Background. The controversy concerning the benefits of unisegmental cervical disc arthroplasty (CDA) over anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) is still open because some randomised clinical trial (RTC) comparing ACDF with CDA have been highly inconclusive. Most of these studies mixed disc prosthesis with dissimilar kinematic characteristics. To date, a compilation of the clinical and radiologic outcomes and adverse events of anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) compared with a single cervical disc arthroplasty (CDA) design, the Bryan disc has partially accomplished. Methods. This is a systematic review of RCTs with level I-II evidence. Only RCTs reporting clinical outcomes were included in this review. After a search on different databases including PubMed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Ovid MEDLINE, a total of 10 RCTs out of total 51 studies were entered in the study. RTC's were searched from the earliest available records in 2005 to December 2014. Results. Five studies were Level I, and five were Level II. Out of a total of 1101 patients, 562 patients were randomly assigned into the Bryan arthroplasty group and the remaining 539 patients into the ACDF group. The mean follow-up was 30.9 months. Patients undergoing CDA had lower Neck Disability Index, and better SF-36 Physical component scores than ACDF patients. Patients with Bryan CDA had also less radiological degenerative changes at the upper adjacent level. Overall adverse events were twice more frequent in patients with ACDF. The rate of revision surgery including both adjacent and index level were slightly higher in patients with ACDF, showing no statistically significant difference. Conclusions. This review of evidence level I-II RCTs comparing clinical and radiological outcomes of patient undergoing Bryan arthroplasty or ACDF indicated a global superiority of the Bryan disc. The impact of both surgical techniques on the cervical spine (radiological spine deterioration and/or complications) was more severe in patients undergoing ACDF. However, the rate of revision surgeries at any cervical level was equivalent for ACDF and Bryan arthroplasty. These data suggest that even though the loss of motion has a determinant influence in the development of degenerative changes in ACDF cases, these kinematic factors do not imply a higher rate of symptomatic adjacent segment degeneration requiring surgery. Level of Evidence. Level I

The orthopaedic unit at the Golden Jubilee National Hospital consists of eight consultant orthopaedic surgeons who have a varied practice with regard to navigated TKA with some surgeons using navigation for all cases, some for what are deemed difficult cases and others using it rarely or not at all. One mechanical jig-based system and two different navigation systems are in routine use. The results from the two navigated (nav 1 and nav 2) and non-navigated (non-nav) systems were audited and compared with published studies to determine whether the reported results from randomised controlled trials were reproduced in our routine practice. The primary outcome measure was the mechanical femorotibial (MFT) angle as measured by Hip-Knee-Ankle (HKA) radiographs. This is a standard outcome measure that allowed ready comparison with other studies. Demographic data and post-operative MFT angles were collected retrospectively for each patient. The HKA digital radiographs (stored on a Picture Archive and Communication system) were taken six to twelve weeks post-operatively. The MFT angle was measured using a standardised protocol, which used the method of Mose to find the centre of the femoral head, the highest point in the femoral notch as the centre of the knee and the middle of the talus for the centre of the ankle. Repeated measurements were taken to identify intra- and inter-observer error. There were 86 patients in the nav 1 series, 95 in nav 2 and 95 in non-nav. Mean age was nav 1 = 70, nav 2 = 69 and non-nav = 71. Mean BMI was nav 1 = 34, nav 2 = 31.5 and non-nav = 30. Male to female ratio was nav 1 = 51:35, nav 2 = 44:51 and non-nav = 30:65. Intra- and inter- observer comparison showed a maximum difference of 1° for the measurement of MFT angle. For series nav 1 74% of TKAs had a MFT angle in the range ±3°, for series nav 2 this was 85% and for the non-nav series it was 68%. Much of the literature on RCTs for navigation vs. non navigation outcomes in TKA indicates that over 93 % of patients undergoing navigated TKA have a mechanical axis alignment within the ±3° range, with non-navigated techniques having 73–87% within this range [. 1. ,. 2. ]. Our audit shows lower percentages for both navigated and non-navigated techniques. Our results are however similar to those obtained by Chauhan et al. [. 3. ] with 85% and 66% respectively. The lower numbers of patients falling into the ±3° range may be due to our audit covering a number of surgeons and trainees. The nav 1 series had five consultants and six trainees, nav 2 had two consultants and the non-nav series had four consultant and six trainees. It may also relate to the extent of pre-operative deformities, which were not quantified. In conclusion the high levels of TKA coronal alignment within ±3° seen in many RCTs may not be readily reproducible in a general setting

Aims. Rotator cuff tear (RCT) is the leading cause of shoulder pain, primarily associated with age-related tendon degeneration. This study aimed to elucidate the potential differential gene expressions in tendons across different age groups, and to investigate their roles in tendon degeneration. Methods. Linear regression and differential expression (DE) analyses were performed on two transcriptome profiling datasets of torn supraspinatus tendons to identify age-related genes. Subsequent functional analyses were conducted on these candidate genes to explore their potential roles in tendon ageing. Additionally, a secondary DE analysis was performed on candidate genes by comparing their expressions between lesioned and normal tendons to explore their correlations with RCTs. Results. We identified 49 genes in torn supraspinatus tendons associated with advancing age. Among them, five age-related genes showed DE in lesioned tendons compared to normal tendons. Functional analyses and previous studies have highlighted their specific enrichments in biological functions, such as muscle development (e.g. myosin heavy chain 3 (MYH3)), transcription regulation (e.g. CCAAT enhancer binding brotein delta (CEBPD)), and metal ion homeostasis (e.g. metallothionein 1X (MT1X)). Conclusion. This study uncovered molecular aspects of tendon ageing and their potential links to RCT development, offering insights for targeted interventions. These findings enhance our understanding of the mechanisms of tendon degeneration, allowing potential strategies to be made for reducing the incidence of RCT. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2024;13(9):474–484

Aims. This systematic review places a recently completed multicentre randomized controlled trial (RCT), UK FROST, in the context of existing randomized evidence for the management of primary frozen shoulder. UK FROST compared the effectiveness of pre-specified physiotherapy techniques with a steroid injection (PTSI), manipulation under anaesthesia (MUA) with a steroid injection, and arthroscopic capsular release (ACR). This review updates a 2012 review focusing on the effectiveness of MUA, ACR, hydrodilatation, and PTSI. Methods. MEDLINE, Embase, PEDro, Science Citation Index, Clinicaltrials.gov, CENTRAL, and the World Health Organization (WHO) International Clinical Trials Registry were searched up to December 2018. Reference lists of included studies were screened. No language restrictions applied. Eligible studies were RCTs comparing the effectiveness of MUA, ACR, PTSI, and hydrodilatation against each other, or supportive care or no treatment, for the management of primary frozen shoulder. Results. Nine RCTs were included. The primary outcome of patient-reported shoulder function at long-term follow-up (> 6 months and ≤ 12 months) was reported for five treatment comparisons across four studies. Standardized mean differences (SMD) were: ACR versus MUA: 0.21 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.00 to 0.42), ACR versus supportive care: -0.13 (95% CI -1.10 to 0.83), and ACR versus PTSI: 0.33 (95% CI 0.07 to 0.59) and 0.25 (95% CI -0.34 to 0.85), all favouring ACR; MUA versus supportive care: 0 (95% CI -0.44 to 0.44) not favouring either; and MUA versus PTSI: 0.12 (95% CI -0.14 to 0.37) favouring MUA. None of these differences met the threshold of clinical significance agreed for the UK FROST and most confidence intervals included zero. Conclusion. The findings from a recent multicentre RCT provided the strongest evidence that, when compared with each other, neither PTSI, MUA, nor ACR are clinically superior. Evidence from smaller RCTs did not change this conclusion. The effectiveness of hydrodilatation based on four RCTs was inconclusive and there remains an evidence gap. Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2021;2(9):773–784

Aims. There has been an increasing use of early operative fixation for scaphoid fractures, despite uncertain evidence. We conducted a meta-analysis to evaluate up-to-date evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs), comparing the effectiveness of the operative and nonoperative treatment of undisplaced and minimally displaced (≤ 2 mm displacement) scaphoid fractures. Methods. A systematic review of seven databases was performed from the dates of their inception until the end of March 2021 to identify eligible RCTs. Reference lists of the included studies were screened. No language restrictions were applied. The primary outcome was the patient-reported outcome measure of wrist function at 12 months after injury. A meta-analysis was performed for function, pain, range of motion, grip strength, and union. Complications were reported narratively. Results. Seven RCTs were included. There was no significant difference in function between the groups at 12 months (Hedges’ g 0.15 (95% confidence interval -0.02 to 0.32); p = 0.082). The complication rate was higher in the operative group and involved more serious complications. Conclusion. We found no difference in functional outcome at 12 months for fractures of the waist of the scaphoid with ≤ 2 mm displacement treated operatively or nonoperatively. The complication rate was higher with operative treatment. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2022;104-B(8):953–962

Aims. Early large treatment effects can arise in small studies, which lessen as more data accumulate. This study aimed to retrospectively examine whether early treatment effects occurred for two multicentre orthopaedic randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and explore biases related to this. Methods. Included RCTs were ProFHER (PROximal Fracture of the Humerus: Evaluation by Randomisation), a two-arm study of surgery versus non-surgical treatment for proximal humerus fractures, and UK FROST (United Kingdom Frozen Shoulder Trial), a three-arm study of two surgical and one non-surgical treatment for frozen shoulder. To determine whether early treatment effects were present, the primary outcome of Oxford Shoulder Score (OSS) was compared on forest plots for: the chief investigator’s (CI) site to the remaining sites, the first five sites opened to the other sites, and patients grouped in quintiles by randomization date. Potential for bias was assessed by comparing mean age and proportion of patients with indicators of poor outcome between included and excluded/non-consenting participants. Results. No bias in treatment effect was observed overall for the CI site, or the first five sites, compared with the remaining sites in either trial. An early treatment effect on the OSS was observed for the first quintile of participants recruited to ProFHER only (clinically relevant difference of seven points). Selection bias for age was observed in the ProFHER trial only, with slightly younger patients being recruited into the study. Both trials showed some selection bias for markers of poor prognosis, although these did not appear to change over time. Conclusion. No bias in treatment effects overall were found at the CI or early sites set-up. An early treatment effect was found in one of the two trials, which was likely a chance effect as this did not continue during the study. Selection bias was observed in both RCTs, however this was minimal and did not impact on outcome. Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2023;4(2):96–103

The principal of “function priority, early rehabilitation, and return to sports” is now the goal for sports injury rehabilitation. Neuromuscular electrical stimulation for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction is a rising procedure for early rehabilitation. This paper systematically assessed the effects of neuromuscular electrical stimulation on postoperative ACL reconstruction to provide guidance for physiotherapist and patient when designing a suitable rehabilitation protocol. To evaluate the interventional outcomes of neuromuscular electrical stimulation following ACL reconstruction, we searched PubMed, EMbase, the Cochrane Library, Web of Science and CNKI to collect all randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing the effects with neuromuscular electrical stimulation and without intervention on rehabilitation after ACL reconstruction up to January 30, 2022. Two investigators independently performed literature screening, data extraction, bias assessment of risk, and used RevMan 5.3 software to conduct a meta-analysis. A total of six RCTs were included, and the results showed that the use of neuromuscular electrical stimulation after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction significantly improved the International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) scores (MD 6.33, 95% CI [-0.43, 12.22]; I2 = 66%; p = 0.040), the Lysholm score (MD 7.94, 95% CI [6.49, 9.39]; I2 = 89%; p < 0.001), and the range of motion (ROM) (MD 9.99, 95% CI [7.97, 12.02]; I2 = 81%; p < 0.001) in the knees when compared to the control group without using neuromuscular electrical stimulation. Existing evidence show that neuromuscular electrical stimulation is beneficial for early rehabilitation after ACL reconstruction. The use of neuromuscular electrical stimulation is encouraged in the design of rehabilitation protocol. However, due to the limited number of RCT studies and the small sample size, further multi-center RCTs with more participants are needed for a higher-level evidence

There remains much debate regarding the optimal method for surgical management of patients with long head of biceps pathology. The aim of this study was to compare the outcomes of tenotomy versus tenodesis. This systematic review and meta-analysis was registered on PROSPERO (ref: CRD42020198658). Electronic databases searched included EMBASE, Medline, PsycINFO, and Cochrane Library. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing tenotomy versus tenodesis were included. Risk of bias within studies was assessed using the Cochrane risk of bias v2.0 tool and the Jadad score. The primary outcome included patient reported functional outcome measures pooled using standardized mean difference (SMD) and a random effects model. Secondary outcome measures included pain (visual analogue scale VAS), rate of Popeye deformity, and operative time. 860 patients from 11 RCTs (426 tenotomy vs 434 tenodesis) were included in the meta-analysis. Pooled analysis of all PROMs data demonstrated comparable outcomes between tenotomy vs tenodesis (SMD 0.14, 95% CI −0.04 to 0.32; p=0.13). Sensitivity analysis comparing RCTs involving patients with and without an intact rotator cuff did not change the primary outcome. There was no significant difference for pain (VAS). Tenodesis resulted in a lower rate of Popeye deformity (OR 0.29, 95% CI 0.19 to 0.45, p < 0.00001). Tenotomy demonstrated a shorter operative time (MD 15.21, 95% CI 1.06 to 29.36, p < 0.00001). Aside from a lower rate of cosmetic deformity, tenodesis yielded no measurable significant benefit to tenotomy for addressing pathology in the long head of biceps. A large multi-centre clinical effectiveness randomised controlled trial is needed to provide clarity in this area

Abstract. Objectives. There is debate regarding the optimal surgical technique for fixing femoral diaphyseal fractures in children aged 4 to 12 years. The aim of this study was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to compare the complication rate following flexible intramedullary nailing (FIN), plate fixation and external fixation (EF) for traumatic femoral diaphyseal fractures in children aged 4 to 12. Methods. We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE and CENTRAL databases for interventional and observational studies. Two independent reviewers screened, assessed quality and extracted data from the identified studies. The primary outcome was the risk of any complication. Results. Nine randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and 19 observational studies fulfilled the eligibility criteria. Within the RCTs, five analysed FIN (n=161), two analysed plates (n=51) and five analysed EF (n=168). Within the observational studies, 13 analysed FIN (n=610), seven analysed plates (n=214) and six analysed EF (n=153). The overall risk of complications was lower following plate fixation when compared to FIN (RR 0.45, 95% CI 0.28 to 0.73, p=0.001) in the observational studies. The overall risk of complications was higher following EF when compared to FIN in both RCTs (RR 1.94, 95% CI 1.25 to 3.01, p=0.003) and observational studies (RR 1.97, 95% CI 1.50 to 2.58, p<0.001). The overall risk of complications was higher following EF when compared to plate fixation in both RCTs (RR 7.42, 95% CI 1.84 to 29.98, p=0.005) and observational studies (RR 4.39, 95% CI 2.64 to 7.30, p<0.001). Conclusions. This study reports a significantly decreased relative risk of complications when femoral diaphyseal fractures in children aged 4 to 12 are managed with plates. The overall quality of evidence is low, highlighting the need for a prospective multicentre randomised trial at low risk of bias due to randomisation and outcome measurement to identify if any fixation technique is superior

Abstract. Introduction. This study aimed to assess the effect of PRP on knee articular cartilage content (thickness and/or volume) and establish if there is a correlation between changes in cartilage and clinical outcomes in patients with knee osteoarthritis. Methodology. A systematic review was performed following the Cochrane methodology. Studies were included if they reported on cartilage content with MRI or Ultrasound before and after the injection. A random-effects model meta-analysis was performed. Results. 11 studies (n=786) from 1,453 records met the inclusion criteria, with five (n=444) being RCTs. The PRP treatment protocol varied widely. Follow-up ranged from 6–12 months. Eight studies reported increase in cartilage content in the PRP group as compared to control (four showing significant difference). In meta-analysis: PRP treatment was not associated with a significant increase in cartilage thickness in medial and lateral femoral condyle, or in the overall cartilage content (4 studies, n=187, Hedges’ g: 0.079; 95%CI: 0.358-0.516; p=0.723). Meta-analysis of 3 RCTs (n=112) showed no significant difference in increasing cartilage content overall with PRP injections compared with no PRP (Hedges’ g: 0.217; 95%CI: -0.177 – 0.611; P=0.281). There was no correlation between changes in cartilage and clinical outcomes following PRP treatment. Conclusion. Treatment of knee osteoarthritis with PRP is not associated with a significant increase in articular cartilage content and any effect on cartilage is not associated with better clinical outcomes. A multi-centre, adequately powered RCT, with a standardized preparation / administration protocol assessing long-term effect of PRP in knee osteoarthritis is needed to guide clinical care

In recent literature, the fragility index (FI) has been used to evaluate the robustness of statistically significant findings of dichotomous outcomes. This metric is defined as the minimum number of outcome events to flip study conclusions from significant to nonsignificant. Orthopaedics literature is frequently found to be fragile with a median FI of 2 in 150 RCTs across spine, hand, sports medicine, trauma and orthopaedic oncology studies. While many papers discuss limitations of FI, we aimed to further characterize it by introducing the Fragility Likelihood (FL), a new metric that allows us to consider the probability of the event to occur and to calculate the likelihood of this fragility to be reached. We systematically reviewed all randomized controlled trials in the Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery (Am) over 10 years. The FL was calculated with the following formula: A x B x C x 100% (A= FI; B = probability of the event in the group with the smallest number of events; C= probability of the non-event in the group with the highest number of events). A smaller FL demonstrates more robust results and conversely, a larger FL illustrates a higher likelihood of fragility being reached and more fragile the findings. The median FI for the statistically significant outcomes was 2 (Mean: 3.8; Range 0-23). The median FL for the statistically significant outcomes was 11% (Mean: 22%, Range: 2%-73%). This means that the probability of reaching non-significance is only 11% when considering the probability of the event to occur. When comparing studies with the same FI we found the FL to range from 3% to 43%. This illustrates the large differences in robustness between trials with equal FI when the likelihood of the event was taken into consideration. As orthopaedic studies are frequently reported as fragile, we found that by calculating the FL, studies may be more robust than previously assumed based off FI alone. By using the FL in conjunction with FI and p-values will provide additional insight into the robustness of the reported outcomes. Our results indicate that by calculating the FL, study conclusions are stronger than what the FI alone predicts. Although conducting RCTs in surgery can be challenging, we must endeavor to critically evaluate our results so we can answer important orthopaedic questions with certainty

Aims. Intra-articular (IA) injection may be used when treating hip osteoarthritis (OA). Common injections include steroids, hyaluronic acid (HA), local anaesthetic, and platelet-rich plasma (PRP). Network meta-analysis allows for comparisons between two or more treatment groups and uses direct and indirect comparisons between interventions. This network meta-analysis aims to compare the efficacy of various IA injections used in the management of hip OA with a follow-up of up to six months. Methods. This systematic review and network meta-analysis used a Bayesian random-effects model to evaluate the direct and indirect comparisons among all treatment options. PubMed, Web of Science, Clinicaltrial.gov, EMBASE, MEDLINE, and the Cochrane Library were searched from inception to February 2023. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) which evaluate the efficacy of HA, PRP, local anaesthetic, steroid, steroid+anaesthetic, HA+PRP, and physiological saline injection as a placebo, for patients with hip OA were included. Results. In this meta-analysis of 16 RCTs with a total of 1,735 participants, steroid injection was found to be significantly more effective than placebo injection on reported pain at three months, but no significant difference was observed at six months. Furthermore, steroid injection was considerably more effective than placebo injection for functional outcomes at three months, while the combination of HA+PRP injection was substantially more effective at six months. Conclusion. Evidence suggests that steroid injection is more effective than saline injection for the treatment of hip joint pain, and restoration of functional outcomes. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2024;106-B(6):532–539

Introduction and Objective. The most common paediatric orthopaedic injury requiring hospital admission is a femoral fracture. There is debate regarding the optimal surgical technique for fixing femoral diaphyseal fractures in children aged 4 to 12 years. The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) and the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS) have issued relevant guidelines, however, there is limited evidence to support these. The aim of this study was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to compare the complication rate following flexible intramedullary nailing (FIN), plate fixation and external fixation (EF) for traumatic femoral diaphyseal fractures in children aged 4 to 12. Materials and Methods. We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE and CENTRAL databases for interventional and observational studies. Two independent reviewers screened, assessed quality and extracted data from the identified studies. The primary outcome was the risk of any complication. Secondary outcomes assessed the risk of pre-specified individual complications. Results. Nine randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and 19 observational studies (six prospective and 13 retrospective) fulfilled the eligibility criteria. Within the RCTs, five analysed FIN (n=161), two analysed plates (n=51) and five analysed EF (n=168). Within the observational studies, 13 analysed FIN (n=610), seven analysed plates (n=214) and six analysed EF (n=153). The overall risk of complications was lower following plate fixation when compared to FIN fixation (RR 0.45, 95% CI 0.28 to 0.73, p=0.001) in the observational studies. The overall risk of complications was higher following EF when compared to FIN fixation in both RCTs (RR 1.94, 95% CI 1.25 to 3.01, p=0.003) and observational studies (RR 1.97, 95% CI 1.50 to 2.58, p<0.001). The overall risk of complications was higher following EF when compared to plate fixation in both RCTs (RR 7.42, 95% CI 1.84 to 29.98, p=0.005) and observational studies (RR 4.39, 95% CI 2.64 to 7.30, p<0.001). Conclusions. Although NICE and the AAOS recommend FIN for femoral diaphyseal fractures in children aged 4 to 12, this study reports a significantly decreased relative risk of complications when these injuries are managed with plates. Our findings provide valuable information to healthcare professionals who are involved in discussing the risk and benefits of different management options with patients and their families. The overall quality of evidence is low, highlighting the need for a rigorous prospective multicentre randomised trial at low risk of bias due to randomisation and outcome measurement to identify if any fixation technique is superior

Considerable debate exists regarding which agent(s) should be preferred for venous thromboembolism (VTE) chemical prophylaxis following joint replacement. We assessed the practice of surgeons regarding VTE chemical prophylaxis for primary THR and TKR, pre and post issuing of updated NICE guidance in 2018. A survey, circulated through the British Hip Society and regional trainee networks/collaboratives, was completed by 306 UK surgeons at 187 units. VTE chemical prophylaxis prescribing patterns for surgeons carrying out primary THR (n=258) and TKR (n=253) in low-risk patients were assessed post publication of 2018 NICE recommendations. Prescribing patterns before and after the NICE publication were subsequently explored. Questions were also asked about surgeon equipoise for participation in future RCTs. Following the new guidance, 34% (n=87) used low-molecular weight heparin (LMWH) alone, 33% (n=85) aspirin (commonly preceded by LMWH), and 31% (n=81) direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs: with/without preceding LMWH) for THR. For TKR, 42% (n=105) used aspirin (usually monotherapy), 31% (n=78) LMWH alone, and 27% (n=68) DOAC (with/without preceding LMWH). NICE guidance changed the practice of 34% of hip and 41% of knee surgeons, with significantly increased use of aspirin preceded by LMWH for THR (before=25% vs. after=73%;p<0.001), and aspirin for TKR (before=18% vs. after=84%;p<0.001). Significantly more regimens were NICE guidance compliant after the 2018 update for THR (before=85.7% vs. after=92.6%;p=0.011) and TKR (before=87.0% vs. after=98.8%;p<0.001). Support from surgeons for future RCTs was dependent on the clinical question, ranging from 48% participation in trials (effectiveness of aspirin vs. a DOAC) to 79% (effectiveness of 14 days LMWH vs. 28 days LMWH). Over one-third of surveyed surgeons changed their VTE chemical prophylaxis in response to 2018 NICE recommendations, with more THR and TKR surgeons now compliant with latest NICE guidance. The major change in practice was an increased use of aspirin for VTE chemical prophylaxis. Furthermore, there is an appetite amongst UK surgeons for participating in future RCTs, with a trial comparing standard versus extended duration LMWH likely feasible in current practice

Aims. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of home-based prehabilitation on pre- and postoperative outcomes in participants awaiting total knee (TKA) and hip arthroplasty (THA). Methods. A systematic review with meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of prehabilitation interventions for TKA and THA. MEDLINE, CINAHL, ProQuest, PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar databases were searched from inception to October 2022. Evidence was assessed by the PEDro scale and the Cochrane risk-of-bias (ROB2) tool. Results. A total of 22 RCTs (1,601 patients) were identified with good overall quality and low risk of bias. Prehabilitation significantly improved pain prior to TKA (mean difference (MD) -1.02: p = 0.001), with non-significant improvements for function before (MD -0.48; p = 0.06) and after TKA (MD -0.69; p = 0.25). Small preoperative improvements were observed for pain (MD -0.02; p = 0.87) and function (MD -0.18; p = 0.16) prior to THA, but no post THA effect was found for pain (MD 0.19; p = 0.44) and function (MD 0.14; p = 0.68). A trend favouring usual care for improving quality of life (QoL) prior to TKA (MD 0.61; p = 0.34), but no effect on QoL prior (MD 0.03; p = 0.87) or post THA (MD -0.05; p = 0.83) was found. Prehabilitation significantly reduced hospital length of stay (LOS) for TKA (MD -0.43 days; p < 0.001) but not for THA (MD, -0.24; p = 0.12). Compliance was only reported in 11 studies and was excellent with a mean value of 90.5% (SD 6.82). Conclusion. Prehabilitation interventions improve pain and function prior to TKA and THA and reduce hospital LOS, though it is unclear if these effects enhance outcomes postoperatively. Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2023;4(5):315–328

Aims. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to compare the influence of patellar resurfacing following cruciate-retaining (CR) and posterior-stabilized (PS) total knee arthroplasty (TKA) on the incidence of anterior knee pain, knee-specific patient-reported outcome measures, complication rates, and reoperation rates. Methods. A systematic review of MEDLINE, PubMed, and Google Scholar was performed to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) according to search criteria. Search terms used included: arthroplasty, replacement, knee (Mesh), TKA, prosthesis, patella, patellar resurfacing, and patellar retaining. RCTs that compared patellar resurfacing versus unresurfaced in primary TKA were included for further analysis. Studies were evaluated using the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network assessment tool for quality and minimization of bias. Data were synthesized and meta-analysis performed. Results. There were 4,135 TKAs (2,068 resurfaced and 2,027 unresurfaced) identified in 35 separate cohorts from 33 peer-reviewed studies. Anterior knee pain rates were significantly higher in unresurfaced knees overall (odds ratio (OR) 1.84; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.20 to 2.83; p = 0.006) but more specifically associated with CR implants (OR 1.95; 95% CI 1.0 to 3.52; p = 0.030). There was a significantly better Knee Society function score (mean difference (MD) -1.98; 95% CI -1.1 to -2.84; p < 0.001) and Oxford Knee Score (MD -2.24; 95% CI -0.07 to -4.41; p = 0.040) for PS implants when patellar resurfacing was performed, but these differences did not exceed the minimal clinically important difference for these scores. There were no significant differences in complication rates or infection rates according to implant design. There was an overall significantly higher reoperation rate for unresurfaced TKA (OR 1.46 (95% CI 1.04 to 2.06); p = 0.030) but there was no difference between PS or CR TKA. Conclusion. Patellar resurfacing, when performed with CR implants, resulted in lower rates of anterior knee pain and, when used with a PS implant, yielded better knee-specific functional outcomes. Patellar resurfacing was associated with a lower risk of reoperation overall, but implant type did not influence this. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2023;105-B(6):622–634

Abstract. Objectives. To determine the effects of self-management interventions (SMIs) including an exercise component (EC) on low back pain (LBP) and disability and to determine whether SMIs with tailored exercises (TEs) have superior outcomes compared to SMIs with general exercises (GEs). Methods. An electronic systematic search of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) was performed in 5 electronic databases. RCTs compared SMIs with an EC to control interventions. Data were extracted at 3 follow-up points (short-term, intermediate and long-term) and meta-analyses were performed. Reviewed RCTs were divided into subgroups based on whether the EC was tailored or generic. A subgroup meta-analysis was performed at the short-term follow-up to assess whether the SMIs with TEs have superior outcomes compared to SMIs with GEs. Results. 12 original RCTs were included in the review (six including SMIs with TEs) and were of moderate quality. The pooled results revealed the effect sizes (ESs) of −0.26,-0.32 and −0.21 for short, intermediate and long-term pain intensity, respectively and −0.26,-0.22 and −0.21 for short, intermediate, and long-term disability, respectively (negative value indicates a mean difference in favour of SMIs) indicating a moderate but significant reduction in pain and disability compared to controls. Subgroup meta-analysis at the short-term follow-up revealed that SMIs with TEs had ES of –0.19(p=0.004) for pain and –0.20(p=0.002) for disability compared to SMIs with GEs demonstrating positive but not significant improvement in pain (ES −0.48, p=0.09) and disability (ES −0.45, p=0.10). Conclusions. There is moderate quality evidence for SMIs with an EC to have moderate but significant positive effect on pain and disability in people with LBP. The subgroup analysis revealed that SMIs with exercises tailored to person's needs are superior in reducing pain and disability. These results indicate the importance of developing TE solutions supporting self-management to improve its effect on pain and disability in LBP patients. Declaration of Interest. (b) declare that there is no conflict of interest that could be perceived as prejudicing the impartiality of the research reported:I declare that there is no conflict of interest that could be perceived as prejudicing the impartiality of the research project

Background and Aim of Study. Despite several hundred RCTs of exercise for persistent non-specific low back pain (NSLBP), the treatment targets of exercise are unclear. In a systematic review we observed 30 direct and indirect treatment targets of exercise described across 23 RCTs for persistent NSLBP. Since not all treatment targets and outcomes can be assessed in all RCTs, it is therefore important to prioritise these treatment targets through consensus from key stakeholders. These consensus workshops aimed to agree treatment targets for the use of exercise interventions in randomised controlled trials (RCTs) in persistent NSLBP using nominal group workshop (NGW) methodology. Methods and Results. The first UK workshop included people who had experience of exercise to manage their persistent NSLBP, clinicians who prescribe exercise for persistent NSLBP, and researchers who design exercise interventions tested in RCTs. The second workshop included participants attending an international back and neck pain research workshop. Twelve participants took part in the UK NGW and fifteen took part in the final ranking of the exercise treatment targets. In addition to the original list of 30 treatment targets, a further 26 ideas were generated. After grouping and voting, 18 treatment targets were prioritised. The top five ranked targets of exercise interventions for persistent NSLBP were: pain reduction, improvement in function, reduction of fear of movement, encouragement of normal movement and improvement of mobility. The results of the international NGW will also be presented. Conclusion. Future RCTs of exercise should consider more consistent assessment of these treatment targets. Sources of Funding: This PhD is funded by the Research Institute for Primary Care and Health Sciences, Keele University. Prof NE Foster is a UK National Institute for Health Research Senior Investigator, and was supported by a UK National Institute for Health Research Professorship (NIHR-RP-011-015). The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the NHS, the NIHR or the Department of Health. Conflicts of Interest: No conflicts of interest

Introduction and Objective. There remains much debate regarding the optimal method for surgical management of patients with long head of biceps pathology. The aim of this study was to compare the outcomes of tenotomy versus tenodesis. Materials and Methods. This systematic review and meta-analysis was registered on PROSPERO (ref: CRD42020198658). Electronic databases searched included EMBASE, Medline, PsycINFO, and Cochrane Library. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing tenotomy versus tenodesis were included. Risk of bias within studies was assessed using the Cochrane risk of bias v2.0 tool and the Jadad score. The primary outcome included patient reported functional outcome measures pooled using standardized mean difference (SMD) and a random effects model. Secondary outcome measures included visual analogue scale (VAS), rate of cosmetic deformity (Popeye sign), range of motion, operative time, and elbow flexion strength. Results. 751 patients from 10 RCTs demonstrated (369 tenotomy vs 382 tenodesis) were included in the meta-analysis. Pooled analysis of all PROMs data demonstrated comparable outcomes between tenotomy vs tenodesis (SMD 0.17 95% CI −0.02 to 0.36, p=0.09). Sensitivity analysis comparing RCTs involving patients with and without an intact rotator cuff did not change the primary outcome. Secondary outcomes including VAS, shoulder external rotation, and elbow flexion strength did not reveal any significant difference. Tenodesis resulted in a lower rate of Popeye deformity (OR 0.27 95% CI 0.16 to 0.45, p<0.00001). Conclusions. Aside from a lower rate of cosmetic deformity, tenodesis yielded no measurable significant benefit to tenotomy for addressing pathology in the long head of biceps. This finding was irrespective of the whether the rotator cuff was intact