Introduction

Osteoarthritis (OA) of the hip and knee causes pain and functional limitations which lead to decreased physical activity level (1,2). Half of all male, and two thirds of all female, patients with early knee OA do not fulfill the recommendations for physical activity level (30 min/day of at least 5 days/week) (1). We tested the hypothesis that Scandinavian patients prior to total joint replacement had reduced actual physical activity and intensity levels compared with matched controls and that most patients did not fulfill the recommendations for physical activity.

A clinical diagnosis of Myofascial Pain Syndrome (MPS) requires manual palpation for the identification of at least one clinically relevant trigger point (TP). However, few comparable, high quality studies exist regarding the robustness of TP examination. Our aim was to determine the inter-observer agreement of TP examination among four examiners and whether reproducibility is influenced by examiner clinical experience. Two experienced and two inexperienced clinicians each performed a standardized palpation of the upper Trapezius musculature. Each observer was asked to judge the presents/absence of clinically relevant TP(s) using clinician global assessment (GA). A random case mix of 81 female participants was examined, 14 being asymptomatic and the remainder suffering from neck/shoulder pain. Examiners received psychomotor training and video analysis feedback provided prior to and during the study in order to improve protocol standardization. Kappa co-efficients were calculated for all possible examiner pairings. Good agreement was noted between the experienced pairing (κ= 0.63). Moderate levels of agreement were observed among the two mixed pairings (κ=0.35 and 0.47 respectively). However, poor agreement was observed for the inexperienced pairing (κ=0.22). Inter-observer agreement was not stable with the experienced pairing in particular, exhibiting a sharp decline in agreement during the latter portion of the study. Identification of clinically relevant TPs of the upper Trapezius musculature is a reproducible procedure when performed by two experienced clinicians. However, an experienced-inexperienced observer pairing can yield acceptable levels of agreement. A protracted period of data collection may be detrimental to inter-observer agreement.

Chronic pain and psychosocial distress are generally thought to be associated in chronic musculoskeletal disorders such as non-specific neck pain. However, it is unclear whether a raised level of anxiety is necessarily a feature of longstanding, intense pain amongst patient and general population sub-groups. Post-hoc analysis. In a cohort of 70 self-selected female, non-specific neck pain sufferers, we observed relatively high levels of self-reported pain of 4.46 (measured on the 11 point numerical pain rating scale (NRS-101)) and a longstanding duration of symptoms (156 days/year). However, the mean anxiety scores observed (5.49), fell well below the clinically relevant threshold of 21 required by the Beck Anxiety Inventory. The cohort was stratified to further distinguish individuals with higher pain intensity (NRS>6) and longer symptom duration (>90 days). Although a highly statistically significant difference (p=0.000) was subsequently observed with respect to pain intensity, in the resulting sub-groups, none such a difference was noted with respect to anxiety levels. Our results indicate that chronic, intense pain and anxiety do not always appear to be related. Explanations for these findings may include that anxiety is not triggered in socially functional individuals, that individual coping strategies have come into play or in some instances that a psychological disorder like alexithymia could be a confounder. More studies are needed to clarify the specific role of anxiety in chronic non-specific musculoskeletal pain before general evidence-driven clinical extrapolations can be made.