Aim

Local concentration of antibiotic at the site of infection is a major parameter for its efficiency. However, bone diffusion is poor leading either to their non-use (ex: gentamicin) or the use of high concentration (ex: vancomycin). Local administration could optimize their local concentration combined with lower side effects. We report the clinical experience and pharmacological results of an antibiotic loaded porous alumina used to replace infected bone in 4 patients.

The present study sought to assess the clinical and radiological results and long-term joint impact of different techniques of lateral ankle ligament reconstruction.

Purpose of the study: Gait in patients with severe pes planovalgus is generally compromised by the excessive medial force. The altered gait pattern affects the overall static and the opposite lower limb. Dynamic baropodometry can be used to measure the lateromedial force in pes planovalgus before and after corrective surgery.

Material and methods: This series included 26 patients (28 feet), mean age 54.4 years (range 15–75 years), ten males and 16 females. All of the patients had stage 2 pes planovalgus due to posterior tibial tendinopathy without lower limb misalignment. The emed-SF gait platform (Novel) was used to make three consecutive measurements with recording of the second step while walking on the platform. Measurements were made before and after conservative surgery for pes planoval-gus which combined lengthening of the calcaneum (Evans), systematic percutaneous lengthening of the Achilles tendon, lengthening of the peroneal tendons, and reconstruction of the medial arch by lowering the first metatarsal in most cases. The force index (lateral over medial force) was calculated by the Novel-ortho software which also displayed the curve of the force index during the step movement.

Results: The force index (lateral over medial) was 0.87 in this series of pes planovalgus (normal = 1.07). This index remained below 1 throughout the step movement for 13 of 28 feet. For the others, medial force increased uniquely during weight bearing phases: taligrade, plantigrade or digitigrade. After surgery, the index increased to 1.25 with normalization of the force index curve in 15 of 28 feet. A comparative study on the first ray was not very significant: scarf lowering (9 cases from 0.81 to 1.16), basal lowering by dorsal addition (8 cases from 0.87 to 1.14), arthrodesis of the first cuneometatarsal (5 cass from 0.89 to 1.15); three cases did not have lowering procedures with less favorable clinical results but with an index which changed from 0.75 to 1.05.

Discussion: This study enabled an assessment of the lat-eromedial balance of the planovalgus foot without misalignment of the lower limbs. We were able to show that realigning the foot lessens the stress on the posterior tibial tendon which did not always have to be repaired to achieve a good clinical result. This re-balancing of the muscle stabilizing the rear foot occurs progressively, as was noted on the successive baropodometric examinations. This points out the importance of not starting proprioceptive rehabilitation exercises before four months postop. On the other hand, active reinforcement of the toe flexors should be started early. This study was conducted with a very small sample but did show that a postoperative force index below 0.9 is a sign of under correction and that an index above 1.8 corresponds to overcorrection.

Conclusion: Functional management requires good knowledge of the pathological processes and the therapeutic implications. This study shows that baropodometry, even without footprint analysis or pressure distribution measurements, enables definition of functional parameters which can be helpful in achieving more precise management for foot and ankle surgery.

Purpose: Fissures of the flexor hallucis longus, an exclusively clinical diagnosis, are often unrecognised. Imaging is not contributive. The purpose of this work was to detail the clinical signs leading to surgical exploration with tendon suture, the only effective treatment.

Material and methods: Lesions of the flexor hallucis longus, generally subsequent to ankle sprains resulting from trauma involving the medial border of the foot or from a fall, were found in the retrotalar gutter (1 patient), at the Henry node, the pulley of the common flexors and the flexor hallucis longus under the navicular bone (6 patients). Palpation produced exquisite pain. Pain was also provoked by movement of the great toe, explaining why the patients were unable to run or stand tiptoed. Ultrasound and MRI were negative. Surgery was peformed because of the persistent pain which did not respond to medical treatment (anti-inflammatory drugs, corticosteroid injections, plantar orthesis maintaining the medial vault, plaster cast). Surgical repair relieved pain in all cases and enabled renewed activities within three months on average. The treatment consisted in suture of the tendon associated with regularisation of the retrotalar gutter as needed and, at the subnavicular level, section of the Henry node and anastomosis of the flexors. Cast immobilisation was recommended for four to six weeks.

Conclusion: In patients complaining of pain of the posterior crossway or in the subnavicular region, examination of the flexor hallucis longus should be undertaken to search for a fissure which requires surgical tendon repair. It is hoped that improved imaging techniques will provide a means of confirming the diagnosis before surgery.

Purpose: Results of basal metatarsal osteotomy are generally unpredictable. We studied the very oblique BRT osteotomy with preservation of the proximal hinge and fixation using a threaded-head screw. We now use this technique as a routine procedure.

Material: From 1999 to 2000, 125 metatarsal osteotomies were performed on 93 feet in 77 patients (mean age 55 years). Indications were metatarsalgia alone in 34 feet, associated with another osteotomy for 21 feet, iatrogenic for 18 feet, and anterior pes cavus for 20 feet.

Method: The incision was dorsal (3 medial metatarsals) or medial for M1 or lateral for M5. The osteotomy was very oblique (60°), with removal of a thin wedge (max 3 mm) except for M1 or in case of pes cavus. The proximoplantar hinge was carefully preserved. The osteotomy was limited to the strict clinical needs and determined on the false lateral view. All patients were reviewed at six months and one year after surgery (mean follow-up 11 months).

Results: The fixation was solid allowing weight bearing at 15 days. Metatarso-phalangeal motion was preserved. There was no secondary displacement but there were three cases with a ruptured hinge due to an insufficiently oblique osteotomy. At last follow-up there has been no transfer to neighbouring rows. For the pes cavus cases, the M1 osteotomy was associated with osteotomy of one or several lateral metatarsals in 13/20 feet in order to further raise the first metatarsal without risk of transfer metatarsalgia.

Discussion: The BRT osteotomy provides an unprecedented reliability for proximal osteotomy with elevation of the metatarsus. It is highly dependent however on clinical assessment, as for any basal osteotomy, although the false lateral view is quite useful. Excessive dorsal elevation must be avoided; secondary elevation is avoided due to the absence of secondary displacement. This osteotomy can be performed easily on all five metatarsals for pes cavus. It is often associated with distal treatment of claw toes. Its association with calcaneum osteotomy is useful for extra-articular treatment of pes cavus to preserve long-term function.

Conclusion: For the two indications metatarsalgia and pes cavus, the BRT osteotomy with elevation of the base is easy to perform, prevents secondary displacement, is precise, and preserves joint function. Precision depends almost totally on clinical evaluation. Results have been very encouraging. Finally, this osteotomy, which involves elevation of the base alone, is complementary to the Weil osteotomy which has specific indications for longitudinal harmonisation of the metatarsus.