Detection of infection in total joint replacements (TJR) is notoriously difficult. Ideally the diagnosis should be known before revision arthroplasty is undertaken. The level of C-reactive protein (CRP) is one readily available test. Sanzen et al. reported sensitivity of 78% and specificity of 100% for CRP in distinguishing infection in 23 infected TJRs and 33 non-infected TJRs undergoing revision, using a cut off of 2mg/dl¹. However, they used only intra-operative cultures as the standard to compare the CRP against. We have analysed the reliability of CRP to diagnose infection pre-operatively in a group of patients undergoing revision arthroplasty, using the following criteria as the reference standard for infection: 2 or more intra-operative cultures positive for the same organism; presence of acute inflammatory response on histology; presence of pus in the joint at revision (1/3 positive indicates true infection), as described by Hanssen et al.²

The results of CRP and the operative investigations of 26 patients undergoing revision arthroplasty (15 hips and 11 knees) were studied prospectively. In our unit CRP is assayed in mg/dl serum by an automated machine. During revision arthroplasty, multiple specimens were taken from around the joint for microbiological and histological examination. Microbiological cultures were carried out on solid media and broth in aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Histological analysis assessed the level of neutrophils present in the tissue. The presence or absence of pus was noted. The results were analysed graphically and a cut off level of CRP was then chosen for analysis of reliability.

Thirteen patients were infected and 13 were not. Eleven of the 13 infected patients had a CRP greater than 2 mg/dl, and 10 of the 13 non-infected patients had a CRP less than 2 mg/dl. Using 2 mg/dl as a cut off, CRP had a sensitivity of 85% and a specificity of 77%. If 4mg/dl is taken as the threshold for infection, then CRP is 100% specific but only 61% sensitive.

CRP is a useful investigation in the diagnosis of infection in joint replacements. However we have shown that a cut off of 2mg/dl is not 100% specific for non-infected patients. Increasing the threshold improves the specificity, but reduces the sensitivity. Unfortunately there is no single investigation that is 100% accurate in this setting. CRP results must be interpreted in the light of the clinical picture and other investigations. These patients are part of an ongoing study to identify the most reliable criteria for diagnosing the presence of infection in total joint replacement.

Pre-revision detection of infection in failed total joint replacements (TJR) is essential to allow appropriate management planning. Unfortunately, low-grade infection is often difficult to detect. The use of molecular biology may offer increased sensitivity in this setting. We have analysed the use of the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) to diagnose infection in pre-operative aspirates in a group of patients undergoing revision arthroplasty. We prospectively tested 50 aspirates in 50 patients with failed TJR (34 hips and 16 knees). Antibiotics were omitted for 2 weeks prior to aspiration. The aspirate was sent for microbiological culture in aerobic and anaerobic conditions. An aliquot was retained for PCR analysis which involved DNA extraction then amplification of an 882 base pair segment of the Universal 16S RNA gene. In 33 patients who subsequently underwent revision arthroplasty multiple specimens were taken from around the joint for microbiological and histological examination and the presence or absence of pus was noted. The patient was deemed to be infected if one of these criteria was found: 2 or more intra-operative cultures positive for the same organism; an acute inflammatory response on histology; pus in the joint at revision ¹.

PCR was positive in 29 cases. Aspiration microbiology was positive in 13 cases. Of the 33 cases revised, 15 patients were deemed to be infected using the previously established criteria, described above. Compared to preoperative aspiration microbiology PCR had a sensitivity of 92% and specificity of 54%. Compared to the published criteria for infection, PCR was 93% sensitive and 61% specific. If rheumatoid cases are excluded the specificity improves to 71%.

It was concluded that PCR has the ability to amplify very small amounts of target DNA. The apparently high false positive rate compared to aspiration microbiology may indicate that PCR is picking up DNA from contaminating or non-viable organisms (treated or phagocytosed), giving poor specificity. However, microbiology is known to have poor sensitivity on pre-operative aspiration samples, and some of the microbiology results may be false negative. Compared to the criteria for infection after revision our results for PCR are more encouraging, especially for non-rheumatoid patients. These patients are part of an ongoing study to identify the most reliable criteria for pre-operative diagnosis of infection in total joint replacement.

Background: Publications concerning recurrent disc disease quote percentage recurrence without regard to the times of recurrence and the influence of longer follow-up.

Objective: To assess the use of survival analysis to measure revision rate after lumbar microdiscectomy.

Design: A retrospective analysis of the hospital records of all patients undergoing lumbar microdiscectomy over a nine-year period was undertaken. Patients who had a repeat microdiscectomy at the same level as the index procedure were designated ‘revisions’. The overall revision rate was calculated for the average length of follow-up. A survival analysis was then carried out using the life table method, as described by Murray et al for follow-up of hip arthroplasty.

Subjects: Seven hundred and twenty-nine patients underwent primary microdiscectomy during this time period, average age 40 years.

Results: Twenty-seven patients had a revision microdiscectomy during the study period. This gave an overall revision rate of 3.7% at average follow up of five years, one month. Using survival analysis the revision rate was 5.5% at eight years of follow up, number at risk 51.

Conclusions: Survival analysis gives a more accurate estimation of the true recurrence rate for patients undergoing lumbar microdiscectomy. The method would allow better comparison between different interventions for intervertebral disc herniation.

We examined the recovery of power in the muscles of the lower limb after fracture of the tibial diaphysis, using a Biodex dynamometer. Recovery in all muscle groups was rapid for 15 to 20 weeks following fracture after which it slowed. Two weeks after fracture the knee flexors and extensors have about 40% of normal power, which rises to 75% to 85% after one year. The dorsiflexors and plantar flexors of the ankle and the invertors and evertors of the subtalar joint are much weaker two weeks after injury, but at one year their mean power is more than that of the knee flexors and extensors.

Our findings showed that age, the mode of injury, fracture morphology, the presence of an open wound and the Tscherne grade of closed fractures correlated with muscle power. It is age, however, which mainly determines muscle recovery after fracture of the tibial diaphysis.

We have analysed associated factors in 164 patients with acute compartment syndrome whom we treated over an eight-year period. In 69% there was an associated fracture, about half of which were of the tibial shaft. Most patients were men, usually under 35 years of age. Acute compartment syndrome of the forearm, with associated fracture of the distal end of the radius, was again seen most commonly in young men. Injury to soft tissues, without fracture, was the second most common cause of the syndrome and one-tenth of the patients had a bleeding disorder or were taking anticoagulant drugs. We found that young patients, especially men, were at risk of acute compartment syndrome after injury. When treating such injured patients, the diagnosis should be made early, utilising measurements of tissue pressure.

We have carried out a prospective study to determine whether the basic descriptive criteria and classifications of diaphyseal fractures of the tibia determine prognosis, as is widely believed. A number of systems which are readily available were used, with outcome being determined by standard measurements including fracture union, the need for secondary surgery and the incidence of infection. Many validated functional outcomes were also used. The Tscherne classification of closed fractures proved to be slightly more predictive of outcome than the others, but our findings indicate that such systems have little predictive value.