Introduction

Osteochondral lesions (OCLs) of the talus are a challenging and increasingly recognized problem in chronic ankle pain. Many novel techniques exist to attempt to treat this challenging entity. Difficulties associated with treating OCLs include lesion location, size, chronicity, and problems associated with potential graft harvest sites. Matrix associated stem cell transplantation (MAST) is one such treatment described for larger lesions >15mm2 or failed alternative therapies. This cohort study describes a medium-term review of the outcomes of talar lesions treated with MAST.

Osteochondral lesions (OCLs) of the talus are a challenging and increasingly recognized problem in chronic ankle pain. Many novel techniques exist to attempt to treat this challenging entity. Difficulties associated with treating OCLs include lesion location, size, chronicity and problems associated with potential graft harvest sites. Matrix associated stem cell transplantation (MAST) is one such treatment described for larger lesions >15mm² or failed alternative therapies. This cohort study describes a 5 year review of the outcomes of talar lesions treated with MAST. A review of all patients treated with MAST by a single surgeon was conducted. Pre-operative radiographs, MRIs and FAOS outcome questionnaire scores were conducted. Intraoperative classification was conducted to correlate with imaging. Post-operative outcomes included FAOS scores, return to sport, revision surgery/failure of treatment and progression to arthritis/fusion surgery. 32 patients were identified in this cohort. There were 10 females, 22 males, with an average age of 35. 01. 73% had returned and continued playing active sport. 23 patients underwent MAST in the setting of a failed previous operative attempt, with just 9 having MAST as a first option. 9 patients out of 32 had a further procedure. Two patients had a further treatment directed at their OCL. Two patients had a fusion, 2 had a cheilectomy at > 4 years for impingement, one had a debridement of their anterolateral gutter, one had debridement for arthrofibrosis, one patient had a re alignment calcaneal osteotomy with debridement of their posterior tibial tendon. MAST has demonstrated positive results in lesions which prove challenging to treat, even in a “failed microfracture” cohort.

Deep surgical infections are a serious complication of total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Various protocols exist for treating these infections, each with its own advocates. In this series we report the one to five year follow-up of infected TKA that were treated with a two-stage revision knee replacement at the Glasgow Royal Infirmary between December 2003 and March 2009.

48 patients were identified from the hospital database. 6 of these were excluded as they did not meet the stipulated infection criteria. Another patient was excluded as no notes were available thereby the infection status could not be determined. Another 8 patients were excluded as these only had a first stage.

33 patients (16 male) average age 67y (49–88) met the inclusion criteria. Mean BMI was of 31.62 (19–47) and 8 patients suffered from rheumatoid arthritis. At presentation, the median for the ESR, CRP and WCC were 70.5, 133 and 8.5 respectively. The infective organism was identified in 22 patients. Following the first stage, the patients were treated with antibiotics (initially intravenous followed by oral) for an average of 11.8 weeks (4–52 weeks). This procedure failed to eliminate the infection in 6 patients (18.18%) who had further re-admissions for infection of the affected prosthesis. The resultant success rate is of over 80% which is comparable to literature data (success rates of 41% to 96% quoted). For these patients, the average time to review was 25.13 months (12–67months). At review these patients had a mean extension of 2.17° (0–10°) and a mean flexion of 98.26 (70–120°). These patients were all satisfied with their outcome.

Our results show a high successful rate of elimination of infection when a two-stage revision is used for infected knee prosthesis with over 80% of patients free of infection.

Purpose: Cauda Equina Syndrome (CES) is a frequently cited red flag in patients presenting with back pain and is considered a surgical emergency. The purpose of this paper is to review the current literature on CES, to establish consensus on its definition, clinical presentation and possible aetiology.

Methods: The databases (Medline 1951 →, Embase 1974 →, Cinhal 1982 →) were searched using the key words Cauda Equina Syndrome and:

Definition,

The findings from these searches were coded to identify individual aspects of CES. The consistency of each aspect was then classified using The Guidelines Development Groups format (where 100% coverage = ‘unanimity’; 75–99% = ‘consensus’; 51–74% = ‘majority view’; and 0– 50% = ‘no consensus’), and the findings summarized.

Results: The electronic searches revealed 104 papers comprising case reports, case studies, literature reviews, expert opinion and papers based on clinical experience.

From these, there were widely varying descriptions of the definition, clinical presentation and aetiology of CES, and no individual aspects reached 100% agreement. The individual aspect with greatest agreement was found to be bladder dysfunction.

Conclusion: Cauda Equina Syndrome is considered a discrete clinical entity; however there is inconsistency within the literature as to its definition, clinical presentation and aetiology. To document its prevalence, clarity in definition is needed. Identifying this surgical emergency is paramount for all those who undertake spinal assessments.

Purpose: ‘Red flags’ are patient responses and findings on history taking and physical examination that are associated with an increased risk of serious spinal disorders. The purpose of this paper is to identify red flags reported in the low back pain literature, establish consensus on whether (or not) they are considered red flags, and review the evidence for these signs and symptoms.

Methods: The following databases were searched using key words ‘red flag’ and ‘low back pain’:

MEDLINE (1951→)

In addition, national guidelines and key texts were hand-searched. Each red flag identified in the literature was classified using The Guidelines Development Group’s format (where 100% coverage = ‘unanimity’; 75–99% = ‘consensus’; 51–74% = ‘majority view’; and 0–50% = ‘no consensus’), and the findings summarized.

Results: The electronic searches revealed 54 papers, with the resultant ‘red flags’ ranging from ‘no consensus’ to ‘unanimity’. Evidence for these signs and symptoms is variable. Case reports and series justify labelling some features ‘red flags’, whilst others owe their label to clinical experience and expert opinion.

Conclusion: Case reports and series should be reported/ published to help identify those signs and symptoms suggestive of serious spinal disorders and those more likely to be ‘red herrings’. Despite their importance, there is inconsistency within the literature in identifying true red flags and, an ability to identify these signs and symptoms is essential for all who practise spinal assessments.

Aims: To examine vibration levels produced by orthopaedic air tools and the prevalence of upper limb symptoms in orthopaedic surgeons. Methods: A preliminary measurement of vibration levels produced by six air powered orthopaedic saws was followed by a national survey of orthopaedic surgeons and controls. A health surveillance questionnaire of symptoms associated with Hand Arm Vibration Syndrome (HAVS) was sent to 1200 orthopaedic surgeons (test group) and 1200 gynaecological surgeons (controls). Results: Measured accelerations of the saws were 3.42 to 10.7 m/sec² using BSI standards and 90.5 to 182 m/sec⁻² using NIOSH standards. These vibration levels are compatible with those reported to cause significant upper limb symptoms

Survey responses were received from 741(61.7%) of the test group and 748 (62.3%) of the control group. A statistically significant increase in the prevalence of the neurological symptoms was seen among orthopaedic surgeons (p< 0.001). A significant increase in musculoskeletal problems (p< 0.008) and muscle pain (p< 0.004) was also found. No significant difference was seen in the prevalence of vascular symptoms. The neurological symptoms were not related to other potential medical causes. Conclusions: Orthopaedic surgeons report an excess of upper limb symptoms and these may be linked to vibration exposure at work.