Patients with osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee commonly alter their movement to compensate for deficiencies. This study presents a new numerical procedure for classifying sit-to-walk (STW) movement strategies. Ten control and twelve OA participants performed the STW task in a motion capture laboratory. A full body biomechanical model was used. Participants were instructed to sit in a comfortable self-selected position on a stool height adjusted to 100% of their knee height and then stand and pick up an object from a table in front of them. Three matrices were constructed defining the progression of the torso, feet and hands in the sagittal plane along with a fourth expressing the location of the hands relative to the knees. Hierarchical clustering (HC) was used to identify different strategies. Trials were also classified as to whether the left (L) and right (R) extremities used a matching strategy (bilateral) or not (asymmetrical). Fisher's exact test was used to compare this between groups. Clustering of the torso matrix dichotomised the trials in two major clusters; subjects leaning forward (LF) or not. The feet and hands matrices revealed sliding the foot backward (FB) and moving an arm forward (AF) strategies respectively. Trials not belonging in the AF cluster were submitted to the last HC of the fourth matrix exposing three additional strategies, the arm pushing through chair (PC), arm pushing through knee (PK) and arm not used (NA). The control participants used the LF+FBR+PK combination most frequently whereas the OA participants used the AFR+PCL. OA patients used significantly more asymmetrical arm strategies, p=0.034. The results demonstrated that control and OA participants favour different STW strategies. The OA patients asymmetrical arm behaviour possibly indicates compensating for weakness of the affected leg. These strategy definitions may be useful to assess post-operative outcomes and rehabilitation progress.
Our study aims to demonstrate the efficacy of using endobutton and interference screw technique in the repair of acute distal biceps ruptures. From April 2009 to May 2013, 25 consecutive patients had acute distal biceps tendon repairs using an endobutton and interference screw technique. 3 patients were lost to follow up leaving 22 patients available for review. Mean follow up was 24 months(1–51). All were evaluated using a questionnaire, examination, radiographs, power measurements, and Oxford Elbow and MAYO scores. Overall 95% patients (21/22) felt that their surgery was successful and rated their overall experience as excellent or good. Mean return to work was at 100 days(0–280) and mean postoperative pain relief was 23 days(1–56). 55% returned to sport at their pre-injury level. There was one case (4.5%) of heterotopic calcification with 3 superficial infections(14%). There were no intra or postoperative radial fractures, metalwork failures or metalwork soft tissue irritations. Mean pre-operative Oxford Elbow Scores were 18(6–37) and post operative 43(24–48) (p<0.00001). Mean pre-operative Mayo scores were 48(5–95) and post-operative were 95(80–100)(p<0.00001). Our study supports that distal biceps repairs using the endobutton and interference screw technique appears to lead to high patient satisfaction rates with a relatively early return to function.
Arthroplasty of the shoulder is a common procedure. Although there are many studies of the results of individual arthroplasty concepts, there is little published on the results of all shoulder replacements (with no exclusions) from a single centre. We analysed 120 elective shoulder replacements in 106 patients performed over a 5 year period in our unit. 77 were female and average age was 70 years. 85 procedures were for osteoarthritis, 10 cuff arthropathy, 8 post-traumatic arthritis. 65 patients underwent a resurfacing hemiarthroplasty, 25 stemmed hemiarthroplasty and 30 had total shoulder replacements (5 reverse polarity). Mean follow up was 1.6 years. There was a move away from resurfacing hemiarthroplasty towards stemmed total shoulder replacement over the study period. The overall incidence of complications was 25.8%, 19.2% occurring within 12 months of surgery: 4 replacements dislocated, there were 5 periprosthetic fractures, 2 patients developed deep infection (treated by debridement), 2 patients aseptic loosening, 11 developed subacromial/biceps pain and 2 had glenoid erosions. The overall revision rate was 5.8%, the re-operation rate 10%. The complication and re-operation rate in our unit is comparable with individual arthroplasty studies and may be useful as a reference for audits in centres across the UK.
Our study aims to demonstrate the efficacy of using endobutton and interference screw technique in the repair of acute distal biceps ruptures. From April 2009 to May 2013, 25 consecutive patients had acute distal biceps tendon repairs using an endobutton and interference screw technique. 3 patients were lost to follow up leaving 22 patients for review. Mean follow up was 24 months (1–51). All were evaluated using a questionnaire, examination, radiographs, power measurements, and Oxford Elbow (OES) and MAYO scores. Overall 95% patients (21/22) felt that their surgery was successful and rated their experience as excellent or good. Mean return to work was 100 days (0–280) and mean postoperative pain relief was 23 days (1–56). 55% returned to sport at their pre-injury level. There was one case (4.5%) of heterotopic calcification with 3 superficial infections (14%). There were no intra or postoperative radial fractures, metalwork failures or metalwork soft tissue irritations. Mean pre-operative OES were 18 (6–37) and post operative 43 (24–48) (p < 0.01). Mean pre-operative Mayo scores were 48 (5–95) and post-operative 95 (80–100) (p < 0.01). Our study supports that distal biceps repairs' with endobutton and interference screw technique appears to lead to high patient satisfaction rates with a relatively early return to function.
The Latarjet procedure is a successful primary and revision option for anterior shoulder instability; however recent reports have highlighted varying complication rates. Our aim was to prospectively study clinical, functional and radiological outcomes of patients undergoing this procedure. 50 consecutive patients underwent a Latarjet coracoid transfer between 2006 and 2012. Mean age was 27 years (17–63), 48 were male. Pre-/post-operative imaging, Oxford Shoulder Instability Score (OISS), American Shoulder & Elbow Surgeons score (ASES), Subjective Shoulder Value score (SSV) and clinical evaluation were documented. Mean follow up was 32 months (6–74). There were no dislocations or revision procedures. Subluxation occurred in one patient only. 95% of shoulders were subjectively graded “excellent” or “good;” 5% “fair;” and none as “poor”. The mean pre-op ASES was 58(50–66) and 95(92–98) post-operatively (p< 0.001). The mean pre-operative OISS was 19(18–22) and 43(41–45) post-operatively (p<0.001). The mean SSV increased from 46% to 89% (p < 0.001). 98% of patients considered their surgery to be “successful” and 95% would recommend the procedure to a friend. 82% returned to sport at their previous level. There were no infective or metalwork-related complications. Five experienced transient neurological symptoms all of which resolved within three months. These results suggest that the Latarjet procedure is safe and reliable with low complication rates.
The aim of this audit was to assess the union rate of humeral shaft fractures treated conservatively in a functional brace in our unit, compared to a “gold standard” of 98% as reported by Sarmiento (JBJS 1977). A retrospective clinical and radiographic review of 155 closed humeral shaft fractures managed with a humeral brace from 2005–2012 was performed. Pathological fractures and patients under 18 were excluded. The mean age was 60 (18–94) with 45 males and 72 females. 15 (10%) patients under 18 and 8 (5%) pathological fractures were excluded; 15 (10%) patients were lost to follow up. Of the remaining 117 fractures, 83 (71%) went on to union and 34 (29%) developed a non-union. Mean time to union was 131 days (47–622). 80% of distal fractures and 75% of midshaft fractures united but only 58% of proximal fractures went on to unite. There was no significant difference in union rates between multi fragmentary (> 3 parts) and simple fracture patterns (69% vs 71% respectively). Our study suggests that a lower threshold for operative intervention of proximal third humeral shaft fractures may be required.
The Latarjet procedure is a successful primary and revision option for anterior shoulder instability; however recent reports have highlighted varying complication rates. Our aim was to prospectively study clinical, functional and radiological outcomes of patients undergoing this procedure. 50 consecutive patients underwent a Latarjet coracoid transfer between 2006 and 2012. Mean age was 27 years (17–63), 48 were male. Pre-/post-operative imaging, Oxford Shoulder Instability Score (OISS), American Shoulder & Elbow Surgeons score (ASES), Subjective Shoulder Value score (SSV) and clinical evaluation were documented. Mean follow up was 32 months (6–74). There were no dislocations or revision procedures. Subluxation occurred in one patient only. 95% of shoulders were subjectively graded “excellent” or “good;” 5% “fair;” and none as “poor”. The mean pre-op ASES was 58(50–66) and 95(92–98) post-operatively(p<0.001). The mean pre-operative OISS was 19(18–22) and 43(41–45) post-operatively(p<0.001). The mean SSV increased from 46% to 89%(p < 0.001). 98% of patients considered their surgery to be “successful” and 95% would recommend the procedure to a friend. 82% returned to sport at their previous level. There were no infective or metalwork-related complications. 5 experienced transient neurological symptoms all of which resolved within 3 months. These results suggest that the Latarjet procedure is safe and reliable with low complication rates.
The current study reports on the impact of immediate mobilization of patients treated by tissue-preserving, computer-assisted total hip arthroplasty on length of stay, disposition, and complications. From March, 2010 to April, 2011, a total of 231 consecutive primary THA were performed. Of these, 218 hips met the inclusion criteria of treatment using the superior capsulotomy surgical technique1 (Fig. 1), navigation of acetabular component implantation using a patient-specific mechanical navigation device (HipSextant™ navigation System, Surgical Planning Associates, Inc., Boston, MA)2, and patient age less than 80 years. Mean age of the patients was 57.3 years (range 23.5–79.9 years). The superior capsulotomy approach1 was used in all cases. This technique allows for both the femoral and the acetabular components to be placed with the patient in a lateral position through an incision in the superior capsule, posterior to the abductors and anterior to the short external rotators. The hip is not dislocated during surgery. Rather, the femur is prepared in situ through the top of the femoral neck, the neck is then transected, and the femoral head is excised en bloc. The acetabulum is prepared under direct vision using angled reamers, and the socket is placed with an offset inserter. The final construct is then reduced in situ. The protocol also involved the use of pre-emptive oral analgesia, pre-emptive autologous blood transfusion, and immediate mobilization3. Length of stay and disposition in this study group were compared to a cohort of 698 total hip arthroplasty performed at the same institution by all other techniques.Introduction
Methods
Estrogen fluctuations have been implicated in the soft tissue injury gender-bias due to the hormones effect on the viscoelastic properties. The isolated effect of estrogen on the mechanical behaviour of human tendon is unknown. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the effect of circulating levels of estrogen on the strain properties of the human Achilles tendon. Twenty females (18–35 years) who were using the pill together with 20 matched, non-pill users, participated in this study. Non-pill users were tested at the time of lowest (menstruation) and highest (ovulation) estrogen whilst pill users, who exhibited constant and attenuated estrogen levels, were tested at menstruation and two weeks later. At each test session, maximal isometric plantarflexion efforts were performed on a calf-raise apparatus whilst synchronous real-time ultrasonography of the triceps surae aponeurosis was recorded. Connective tissue length (Lo) of the triceps surae complex was measured and tendon strain was calculated by dividing aponeurosis displacement during plantarflexion by Lo. Repeated measures ANOVA revealed a significant (p < 0.05) main effect of subject group with significantly higher Achilles strain rates (16.1%) in the non-pill users compared to the pill users. Augmented Achilles tendon strain was associated with higher average estrogen levels in non-pill users. Those results suggest that higher estrogen levels diminish the joint stabilising capacity of the triceps surae musculotendinous unit and may alter the energy storage capacity of the Achilles tendon during stretch-shorten cycle activities. This may result in a higher incidence of injuries during periods of high estrogen concentration.
