Aims. Leg length discrepancy (LLD) is a common pre- and postoperative issue in total hip arthroplasty (THA) patients. The conventional technique for measuring LLD has historically been on a non-weightbearing anteroposterior pelvic radiograph; however, this does not capture many potential sources of LLD. The aim of this study was to determine if long-limb EOS radiology can provide a more reproducible and holistic measurement of LLD. Methods. In all, 93 patients who underwent a THA received a standardized preoperative EOS scan, anteroposterior (AP) radiograph, and clinical LLD assessment. Overall, 13 measurements were taken along both anatomical and functional axes and measured twice by an orthopaedic fellow and surgical planning engineer to calculate intraoperator reproducibility and correlations between measurements. Results. Strong correlations were observed for all EOS measurements (r. s. > 0.9). The strongest correlation with AP radiograph (inter-teardrop line) was observed for functional-ASIS-to-floor (functional) (r. s. = 0.57), much weaker than the correlations between EOS measurements. ASIS-to-ankle measurements exhibited a high correlation to other linear measurements and the highest ICC (r. s. = 0.97). Using anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS)-to-ankle, 33% of patients had an absolute LLD of greater than 10 mm, which was statistically different from the inter-teardrop LLD measurement (p < 0.005). Discussion. We found that the conventional measurement of LLD on AP pelvic radiograph does not correlate well with long leg measurements and may not provide a true appreciation of LLD. ASIS-to-ankle demonstrated improved detection of potential LLD than other EOS and radiograph measurements. Full length, functional imaging methods may become the new gold standard to measure LLD. Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2022;3(12):960–968

Aims. Perthes’ disease (PD) often results in femoral head deformity and leg length discrepancy (LLD). Our objective was to analyze femoral morphology in PD patients at skeletal maturity to assess where the LLD originates, and evaluate the effect of contralateral epiphysiodesis for length equalization on proximal and subtrochanteric femoral lengths. Methods. All patients treated for PD in our institution between January 2013 and June 2020 were reviewed retrospectively. Patients with unilateral PD, LLD of ≥ 5 mm, and long-leg standing radiographs at skeletal maturity were included. Total leg length, femoral and tibial length, articulotrochanteric distance (ATD), and subtrochanteric femoral length were compared between PD side and the unaffected side. Furthermore, we compared leg length measurements between patients who did and who did not have a contralateral epiphysiodesis. Results. Overall, 79 patients were included, of whom 21 underwent contralateral epiphysiodesis for leg length correction. In the complete cohort, the mean LLD was 1.8 cm (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.5 to 2.0), mean ATD difference was 1.8 cm (95% CI -2.1 to -1.9), and mean subtrochanteric difference was -0.2 cm (95% CI -0.4 to 0.1). In the epiphysiodesis group, the mean LLD before epiphysiodesis was 2.7 cm (95% CI 1.3 to 3.4) and 1.3 cm (95% CI -0.5 to 3.8) at skeletal maturity. In the nonepiphysiodesis group the mean LLD was 2.0 cm (95% CI 0.5 to 5.1; p = 0.016). The subtrochanteric region on the PD side was significantly longer at skeletal maturity in the epiphysiodesis group compared to the nonepiphysiodesis group (-1.0 cm (95% CI -2.4 to 0.6) vs 0.1 cm (95% CI -1.0 to 2.1); p < 0.001). Conclusion. This study demonstrates that LLD after PD originates from the proximal segment only. In patients who had contralateral epiphysiodesis to balance leg length, this is achieved by creating a difference in subtrochanteric length. Arthroplasty surgeons need to be aware that shortening of the proximal femur segment in PD patients may be misleading, as the ipsilateral subtrochanteric length in these patients can be longer. Therefore, we strongly advise long-leg standing films for THA planning in PD patients in order to avoid inadvertently lengthening the limb. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2021;103-B(11):1736–1741

Aims

This study aimed to investigate the incidence of ≥ 5 mm asymmetry in lower and whole leg lengths (LLs) in patients with unilateral osteoarthritis (OA) secondary to developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH-OA) and primary hip osteoarthritis (PHOA), and the relationship between lower and whole LL asymmetries and femoral length asymmetry.

Aims. To evaluate mid-to long-term patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) of endoprosthetic reconstruction after resection of malignant tumours arising around the knee, and to investigate the risk factors for unfavourable PROMs. Methods. The medical records of 75 patients who underwent surgery between 2000 and 2020 were retrospectively reviewed, and 44 patients who were alive and available for follow-up (at a mean of 9.7 years postoperatively) were included in the study. Leg length discrepancy was measured on whole-leg radiographs, and functional assessment was performed with PROMs (Toronto Extremity Salvage Score (TESS) and Comprehensive Outcome Measure for Musculoskeletal Oncology Lower Extremity (COMMON-LE)) with two different aspects. The thresholds for unfavourable PROMs were determined using anchor questions regarding satisfaction, and the risk factors for unfavourable PROMs were investigated. Results. The thresholds for favourable TESS and COMMON were 64.8 and 70.4 points, respectively. Multivariate analysis showed that age at surgery (p = 0.004) and postoperative leg length discrepancy (p = 0.043) were significant risk factors for unfavourable TESS results, while age at surgery (p < 0.001) was a significant risk factor for unfavourable COMMON-LE results. Following receiver operating characteristic analysis, the threshold for both TESS and COMMON-LE was 29 years of age at surgery. Additionally, a leg length discrepancy of 8.2 mm was the threshold for unfavourable TESS. Conclusion. Patients aged > 29 years at the time of surgery require appropriate preoperative counselling and adequate postoperative physical and socioemotional support. Reconstruction equivalent to the length of the resected bone can reduce the risk of functional disabilities in daily living. Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2023;4(12):906–913

Originally used for correction of angular malalignment, 2 hole plate epiphyseodesis has recently gained popularity in paediatric orthopaedic practice for the correction of leg length discrepancy. In this study we aim to assess the efficiency of guided growth plates in correcting leg length discrepancy. Thirty-three children treated for leg length discrepancy with guided growth plates (“8-Plate”, Orthofix, Inc and “I-Plate”, Orthopediatrics) in a tertiary referral centre were retrospectively analysed. Medial and Lateral plates were inserted for symmetrical growth reduction and patients were followed up with clinical and radiological assessment. Thirty patients had distal femoral epiphyseodesis and three had proximal tibial epiphyseodesis. Leg lengths and individual bone lengths were measured from pre and post – operative radiographs. The angle between the screws was measured from radiographs taken intra operatively and at the time of final follow up to assess screw divergence with growth. Efficiency was calculated as the ratio of growth inhibition achieved to the projected discrepancy at maturity if left untreated. At a mean follow up of 17 months (4–30 m) leg length discrepancy improved from a mean of 30 mm (50–15mm) to 13 mm (2.5–39mm) (p < 0.01). The angle between screws increased from 6 degrees to 26 degrees over the follow up period. Efficiency was found to be 66%. There were 5 patients with angular deformity who needed plate removal and 2 patients developed superficial infection that responded to oral antibiotics. Epiphyseodesis using guided growth plates is an effective way to correct leg length discrepancy as it is a reversible procedure. Patients undergoing this treatment should be kept under close follow up to prevent development of angular malalignment. Inserting the screws in a divergent fashion at the outset may increase the effectiveness of this procedure

It has been well documented that leg length discrepancy can be associated with back, knee and hip problems. Less is known about the effect on the foot. The effect of a simulated leg length discrepancy on foot loading patterns and gait cycle times in normal individuals was investigated. Thirty feet of normal volunteers were evaluated using a ‘Musgrave Footprint Computerised Pedobarograph System’. Leg length discrepancy was simulated using flexible polyurethane soles of 1 to 5cm thickness, secured to the sole of a sandal worn on the opposite foot. Recordings of foot pressures and load were made barefoot (control) and then recordings were taken with simulated leg length discrepancies of 1 to 5cm. As leg length discrepancy increased, the total loading on the foot increased from 35. 31 to 37. 99 kg/cm²/sec, the forefoot loading increased from 15. 58 to 19 kg/cm²/sec, whereas hindfoot loading remained the same. Further analysis of forefoot loading revealed that all subjects except for female middle loaders demonstrated increased hallux loading as the leg length discrepancy increased (p< 0. 0001). Analysis of gait cycle time with increasing leg length discrepancy showed that the contact phase of gait decreased from a mean of 22% to 13% (p< 0. 0001), the midstance phase remained the same, whereas the propulsion phase increased from 44% to 50% (p< 0. 003). This study demonstrates for the first time that leg length discrepancy has manifest changes in the foot. When prescribing orthotics to address leg length discrepancy, orthopaedic surgeons should consider attempts to relieve the increased pressure on the 2nd and 3d metatarsal heads, or incorporate a metatarsal bar to decrease the time of metatarsal loading

Digital templating was used in 50 patients who underwent THA using Merge Ortho software, Cedara. Clinical examination was performed first, to measure leg lengths and account for pelvic obliquity and flexion deformity. Good quality digital radiographs were obtained with anteroposterior and lateral views extending beyond the tip of the femoral component and the cement restrictor. A coin was placed on the ASIS to help in determining radiological magnification. Digital radiographs were saved in DICOM format and imported to EndoMap software system. A 6-step technique was used for templating as follows:. Radiographic assessment; looking at the quality of bone, amount of bone stock, dysplasia, osteophytes, and other abnormalities. Correction of magnification; following the specific instructions of the software, by measuring the diameter of the coin on the digital radiograph. 3. Measuring leg length discrepancy; the software system automatically calculated the leg length discrepancy, even in the presence of pelvic obliquity (Figure1). 4. Templating acetabular component; the desired cup was selected from the implant library after identifying important landmarks. The size and position was modified to fit the acetabulum and to restore the center of rotation of the hip, considering minimal bone removal and sufficient bone coverage laterally. Templating femoral component; the size and position of the desired stem was adjusted to fit the femoral canal, different offsets were compared to find the best match for the patient's original offset. Correction of leg length discrepancy and measuring length of neck resection; the height of the femoral stem was adjusted to correct any leg length discrepancy by placing the center of the head above the center of the cup by the same length of discrepancy. Then the level of the neck resection was marked at the level of the stem collar and the femoral neck cut was measured by a digital ruler from the tip of the lesser trochanter to the mark of neck resection. In case of leg length discrepancy, the height of the femoral neck cut was adjusted accordingly to compensate for the leg length discrepancy. For example, if the affected leg is 20 mm short, place the centre of the head 20 mm above the centre of the cup. Intraoperatively, the surgeon performed the femoral neck osteotomy at the level determined by preoperative templating. Postoperatively, the leg length was measured and compared to the preoperative leg length. Preoperatively, the leg length discrepancy ranged from 5 to 30 mm. In all cases, the leg was short on the side of THR (ipsilateral). Leg length discrepancy was adjusted in all THR cases. Postoperatively, the accuracy of the correction was found to be within 5 millimeters i.e. less than 5mm of shortening or lengthening). Intraoperatively, the level of femoral neck cut ranged from 1 to 44 mm. Digital templating is useful in adjusting leg length discrepancy. In addition, there were other benefits such as predication of femoral and acetabular implant sizes, restoration of normal hip centre, and optimization of femoral offset

The Dall approach is a modified anterolateral approach with osteotomy of the anterior part of the greater trochanter. This approach relatively preserves the soft tissue tension during total hip arthroplasty (THA). We insert the stem and select a ball neck size so as to have a stable hip which will not dislocate easily during the trial reduction. The aim of this study is to evaluate the adequacy of this method, to measure leg length discrepancy and offset discrepancy at postoperative radiographs. We selected patients for inclusion in this study from those who have more than a 120 degree of affected hip flection angle, the opposite hip is almost normal with a low leg length discrepancy (primary OA, osteonecrosis, Crowe 1 secondary OA, femoral neck fracture). All THA were performed with cement fixation using an alignment guide to ensure accurate acetabular positioning. The ball head's diameter used were all 26mm. From September 2011 to October 2013, 22 patients met inclusion criteria among 103 THA. The mean age for 22 subjects was 66.6±12 years. The mean flexion angle of preoperative hip joints was 127.2±6.1 degrees. The cup inclination was 43.8° ± 3.5°. Anteversion was 11.8°±6°. The mean preoperative leg length discrepancy was 5.8mm±6.3mm. The mean postoperative leg length discrepancy was 0.7±3.5mm. The mean postoperative offset discrepancy was 0.7±6.6mm. There were no dislocations in this series of 103 cases. Discussion. Dislocation and leg length discrepancies are major complications following a total hip arthroplasty. A good range of motion of the preoperative hip joint is considered a high risk dislocation factor. The Dall approach with minimal release of soft tissue related to a tension of hip joint offers maximal stability and the ability to accurately restore leg length

Aims. To evaluate if, for orthopaedic trainees, additional cadaveric simulation training or standard training alone yields superior radiological and clinical outcomes in patients undergoing dynamic hip screw (DHS) fixation or hemiarthroplasty for hip fracture. Methods. This was a preliminary, pragmatic, multicentre, parallel group randomized controlled trial in nine secondary and tertiary NHS hospitals in England. Researchers were blinded to group allocation. Overall, 40 trainees in the West Midlands were eligible: 33 agreed to take part and were randomized, five withdrew after randomization, 13 were allocated cadaveric training, and 15 were allocated standard training. The intervention was an additional two-day cadaveric simulation course. The control group received standard on-the-job training. Primary outcome was implant position on the postoperative radiograph: tip-apex distance (mm) (DHS) and leg length discrepancy (mm) (hemiarthroplasty). Secondary clinical outcomes were procedure time, length of hospital stay, acute postoperative complication rate, and 12-month mortality. Procedure-specific secondary outcomes were intraoperative radiation dose (for DHS) and postoperative blood transfusion requirement (hemiarthroplasty). Results. Eight female (29%) and 20 male trainees (71%), mean age 29.4 years, performed 317 DHS operations and 243 hemiarthroplasties during ten months of follow-up. Primary analysis was a random effect model with surgeon-level fixed effects of patient condition, patient age, and surgeon experience, with a random intercept for surgeon. Under the intention-to-treat principle, for hemiarthroplasty there was better implant position in favour of cadaveric training, measured by leg length discrepancy ≤ 10 mm (odds ratio (OR) 4.08 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.17 to 14.22); p = 0.027). There were significantly fewer postoperative blood transfusions required in patients undergoing hemiarthroplasty by cadaveric-trained compared to standard-trained surgeons (OR 6.00 (95% CI 1.83 to 19.69); p = 0.003). For DHS, there was no significant between-group difference in implant position as measured by tip-apex distance ≤ 25 mm (OR 6.47 (95% CI 0.97 to 43.05); p = 0.053). No between-group differences were observed for any secondary clinical outcomes. Conclusion. Trainees randomized to additional cadaveric training performed hip fracture fixation with better implant positioning and fewer postoperative blood transfusions in hemiarthroplasty. This effect, which was previously unknown, may be a consequence of the intervention. Further study is required. Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2023;4(8):602–611

Purpose of the study: Perception of leg length discrepancy after total hip arthroplasty (THA) is a source of patient dissatisfaction. We followed 100 patients with firstintention THA to determine the clinical significance of radiological leg length discrepancy of less than 15 mm. Materials and Methods: An investigator blinded to the clinical context measured radiological leg length discrepancy in 100 patients after THA. Another investigator evaluated the clinical perception of leg length discrepancy in the same patients 15 days, one month, three months and one year after implantation of their THA. Results: At 15 days, 73 patients had a clinical perception of leg length discrepancy; 48 at one month; 24 at three months; and 15 at one year. Although the 15 patients (15%) presented leg length discrepancy greater than 10 mm (but less than 15 mm), only four still perceived this difference at one year. At one year, there was no correlation between the length of the discrepancy and clinical perception by the patient. When patients had a length discrepancy greater than 10 mm (but less than 15 mm), the probability of perceiving the difference clinically was not greater (p> 0.05) than for patients whose leg length discrepancy was less than 10 mm. Conversely, patients who perceived a leg length discrepancy at one year had significantly more pronounced (p=0.02) spinal disorders and more permanent hip flexion. Discussion: Perception of leg length discrepancy is a frequent complaint postoperatively, but rare at one year, even when the radiological difference reaches 15 mm. At one year, the perception of leg length discrepancy is not correlated with the radiological difference but rather with the degree of spinal disorder or permanent hip flexion. Conclusion: Navigation would have a modest effect on this problem which is probably related in part to spinal rehabilitation

Aims: Leg length discrepancy is a well-recognised complication after total hip arthroplasty. However, the effect of using a cemented or uncemented femoral component on leg length has not been previously investigated. The aim of our study was to assess leg length discrepancy following total hip arthroplasty using a cemented femoral component and to compare this with an uncemented femoral component. Patients and method: We included 140 patients who had undergone a primary total hip arthroplasty in our study. All patients received an uncemented Duraloc acetabular cup (Depuy, Leeds, UK). Our uncemented group consisted of 70 consecutive patients who had received an uncemented Accolade femoral prosthesis (Depuy, Leeds, UK). Our cemented group included 70 patients who had received a cemented Ultima femoral prosthesis (Depuy, Leeds, UK). Leg lengths were measured from radiographs by two independent observers using a validated assessment method, pre-operatively and at six months post-operatively. Clinical outcome was assessed using Harris hip scores. Results: The mean age of the patients was 68 years for the uncemented group and 56 years for the cemented group. The overall leg length discrepancy was mean 5.7mm (range 0 to 26mm). The uncemented group had an increase in leg length discrepancy post-operatively compared to the cemented group (6.4mm vs 4.2mm), p< 0.05. There was no significant difference in Harris hip scores between the uncemented and cemented groups either pre-operatively (37.4 vs 38.7) or at 6 months postoperatively (77.9 vs 78.7 respectively). Conclusion: We found a significant increase in leg length discrepancy after total hip arthroplasty using an uncemented femoral prosthesis compared with a cemented femoral prosthesis. This was detectable radiologically but did not affect clinical outcome. Patients should be informed about the risk of leg length discrepancy before total hip arthroplasty particularly if an uncemented femoral prosthesis is used

Our aim was to use CT Scanogram to evaluate fibular growth, and thus calculate normal growth velocity, which may aid in determining the timing of epiphysiodesis. Current understanding of normal lower limb growth and growth prediction originates in the work of Anderson et al published in the 1960s. There now exist several clinical and mathematical methods to aid in the treatment of leg length discrepancy, including the timing of epiphysiodesis. Early research in this area provided limited information on the growth of the fibula. It is now well recognized that abnormal growth of paired long bones may evolve into deformity of clinical significance. Existing work examining fibular growth used plain film radiography only. Computed Tomography (CT) scanogram is now the preferred method for evaluating leg length discrepancy in the paediatric population. We calculated fibular growth for 28 children (n = 28, 16 girls and 12 boys) presenting with leg length discrepancy to our unit. Mean age at presentation was 111.1 months (range 33 – 155 months). For inclusion, each child had to have at least five CT scanograms performed, at six monthly intervals. Fibular length was calculated digitally as the distance from the proximal edge of the proximal epiphysis to the most distal edge of the distal epiphysis. For calculation purposes, mean fibular length was determined from two measurements taken of the fibula. A graph for annual fibular growth was plotted and fibular growth velocity calculated. CT Scanogram may be used to calculate normal fibular growth in children presenting with leg length discrepancy

The February 2023 Children’s orthopaedics Roundup. 360. looks at: Trends in management of paediatric distal radius buckle fractures; Pelvic osteotomy in patients with previous sacral-alar-iliac fixation; Sacral-alar-iliac fixation in patients with previous pelvic osteotomy; Idiopathic toe walking: an update on natural history, diagnosis, and treatment; A prediction model for treatment decisions in distal radial physeal injuries: a multicentre retrospective study; Angular deformities after percutaneous epiphysiodesis for leg length discrepancy; MRI assessment of anterior coverage is predictive of future radiological coverage; Predictive scoring for recurrent patellar instability after a first-time patellar dislocation

Aims. As an alternative to external fixators, intramedullary lengthening nails (ILNs) can be employed for distraction osteogenesis. While previous studies have demonstrated that typical complications of external devices, such as soft-tissue tethering, and pin site infection can be avoided with ILNs, there is a lack of studies that exclusively investigated tibial distraction osteogenesis with motorized ILNs inserted via an antegrade approach. Methods. A total of 58 patients (median age 17 years (interquartile range (IQR) 15 to 21)) treated by unilateral tibial distraction osteogenesis for a median leg length discrepancy of 41 mm (IQR 34 to 53), and nine patients with disproportionate short stature treated by bilateral simultaneous tibial distraction osteogenesis, with magnetically controlled motorized ILNs inserted via an antegrade approach, were retrospectively analyzed. The median follow-up was 37 months (IQR 30 to 51). Outcome measurements were accuracy, precision, reliability, bone healing, complications, and patient-reported outcome assessed by the Limb Deformity-Scoliosis Research Society Score (LD-SRS-30). Results. A median tibial distraction of 44 mm (IQR 31 to 49) was achieved with a mean distraction index of 0.5 mm/day (standard deviation 0.13) and median consolidation index of 41.2 days/cm (IQR 34 to 51). Accuracy, precision, and reliability were 91%, 92%, and 97%, respectively. New temporary range of motion limitations occurred in 51% of segments (34/67). Distraction-related equinus deformity treated by Achilles tendon lengthening was the most common major complication recorded in 16% of segments (11/67). In 95% of patients (55/58) the distraction goal was achieved with 42% unplanned additional interventions per segment (28/67). The median postoperative LD-SRS-30 score was 4.0 (IQR 3.6 to 4.3). Conclusion. Tibial distraction osteogenesis using motorized ILNs inserted via an antegrade approach appears to be a reliable and precise procedure. Temporary joint stiffness of the knee or ankle should be expected in up to every second patient. A high rate and wide range of complications of variable severity should be anticipated. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2024;106-B(3):293–302

We assessed leg length discrepancy and hip function in 90 patients undergoing primary total hip arthroplasty before surgery and at three and 12 months after. Function was measured using the Oxford hip score (OHS). After surgery the mean OHS improved by 26 points after three months and by 30 points after 12. After operation 56 (62%) limbs were long by a mean of 9 mm and this was perceived by 24 (43%) patients after three months and by 18 (33%) after 12. The mean OHS in patients who perceived true lengthening was 27% worse than the rest of the population after three months and 18% worse after 12. In 55 (98%) patients, lengthening occurred in the femoral component. Appropriate placement of the femoral component could significantly reduce a patient’s perception of discrepancy of length

Leg length discrepancy (LLD) is a recognised complication of total hip arthroplasty. LLDs can cause abnormal weight bearing, leading to increased wear, aseptic loosening of replacement hips and pain. To compensate for LLDs the patient can either flex the knee of the long leg or tilt their pelvis. The aim of this project was to investigate how stance affects static limb loading of patients with leg length discrepancy. A pedobarograph was used to measure the limb loading of 20 normal volunteers aged 19 to 60. A 2 second recording with both feet on was taken to establish their body weight. Readings were taken of the left foot with the right level, 3.5cm lower (simulating a long left leg) and 3.5cm higher. In each case three readings were taken with the knee flexed and three readings with the knee extended. When both feet were at the same level, the left limb took 54% of the load. When the right foot was lower and the left knee flexed, the left leg took 39 % of the load (P < 0.001) (paired t-test). When the left knee was extended the left leg took 49 % of the load (P = 0.074). With the right foot higher and right knee flexed, the left leg took 65 % of the load (P < 0.001). When the right knee was extended the left leg took 58 % of the load (P = 0.069). These results show that weight distribution is increased in the simulated shorter limb. Loading is greater when the longer limb is flexed. Tilting the pelvis reduced the load. However this may cause pelvic and spinal problems. Uneven load distribution is likely to lead to early fatigue when standing and may explain why some post arthroplasty patients with limb length discrepancy have poor outcomes

Aims. Pelvic discontinuity is a challenging acetabular defect without a consensus on surgical management. Cup-cage reconstruction is an increasingly used treatment strategy. The present study evaluated implant survival, clinical and radiological outcomes, and complications associated with the cup-cage construct. Methods. We included 53 cup-cage construct (51 patients) implants used for hip revision procedures for pelvic discontinuity between January 2003 and January 2022 in this retrospective review. Mean age at surgery was 71.8 years (50.0 to 92.0; SD 10.3), 43/53 (81.1%) were female, and mean follow-up was 6.4 years (0.02 to 20.0; SD 4.6). Patients were implanted with a Trabecular Metal Revision Shell with either a ZCA cage (n = 12) or a TMARS cage (n = 40, all Zimmer Biomet). Pelvic discontinuity was diagnosed on preoperative radiographs and/or intraoperatively. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was performed, with failure defined as revision of the cup-cage reconstruction. Results. The five-year all-cause survival for cup-cage reconstruction was 73.4% (95% confidence interval (CI) 61.4 to 85.4), while the ten- and 15-year survival was 63.7% (95% CI 46.8 to 80.6). Survival due to aseptic loosening was 93.4% (95% CI 86.2 to 100.0) at five, ten, and 15 years. The rate of revision for aseptic loosening, infection, and dislocation was 3/53 (5.7%), 7/53 (13.2%), and 6/53 (11.3%), respectively. The mean leg length discrepancy improved (p < 0.001) preoperatively from a mean of 18.2 mm (0 to 80; SD 15.8) to 7.0 mm (0 to 35; SD 9.8) at latest follow-up. The horizontal and vertical hip centres improved (p < 0.001) preoperatively from a mean of 9.2 cm (5.6 to 17.5; SD 2.3) to 10.1 cm (6.2 to 13.4; SD 2.1) and 9.3 cm (4.7 to 15.8; SD 2.5) to 8.0 cm (3.7 to 12.3; SD 1.7), respectively. Conclusion. Cup-cage reconstruction provides acceptable outcomes in the management of pelvic discontinuity. One in four constructs undergo revision within five years, most commonly for periprosthetic joint infection, dislocation, or aseptic loosening. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2024;106-B(5 Supple B):66–73

Aims. Achieving accurate implant positioning and restoring native hip biomechanics are key surgeon-controlled technical objectives in total hip arthroplasty (THA). The primary objective of this study was to compare the reproducibility of the planned preoperative centre of hip rotation (COR) in patients undergoing robotic arm-assisted THA versus conventional THA. Methods. This prospective randomized controlled trial (RCT) included 60 patients with symptomatic hip osteoarthritis undergoing conventional THA (CO THA) versus robotic arm-assisted THA (RO THA). Patients in both arms underwent pre- and postoperative CT scans, and a patient-specific plan was created using the robotic software. The COR, combined offset, acetabular orientation, and leg length discrepancy were measured on the pre- and postoperative CT scanogram at six weeks following surgery. Results. There were no significant differences for any of the baseline characteristics including spinopelvic mobility. The absolute error for achieving the planned horizontal COR was median 1.4 mm (interquartile range (IQR) 0.87 to 3.42) in RO THA versus 4.3 mm (IQR 3 to 6.8; p < 0.001); vertical COR mean 0.91 mm (SD 0.73) in RO THA versus 2.3 mm (SD 1.3; p < 0.001); and combined offset median 2 mm (IQR 0.97 to 5.45) in RO THA versus 3.9 mm (IQR 2 to 7.9; p = 0.019). Improved accuracy was observed with RO THA in achieving the desired acetabular component positioning (root mean square error for anteversion and inclination was 2.6 and 1.3 vs 8.9 and 5.3, repectively) and leg length (mean 0.6 mm vs 1.4 mm; p < 0.001). Patient-reported outcome measures were comparable between the two groups at baseline and one year. Participants in the RO THA group needed fewer physiotherapy sessions postoperatively (median six (IQR 4.5 to 8) vs eight (IQR 6 to 11; p = 0.005). Conclusion. This RCT suggested that robotic-arm assistance in THA was associated with improved accuracy in restoring the native COR, better preservation of the combined offset, leg length correction, and superior accuracy in achieving the desired acetabular component positioning. Further evaluation through long-term and registry data is necessary to assess whether these findings translate into improved implant survival and functional outcomes. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2024;106-B(4):324–335

Background. Leg length discrepancy (LLD) after intramedullary nailing of femoral shaft fractures is a common problem reported in up to 43% of cases. Comminuted fractures with radiographic loss of bony landmarks have an increased possibility of being fixed with unequal leg lengths. Aims. The purpose of this report is to evaluate the efficacy of routinely obtaining a CT scanogram post-operatively on patients of comminuted femoral shaft fractures treated with intramedullary nailing and immediate correction of limb length inequality if indicated. Results. Twenty one patients with comminuted femoral shaft fractures that were treated with intramedullary nailing and underwent a CT scannogram for evaluation of LLD were included in the study. There were 12 patients with Winquist III and 9 with a Winquist IV fracture pattern. Following surgery leg lengths were measured from the CT scanograms using a computerised measuring ruler. The largest leg length discrepancy noted on scannogram was 4 cm. The average limb length discrepancy was 0.67 cm. Eight patients had a discrepancy of 1cm or greater. We also measured the tibial length in all patients and found only 3 patients with exactly equal tibial lengths. A tibial length discrepancy less than 5mm was observed in 11 patients. In 7 patients it was between 5-9mm and in 3 patients it was 10mm or greater. Four patients underwent leg length correction during the same admission. Conclusion. The decision to undertake correction of the LLD is primarily dependant on the degree of discrepancy. The degree of LLD that requires correction remains undefined. In this study LLD of greater than 15mm was considered for equalisation. Immediate equalisation saves cost, morbidity, delayed sequelae and litigation. Tibial length discrepancy may contribute to the total leg length discrepancy and requires consideration. We recommend a post-operative scanogram costing $380 in patients of comminuted femoral shaft fractures treated with intramedullary nailing

Aims. The aims of this study were to compare clinically relevant measurements of hip dysplasia on radiographs taken in the supine and standing position, and to compare Hip2Norm software and Picture Archiving and Communication System (PACS)-derived digital radiological measurements. Methods. Preoperative supine and standing radiographs of 36 consecutive patients (43 hips) who underwent periacetabular osteotomy surgery were retrospectively analyzed from a single-centre, two-surgeon cohort. Anterior coverage (AC), posterior coverage (PC), lateral centre-edge angle (LCEA), acetabular inclination (AI), sharp angle (SA), pelvic tilt (PT), retroversion index (RI), femoroepiphyseal acetabular roof (FEAR) index, femoroepiphyseal horizontal angle (FEHA), leg length discrepancy (LLD), and pelvic obliquity (PO) were analyzed using both Hip2Norm software and PACS-derived measurements where applicable. Results. Analysis of supine and standing radiographs resulted in significant variation for measurements of PT (p < 0.001) and AC (p = 0.005). The variation in PT correlated with the variation in AC in a limited number of patients (R. 2. = 0.378; p = 0.012). Conclusion. The significant variation in PT and AC between supine and standing radiographs suggests that it may benefit surgeons to have both radiographs when planning surgical correction of hip dysplasia. We also recommend using PACS-derived measurements of AI and SA due to the poor interobserver error on Hip2Norm. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2021;103-B(11):1662–1668