has sensitivities and specificities of 88–100% and 89–93% respectively in detection of glenoid labrum tears. Our practice suggested higher frequency of falsely negative reports. We aimed to assess accuracy of this costly modality in practice. We retrospectively reviewed MRA reports of 90 consecutive patients with clinical shoulder instability who had undergone arthroscopy. All had history of traumatic anterior dislocation and had positive anterior apprehension tests. All underwent stabilisation during the same procedure. We compared the findings, using arthoscopy as gold standard in identification of glenoid labral tears. 83/90 patients had glenoid labrum tears at arthroscopy. Only 54 were correctly identified at MRA. All normal labra were identified. This gave sensitivity of 65% and specificity of 100% in identification of all types of glenoid labrum tear. The majority had anterior glenoid labral tears, which were detected at an even lower rate of sensitivity (58%). Sensitivity of MRA in this series is significantly lower than previously published. This study highlights the importance of an accurate history and clinical examination by specialist shoulder surgeons in the management of glenohumeral instability. The need for this costly investigation may not be as high as is currently the case

In a longitudinal case-control study, we followed 81 subjects with dysplasia of the hip and 136 control subjects without dysplasia for ten years assessing radiological evidence of degeneration of the hip at admission and follow-up. There were no cases of subluxation in the group with dysplasia. Neither subjects with dysplasia nor controls had radiological signs of ongoing degenerative disease at admission. The primary radiological discriminator of degeneration of the hip was a change in the minimum joint space width over time. There were no significant differences between these with dysplasia and controls in regard to age, body mass index or occupational exposure to daily repeated lifting at admission. We found no significant differences in the reduction of the joint space width at follow-up between subjects with dysplasia and the control subjects nor in self-reported pain in the hip. The association of subluxation and/or associated acetabular labral tears with dysplasia of the hip may be a conditional factor for the development of premature osteoarthritis in mildly to moderately dysplastic hips

Abstract. OBJECTIVES. Cam femoroacetabular impingement (FAI – femoral head-neck deformity) and developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH – insufficient acetabular coverage) constitute a large portion of adverse hip loading and early degeneration. Spinopelvic anatomy may play a role in hip stability thus we examined which anatomical relationships can best predict range of motion (ROM). METHODS. Twenty-four cadaveric hips with cam FAI or DDH (12:12) were CT imaged and measured for multiple femoral (alpha angles, head-neck offset, neck angles, version), acetabular (centre-edge angle, inclination, version), and spinopelvic features (pelvic incidence). The hips were denuded to the capsule and mounted onto a robotic tester. The robot positioned each hip in multiple flexion angles (Extension, Neutral 0°, Flexion 30°, Flexion 60°, Flexion 90°); and performed internal-external rotations to 5 Nm in each position. Independent t-tests compared the anatomical parameters and ROM between FAI and DDH (CI = 95%). Multiple linear regressions determined which anatomical parameters could predict ROM. RESULTS. The FAI group demonstrated restricted ROM in deep hip flexion, with DDH showing higher ROM in Flexion 30° (+20%, p = 0.03), 60° (+31%, p = 0.001), and 90° (+36%, p = 0.001). In Neutral 0° and Flexion 30°, femoral neck and version angles together predicted ROM (R. 2. = 60%, 58% respectively); whereas in Flexion 60°, pelvic incidence and femoral neck angle predicted ROM (R. 2. = 77%). In Flexion 90°, pelvic incidence and radial alpha angle together predicted ROM (R. 2. = 81%), where pelvic incidence alone accounted for 63% of this variance. CONCLUSIONS. Pelvic incidence is essential to predict hip ROM. Although a cam deformity or acetabular undercoverage can elevate risks of labral tears and progressive joint degeneration, they may not be primary indicators of restrictive hip impingement or dysplastic instability. Better delineating additional spinopelvic characteristics can formulate early diagnostic tools and improve opportunities for nonsurgical management. Declaration of Interest. (b) declare that there is no conflict of interest that could be perceived as prejudicing the impartiality of the research reported:I declare that there is no conflict of interest that could be perceived as prejudicing the impartiality of the research project

Keywords. Shoulder; dislocation; instability; skeletal immaturity; arthroscopic Bankart repair; outcomes. Introduction. Non-operative management of traumatic shoulder instability in children has a recurrence rate of up to 100%. Short-term outcomes of surgery in adults results has a quoted recurrence rates of around 10%. The aim of this study was to examine the surgical outcomes of adolescent patients (aged 13 to 18 years) undergoing arthroscopic stabilisation for shoulder instability. Methods. All patients had a labral tear sustained whilst participating in contact sports (84% rugby). Atraumatic, primary joint hyperlaxity and dyskinetic causes were excluded. All patients had a primary arthroscopic stabilisation. Patients were reviewed in clinic or contacted by post with a standardised outcome proforma. Sixty one shoulders in 57 patients met the inclusion criteria and were included. Mean follow up was 22 months, mean age was 16.8 (range 13 to 18), and 98% were male. All were Stanmore type 1 pathology. 16% had a concomitant SLAP repair, and 16% had a posterior labral tear. Results. 31% (19) reported recurrent dislocation, and 11 patients required further surgery. This is significantly higher than published series for adults, despite the senior author being a tertiary specialist. Despite the high recurrence rate, the median improvement in shoulder function was 90% and the median VAS for pain was 0. The majority of patients (61%) had a full return to pre-injury sporting activities, while 23% returned to decreased sporting activity and 16% stopped. The mean post-operative Oxford instability score was 26.8 (SD 12.9 range 12 to 48). 90% of recurrent dislocations occurred whilst playing rugby, but other than this, we could not identify any significant risk factors for the 19 shoulders that had recurrent dislocations (gender, type of sport, hyper laxity, type of tear). Conclusions. This study demonstrates that adolescent patients have a high risk of recurrent dislocation following arthroscopic stabilisation. Patients should be appropriately counselled and alternative procedures such as the coracoid transfer should be considered. Level of evidence: IV

Aim. The aim of this study was to assess the role of hip arthroscopy in the management of hip pain in elite athletes. Patients and methods. It is a retrospective study of prospectively collected data. 31 hip arthroscopies were performed on 27 elite athletes. All the patients were assessed pre-operatively with a thorough clinical examination, radiographs and MRI scans. The modified HHS was also recorded for all the patients' pre and post-operatively. All operations were performed by the senior author, and the patients were assessed at 6 weeks, 3 months, 6 months and a year following the operation. Results. The M:F ratio was 25:2 with an average age of 38 years (Range: 18-58) in the study group. 65% of the patients were professional football players followed by cricket and tennis. The patients were referred at an average of 506 days. Two of the 27 patients demonstrated minimal acetabular dysplasia on their pre-operative radiographs. Of the 31 arthroscopies, a primary diagnosis of a labral tear was made in 20, a chondral flap and delamination in 5, early osteoarthritis in 4 and a ligamentum teres tear in 2. Along with the primary diagnosis of a labral tear, twelve of the 20 patients had a secondary diagnosis of chondral injury and or Femeroacetabular Impingement as well. There were no complications reported. Conclusions. Hip Injuries in athletes are reported late and Chondral Flaps and Ligamentum teres tears are under-diagnosed. Most athletes have a good chance to return back to the original level of sport within 4 months following hip arthroscopy. However, about 40% do continue to have some form of pain. Hip arthroscopy is a safe and effective method for diagnosis and treatment of intra-articular disorders in elite athletes

The purpose of this study is to audit the early clinical outcomes of a consecutive series of hip arthroscopies performed by one surgeon. Pre-operative WOMAC and Non Arthritic Hip scores were performed on the patients. All patients had MRI arthrograms. These were correlated with the clinical findings at the time of surgery. Postoperatively all complications were recorded and at one year post surgery the pre-operative scores were repeated. There are 37 consecutive cases. 15 males and 22 females. Average age 39 years. 76% of cases were accident related. The average length of symptoms pre-operatively was 21 months. There were 2 false negative MRI arthrograms and one false positive. The surgical treatment included debridement of 18 labral tears and 10 labral tears associated with an articular cartilage defect. The average traction time was 39 minutes. The complications were minor and all have resolved. There are many indications for hip arthroscopy however the outcomes of labral debridement are not clearly defined. This paper attempts to measure the success of arthroscopic labral debridement in a consecutive series of patients. The clinical symptoms and MRI arthrograms seem to have a good correlation with the arthroscopic findings. The short term results of this treatment are encouraging as is the low morbidity associated with the surgery itself

The October 2012 Shoulder & Elbow Roundup. 360. looks at: fast-absorbing suture anchors for use in shoulder labral tears; double-row rotator cuff repair; degenerate massive rotator cuff tears addressed with partial repair; open and arthroscopic stabilisation of Bankart lesions; predicting the risk of revision humeral head replacement; arthroscopic treatment for frozen shoulder; and long-term follow-up of the Bristow-Latarjet procedure

Labral tears can lead to disabling hip pain however underlying structural (femoroacetabular impingement) and developmental abnormalities predisposing to labral pathology may be left untreated if the peripheral compartment is ignored during hip arthroscopy. Femoroace-tabular impingement (FAI) can be secondary to abnormal morphologic features involving either the proximal femur and/or the acetabulum. Both acetabular labral tears and FAI lead to premature osteoarthritis of the hip. Early diagnosis and treatment of these hip pathologic abnormalities is important, not only to provide pain relief but also to prevent the development of osteoarthritis. Purpose: To describe the technique for arthroscopy of the peripheral compartment of the hip joint without traction. Methods: We performed 9 hip arthroscopies without traction from a lateral and and anterolateral portals in the supine position. After a traditional central arthroscopy with traction, 60 degrees of flexion at the hip joint without traction allowed relaxation of the anterior capsule and increased the intra-articular volume of the peripheral compartment. Results: Inspection of the peripheral compartment was obtained from the anterolateral portal. The anterior neck area, medial neck area, medial head area, anterior head area, lateral head area and lateral neck area were viewed. In 3 patients, loose bodies were removed. In 1 patient with PVNS synovial biopsy was taken and synovectomy was performed. Osteochondroplasty was performed in 5 patients for femoroacetabular impingement. No complications were observed. Conclusions: Hip arthroscopy without traction is mandatory to complete assessment and adequate treatment of the painful hip

The spectrum of pathoanatomy in collision athletes with shoulder instability is wide, with a high incidence of extended labral lesions and associated intra-articular injuries. The ‘collision shoulder’ describes an injury sustained by direct impact to the shoulder without dislocation, but with extensive labral damage and a high incidence of other intra-articular pathology and neurological symptoms. One hundred and eighty-three collision athletes (rugby and rugby league) were treated for labral injuries related to their sport in three different centres. Details of the mechanism of injury and findings at surgery were recorded. Only 60% of athletes in the series presented following a documented dislocation or subluxation episode of the shoulder. An additional pattern of injury was recognised in the remaining athletes involving a direct impact injury to the shoulder. In these athletes the clinical symptoms and signs were less specific but there was a high incidence of ‘dead arm’ at the time of injury (72%). The spectrum of pathology in this series was wide with a high incidence of associated intra-articular lesions. In those athletes with an impact type of injury without dislocation there was more extensive labral pathology with a high incidence of posterior labral tears (50%). The incidence of associated chondral lesions was similarly very high but significant bony pathology was less common than in the dislocation group (11 % versus 26%). Elite athletes had less frank dislocations but were more likely to sustain neurological injury, posterior labral tears, SLAP lesions and cartilaginous and capsular injuries. The incidence of all lesions in this series of collision athletes is higher than those previously published. These lesions often occurred in the absence of a frank dislocation (the ‘collision shoulder). It is important to anticipate additional pathology when planning definitive management in these patients, with surgery tailored to the specific lesions found. The athlete with an impact type of injury without dislocation can do well following surgery, with a high rate of return to contact sport, either at the same or a higher level