Abstract. Background. Orthopaedic training in Southern Africa is largely focused on trauma, although elective procedures, such as knee arthroscopy are increasing. This is especially true in the private sector where most trainees will practice. The primary aim of this study was to assess the arthroscopic competency of orthopaedic trainees in a setting of limited resources. Methods. A prospective observational cohort study was carried out. Orthopaedic trainees of a Southern African university hospital performed basic arthroscopy on a knee model. Their surgical competency was assessed by two surgeons proficient in arthroscopy using the modified Basic Knee Arthroscopy Skill Scoring System (mBAKSSS). Results. A total of 16 trainees (12 male) were included (6 junior and 10 senior trainees). The median age of participants was 36 (34.8, 37). The median mBAKSSS was 28.0 (20.3, 32.5) but showed a large variability (12.0–42.5). The overall reliability was excellent with Cronbach's Alpha of 0.91 and interclass correlation of 0.91 [95% CI 0.75, 0.97]. Conclusions. The average knee arthroscopy proficiency of our trainees is comparable to those of international training programs, but there was great variability with inconsistent skills amongst the trainees. This calls for improved and reproducible arthroscopy training and skills transfer, exposure to procedures and ongoing assessment

Surgical trainees are finding it increasingly more challenging to meet operative requirements and coupled with the effects of COVID-19, we face a future of insufficiently trained surgeons. As a result, virtual reality (VR) simulator training has become more prevalent and whilst more readily accepted in certain arthroscopic fields, its use in hip arthroscopy (HA) remains novel. This project aimed to validate VR high-fidelity HA simulation and assess its functional use in arthroscopic training.

Seventy-two participants were recruited to perform two basic arthroscopic tasks on a VR HA simulator, testing hip anatomy, scope manipulation and triangulation skills. They were stratified into novice (39) and experienced (33) groups based on previous arthroscopy experience. Metric parameters recorded from the simulator were used to assess construct validity. Face validity was evaluated using a Likert-style questionnaire. All recordings were reviewed by 2 HA experts for blinded ASSET score assessment.

Experienced participants were significantly faster in completing both tasks compared with novice participants (p<0.001). Experienced participants damaged the acetabular and femoral cartilage significantly less than novice participants (p=0.011) and were found to have significantly reduced path length of both camera and instrument across both tasks (p=0.001, p=0.007), demonstrating significantly greater movement economy. Total ASSET scores were significantly greater in experienced participants compared to novice participants (p=0.041) with excellent correlation between task time, cartilage damage, camera and instrument path length and corresponding ASSET score constituents. 62.5% of experienced participants reported a high degree of realism in all facets of external, technical and haptic experience with 94.4% advising further practice would improve their arthroscopic skills. There was a relative improvement of 43% in skill amongst all participants between task 1 and 2 (p<0.001).

This is the largest study to date validating the use of simulation in HA training. These results confirm significant construct and face validity, excellent agreement between objective measures and ASSET scores, significant improvement in skill with continued use and recommend VR simulation to be a valuable asset in HA training for all grades.

Femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) is a common cause of hip pain in the young adult. Uncertainty regarding surgical indications, outcome assessment, management preferences and perceptions of the literature exist. We conducted a large international survey assessing the perceptions and demographics of orthopaedic surgeons regarding FAI. A survey was developed using previous literature, focus groups and a sample-to-redundancy strategy. The survey contained forty-six questions and was emailed to national orthopaedic associations and orthopaedic sports medicine societies for member responses. Members were contacted on multiple occasions to increase response rates. Nine hundred orthopaedic surgeons from twenty national and international organisations completed the survey. Surgeons responded across 6 continents, 58.2 % from developed nations with 35.4 % having sports fellowship training. North American and European surgeons reported significantly greater exposure to hip arthroscopy during residency and fellowships in comparison to international respondents (48.0% vs. 44.5% vs. 25.6% respectively; p<0.001). Surgeons performing a higher volume of FAI surgery (over 100 cases per year) were significantly more likely to have practiced for more than 20 years (OR 1.91; 95% CI 1.01 to 3.63), be practicing at an academic hospital (OR 2.25; 95% CI 1.22 to 4.15), and have formal arthroscopy training (OR 46.17; 95% CI 20.28 to 105.15). High volume surgeons were over two-fold more likely to practice in North America and Europe (OR 2.26; 95% CI: 1.08 to 4.72). The exponential rise in the diagnosis and surgical management for FAI appears to be driven largely by experienced surgeons in developed nations. Our analysis suggests that although FAI management is early in the innovation cycle we are at a tipping point towards wider uptake and utilisation. The results of this survey will help guide further research and study

Background. Surgical simulators allow learner-focussed skills training, in controllable and reproducible environments suitable for assessment. Aim. To research the face validity (extent to which the simulator resembles reality, determined subjectively by subjects), and construct validity, (ability to objectively differentiate between subjects with varying levels of arthroscopic experience) of a virtual reality arthroscopy simulator, to validate its effectiveness as an educational tool. Methods. Using the simulator insightArthroVR®, 37 subjects were required to perform diagnostic knee arthroscopy, palpate anatomical landmarks and complete questionnaires. The simulator recorded objective data to assess proficiency: time to complete tasks, roughness in instrument handling, and path length covered by the arthroscope and palpation probe. Results. The simulator succeeded in proving face validity: 86.4% participants agreed the simulator provided insight into arthroscopy. Training met the expectations of 91.3% and showed improvement in novices in simulated diagnostic arthroscopy in completion time (p-value=0.036), roughness (p-value=0.026), and path length covered by the arthroscope (p-value=0.008). Furthermore, the simulator was able to discriminate between experts, intermediates and novices, proving construct validity: time of completion (p-value=0.009), the path length covered by the arthroscope (p-value=0.02) and the probe (p-value=0.028). Conclusions. Results demonstrate the simulator succeeds in emulating real arthroscopy and can discriminate between subjects according to arthroscopic experience, proving face and construct validity. Further research on transfer of skills to the operating room needs to be done. With surgery constantly modernising and increasing time constraints with the EWTD, training must be efficient and assessable without compromising patient safety. Simulators could allow trainees earlier exposure to procedures, a wider range of pathologies in a compressed period, practice outside the OR, and an acceleration of the learning curve. This study has taken a step forward in validating a VR simulator and thus a step towards the future of simulation becoming an indispensable adjunct to surgical training

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of training on the arthroscopic performance of a group of medical students and to determine whether all students could be trained to competence. Thirty-three medical students with no previous experience of arthroscopy were randomised to a ‘Trained’ or an ‘Untrained’ cohort. They were required to carry out 30 episodes of two simulated arthroscopic tasks (one shoulder and one knee). The primary outcome variable was task success at each episode. Individuals achieved competence when their learning curve stabilised. The secondary outcome was technical dexterity, assessed objectively using a validated motion analysis system. Six subjects in the ‘Untrained’ cohort failed to achieve competence in the shoulder task, compared with one in the ‘Trained’ cohort. During the knee task, two subjects in each cohort failed to achieve competence. Based on the objective motion analysis parameters, the ‘Trained’ cohort performed better on the shoulder task (p < 0.05) but there was no significant difference for the knee task (p > 0.05).

Although specific training improved the arthroscopic performance of novices, there were individuals who could not achieve competence despite focused training.These findings may have an impact on the selection process for trainees and influence individual career choices.