Developmental exposure to estrogens has been shown to affect a number of organ systems, including long and short bones. Epigenetic effects of DES exposure have been shown to affect the third generation of progeny. Furthermore, recent studies have shown that environmental exposure to estrogen-like compounds is much higher than originally anticipated. This study aims to discover the effect of in utero exposure to a well-known estrogen agonist, diethylstilbestrol (DES), on lumbar bone, intervertebral disc (IVD), and articular cartilage. Femoral bone was studied to determine the specificity of the effect. C57bl/6n pregnant mice were dosed orally with vehicle (peanut oil) or 0.1, 1.0 and 10 g/kg/day of DES on gestational days 11–14. Male and female pups were allowed to mature without further treatment until 3 months of age, at which point they were divided into swim and sedentary groups. After sacrifice, bone mineral density (BMD), bone mineral content (BMC), bone area (BA), and trabecular bone area (TBA) of the lumbar vertebrae and femur were measured using a PIXImus Bone Densitometer System (GE Medical Systems). Glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content (proteoglycan) was measured by the DMMB assay. Histological analysis of proteoglycan was performed with Safranin O staining. Intervertebral disc height was measured using NDP software (Leeds, UK). Statistical analysis was performed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Fisher's Protected Least Significant Difference (PLSD). A p-value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.Purpose
Method
In order to prepare hamstring autograft, suture fixation to the tendon is required to secure and handle the tendon during harvest and preparation. We use a simple, grasping suture which doesn't require suture of the tendon, thus saving time and avoiding violation of the graft itself. We present this technique, with results of mechanical testing compared to a standard whip suture, traditionally used to handle hamstring autograft. Twelve uniform ovine flexor tendons were prepared. A number two braided polyester suture was used in all cases. Six tendons were prepared with a standard, non-locking whip-suture, maintaining uniformity of suture bite and working length between samples. Six tendons were prepared with the utility suture, also taking care to maintain uniformity. The suture was applied by tying the thread around the tendon with a single-throw granny knot then symmetrically wrapping the suture ends from proximal to distal and securing with another single throw, allowing compression of the tendon with longitudinal tension on the suture. All the samples were tested to failure in uniaxial tension in a materials testing machine. Peak load values and load/displacement curves were acquired and results analysed with a two-sample T-test assuming significance at P<0.05.Introduction
Methods and materials
We reviewed 134 primary noncemented porous-coated total hip replacements in 125 patients: 64 were DePuy AML prostheses, 20 were Howmedica PCA and 50 were Implant Technology LSF. The prostheses had been in situ for an average of 36 months, 40 months and 24 months respectively. The average pre-operative Harris hip scores were 38.2 for AML, 33.2 for PCA, and 41.0 for the LSF prostheses. The average postoperative scores were 80.7 for AML, 83.8 for the PCA, and 91.5 for LSF. Thigh or groin pain associated with the prosthesis was present in 30% of AML, 30% PCA and 8% of the LSF cases. The clinical and radiographic review showed better early results with the LSF prostheses than the others; this seemed to be related to the implant design, which provided improved initial stability and more physiological transfer of load.
