Objectives. Insufficient protein ingestion may affect muscle and bone mass, increasing the risk of osteoporotic fractures in the elderly, and especially in postmenopausal women. We evaluated how a low-protein diet affects bone parameters under gonadal hormone deficiency and the improvement led by hormone replacement therapy (HRT) with 17β-oestradiol. Methods. Female Wistar rats were divided into control (C), ovariectomized (OVX), and 17β-oestradiol-treated ovariectomized (OVX-HRT) groups, which were fed a control or an isocaloric low-protein diet (LP; 6.6% protein; seven animals per group). Morphometric, serum, and body composition parameters were assessed, as well as bone parameters, mechanical resistance, and mineralogy. Results. The results showed that protein restriction negatively affected body chemical composition and bone metabolism by the sex hormone deficiency condition in the OVX group. The association between undernutrition and hormone deficiency led to bone and muscle mass loss and increased the fragility of the bone (as well as decreasing relative femoral weight, bone mineral density, femoral elasticity, peak stress, and stress at offset yield). Although protein restriction induced more severe adverse effects compared with the controls, the combination with HRT showed an improvement in minimizing these damaging effects, as it was seen that HRT had some efficacy in maintaining muscle and bone mass, preserving the bone resistance and minimizing some deleterious processes during the menopause. Conclusion. Protein restriction has adverse effects on metabolism, leading to more severe menopausal symptoms, and HRT could minimize these effects. Therefore, special attention should be given to a balanced diet during menopause and HRT. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2019;8:573–581

Background: Intrauterine protein restriction in rodent models is associated with low bone mass which persists into adulthood. This study examined how early nutritional compromise affects the mechanical and structural properties of spinal tissues in sheep throughout the lifecourse. Methods: Lumbar spines were removed from 19 sheep; 5 control animals and 14 that received a restricted diet in-utero. Eight animals (2 control/6 diet) were sacrificed at a mean age of 2.7 years and eleven at a mean age of 4.4 yrs. Two motion segments from each spine were tested on a hydraulically-controlled materials testing machine to determine their mechanical properties. Vertebral bodies were assessed for a number of structural parameters including cortical thickness and area, and regional trabecular density. Results: Younger animals in the diet group showed a 25% reduction in forward bending stiffness (p< 0.05) and a 32% reduction in extension strength (p< 0.05) compared to controls of the same age. Furthermore, these young animals showed a 25% reduction in the thickness of the anterior cortex (p< 0.001) and an 18% reduction in the thickness of the superior cortex (p< 0.02). In older animals, no differences were observed in any of the mechanical parameters examined between diet and control groups, although animals in the diet group showed an average increase in cortical thickness of 14%, across all regions (p< 0.01). Conclusions: These results suggest that early nutritional challenge can have detrimental effects on the mechanical and structural properties of spinal tissues in young animals but that adaptation occurs over the lifecourse to compensate for these differences in older animals. Conflicts of Interest: None. Source of Funding: None

Introduction: Intrauterine protein restriction in rats is associated with low bone mass which persists with development through to adulthood. However, such adverse effects are not only restricted to bone. Intervertebral discs are the largest avascular structures in the body, and are particularly sensitive to their nutritional environment. We have examined the hypothesis that changes in the intervertebral disc (or ligaments), as a result of early nutritional compromise, affect the spine’s mechanical properties. Material and methods: Lumbar spines were removed from 8 sheep (6 male, 2 female: mean age 2.7 yrs) that had received different diets early in their development: two animals received a control diet, three received low protein in utero (IU), and three received low protein both in utero and postnatally (PN). Fifteen motion segments (consisting of two vertebrae and the intervening disc and ligaments) were dissected from the spines and tested on a hydraulically-controlled materials testing machine. Compressive stiffness and bending stiffness were measured before and after creep loading, in both flexion and extension. Reflective markers attached to the specimens were tracked during loading, enabling intervertebral angles to be calculated. Bending moment-angular rotation curves were used to calculate bending stiffness. Repeated measures ANOVA was used to test for differences in stiffness with posture and creep, and between the dietary groups. Results: Compressive stiffness increased after creep loading (p=0.002) but was unaffected by posture or dietary group. In contrast, bending stiffness was unaffected by creep but differed significantly between groups and with posture. When compared to controls, bending stiffness in the IU group was reduced by 35% in flexion and 26% in extension (p< 0.02). In the PN group, reductions of 28% in flexion and 15% in extension were observed (p=0.056). Discussion: These results indicate that early protein restriction can affect the mechanical properties of the spine. These effects were evident in bending but not in compression, and tended to be greater in flexion than extension. These preliminary findings suggest that early protein restriction may affect the composition and mechanical function of the annulus fibrosus and the intervertebral ligaments which are the structures most involved in resisting flexion movements